Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Comparison Of The Ymca Cycle Sub-Maximal Vo2 Max Test To A Treadmill Vo2 Max Test, Jeremy G. Carter, Kelly A. Brooks, Joshua R. Sparks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION: An individual’s maximum capacity to extract, transport, and utilize oxygen is reflected by their VO2 max (10,22). Numerous physiological factors affect a person’s maximal oxygen consumption. A person’s VO2 max is dependent on their pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscular systems, which depends on their ventilation-aeration efficiency, central and peripheral blood flow, and metabolism of their active muscles (13,17). The six factors that have the most influence on a person’s maximal aerobic power are heredity, state of training, gender, body size and composition, age, and the mode of the exercise (16). A person’s VO2 max is the gold standard of assessing …

Energy Expenditure And Economy During A Cycle Ergometer Test, Elizabeth L. Franklin, Richard G. Crise, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Research has shown that submaximal cycle ergometer testing presents a reduced V02 max score when compared to that of the treadmill test. In this study, we compared a submaximal economy test on the Monark Cycle Ergometer. The purpose of this study was for each participant to perform the same test and compare economy, V02 ml/kg/min for a given workload, as well as calories burned between males and females during the nine minute test. By testing economy for each participant, we aim to determine whether males or females use oxygen more efficiently during testing. Before beginning the test, the Cosmed metabolic …

Emg Analysis And Motor Unit Recruitment In The Rectus Femoris Of College Students, Richard G. Crise, Elizabeth L. Franklin, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The rectus femoris works as part of the quadriceps muscle group to provide the force needed to generate very explosive movements during knee extension. Because many sports require explosive movements from the lower body, many strength coaches implement exercise routines that strengthen the muscles and prevent injuries. In the general population, activities using knee extension are essential in getting the full benefit of a designed exercise program. Muscle fibers provide the contractile force needed to accomplish a movement. Commonly, a deficiency is present in people who tend to favor one leg more than the other during activity. This is due …

Physiological And Perceptual Responses To Nintendo® Wii Fit™ In Young And Older Adults, Nicole M. Mullins, Kathryn A. Tessmer, Michele L. Mccarroll, Brian P. Peppel

International Journal of Exercise Science

Physically active video gaming (AVG) provides a technologically-modern, convenient means of increasing physical activity (PA). This study examined cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual responses in young adult (AP) and older adult (OP) participants engaging in Wii Fitä AVG play, and compared PA levels during play to recommended PA levels. Heart rate (HR), percent heart rate reserve (%HRR), oxygen consumption (VO₂), energy expenditure (EE), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment level (EL), and step count data were obtained from 10 YP and 10 OP during 15 minutes of rest and four 15-minute bouts of Wii Fitä activities (yoga, balance, aerobics, …

Self-Estimation Of Body Fat Is More Accurate In College-Age Males Compared To Females, Halley L. Hancock, Alan P. Jung, John K. Petrella

International Journal of Exercise Science

Objective: To determine the effect of gender on the ability to accurately estimate one’s own body fat percentage. Participants: Fifty-five college-age males and 99 college-age females Methods: Participants estimated their own body fat percent before having their body composition measured using a BOD POD. Participants also completed a modified Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Results: Estimated body fat was significantly lower compared to measured body fat percent in females (26.8±5.6% vs. 30.2±7.0%, p<0.001) but not in males (16.8±6.8% vs. 18.1±8.3%, p=0.09). The mean difference between estimated and measured body fat was significantly higher for females compared to males (p<0.001). There was a moderate, significant correlation found between measured body fat percent and SPAS score for males (r=0.331, p=0.014) and females (r=.427, p<0.001). Conclusions: Males estimated their body fat percent more accurately than females. Despite these findings, 62% of males and 76% of females underestimated their body fat.

Experimentally Manipulated Somatic Information And Somatization Tendencies And Their Impact On Physical Symptom Reporting And Performance In A Physically Strenuous Task, Kathleen V. Casto, Len B. Lecci

International Journal of Exercise Science

This study attempts to determine whether the presentation of an experimentally manipulated somatic experience during a physically strenuous task can influence physical performance and symptom reporting. The study also compares the relative influence of experimentally manipulated somatic information (state somatization) with stable individual differences in the tendency to amplify physical symptoms (trait somatization) on performance and symptom reporting. 194 participants completed standardized measures of somatization tendencies, state anxiety, neuroticism and conscientiousness. Participants where then given a mock physical exam, with individuals randomly assigned to receive either favorable or unfavorable somatic information. All participants then had their body mass index assessed …

Caffeine And Sprint Performance In Habitual And Caffeine Naive Participants, J. Bradley Jordan, Richard S. Farley, Jennifer L. Caputo

International Journal of Exercise Science

Caffeine is thought to provide ergogenic benefits during endurance performance. However, there is limited research on the effects of caffeine on anaerobic sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 6 mg·kg_-1 of caffeine on repeated sprint performance. The sample included active college students (N = 18), classified as habitual caffeine or caffeine naïve users. Participants completed a 12 x 30-m sprint test with 35 s rest intervals between sprints. Ratings of Perceived Exertion were collected every 3rd sprint. Height and body mass were measured and participants accommodated to the sprint test on …

Effects Of Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion Post-Resistance Training In Male Rugby Players, Colin J. Coyle Msc, Bernard Donne, Nick J. Mahony

International Journal of Exercise Science

Evidence suggests that carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) drinks post-exercise are an advantageous nutritional recovery intervention. Resistance trained (n = 14, mean ± SD; age 19 ± 1 yr, mass 95 ± 9 kg, % fat 17 ± 4 % and BMI 28.5 ± 1.8 kg.m^-2) male rugby players participated in a study investigating effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and CHO-PRO drinks on subsequent resistance exercise performance. Following an initial resistance training (RT) protocol consisting of 8 circuits of 5 discrete exercises at 10 repetition maximum (RM), participants received 10 mL.kg^-1 BM of randomised sports drink (LCHO, HCHO and CHO-PRO) on …

The Effects Of Muscle Mass On Homocyst(E)Ine Levels In Plasma And Urine, M. René Malinow, Craig L. Lister, Carl De Crée

International Journal of Exercise Science

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between homocyst(e)ine (H[e]) lev-els and muscle mass. Two experimental groups each of 24 Caucasian males, one consisting of higher-muscle mass subjects (HMM) and the other of lower-muscle mass subjects (LMM) par-ticipated in this study. Muscle mass was estimated from 24-hour urine collections of creatinine (Crt). Muscle mass was 40.3 ± 15.9 kg in HMM and 37.2 ± 11.4 kg in LMM (P= 0.002). Mean plasma H(e) levels in HMM were 10.29 ± 2.9 nmol/mL, and in LMM were 10.02 ± 2.4 nmol/L (Not significant, [NS]). Urinary H(e) levels (UH[e]) were 9.95 …

Stability Ball Sitting Versus Chair Sitting During Sub-Maximal Arm Ergometry, Charles R.C Marks, Kristina E. Hylland, Jacob Terrell

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purpose: It was predicted that sitting on a stability ball during arm ergometry would elevate cardiovascular parameters when compared to sitting on a chair and that this would be associated with greater recruitment of trunk and leg skeletal muscles. Methods: Open-circuit spirometry, video taping, blood pressure, heart rate, and EMG were conducted during rest and four minute stages of 15 W, 30 W, and 45 W using a Monark arm ergometer. Twenty-six apparently healthy adults exercised twice, once sitting on a stability ball and the other sitting on a chair (order randomized), with 45 to 60 minutes of rest between. …

Fitnessgram® Friday: A Middle School Physical Activity And Fitness Intervention, Tinker D. Murray, James Eldridge, Pete Silvius, Erik Silvius, William G. Squires Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

Texas Senate Bill 530 (2007) mandated fitness assessment as part of the annual K-8 Physical Education (PE) curricula, yet no studies have reported interventions designed to improve and quantify individual student passing rates or individual school performance. Students (Total 2008-2010 N=1484; 729 females, 755 males; mean age = 11.85 y; mean BMI = 22.69 or > 90%-tile, overweight) were evaluated on individual FITNESSGRAM® performances in a cross-sectional analysis of 6th graders comparing baseline scores (year 1) with outcomes of a physical activity intervention in years 2 and 3. Students participated in regular PE classes (including campus wellness center activities) with a …

The International Journal Of Exercise Science: 2011 Year In Review, T. Scott Lyons, Jenny Hutchens, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

The International Journal of Exercise Science: 2011 Year in Review

An Eccentric Intervention Of The Flexor-Pronator Mass To Impact Overhead Throwing Distance And Velocity, Ricker Stanton Adkins

Online Theses and Dissertations

This study focused on the pronator-flexor mass of the elbow and its role in the overhead throwing motion. This specific muscle group is responsible for primary pronation and flexion at the elbow joint, while also reducing valgus stress from compromising the ulnar collateral ligament.

Twenty-three participants were put through a short throwing progression that was focused on their velocity and overall distance thrown from a standing position. After baseline testing was completed participants underwent a short intervention to determine if the intervention would impact all dependent variables. Experimental and non-experimental groups were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA which found …

Body Mass Bias In Exercise Physiology, Paul M. Vanderburgh

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

In certain physically demanding occupations, especially the military, body mass bias has substantive implications. Work physiologists have determined that despite body mass bias in the common military physical fitness tests, the larger service members were often better performers of the physically demanding occupational tasks (Bilzon et al., 2002; Lyons et al., 2005; Rayson et al., 2000). That is, they could carry more, more easily evacuate casualties, and better engage in heavy materiel handling. Yet, the smaller personnel were achieving better scores on the physical fitness tests, the results of which have significant promotion and advancement implications (Vanderburgh & Mahar , …

Gymnasium-Based Unsupervised Exercise Maintains Benefits In Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Obtained Following Supervised Training In Type 2 Diabetes, Oscar Mac Ananey, D O'Shea, S Warmington, S Green, M Egana

Articles

Abstract

Supervised exercise (SE) in patients with type 2 diabetes improves oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise. Maintenance of these improvements, however, has not been examined when supervision is removed. We explored if potential improvements in oxygen uptake kinetics following a 12-week SE that combined aerobic and resistance training were maintained after a subsequent 12-week unsupervised exercise (UE). The involvement of cardiac output (CO) in these improvements was also tested. Nineteen volunteers with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Oxygen uptake kinetics and CO (inert gas rebreathing) responses to constant-load cycling at 50% ventilatory threshold (V(T)), 80% V(T), and …

Force Output Comparison Between Six U.S. Collegiate Athletic Teams., Caleb D. Bazyler, George Beckham, Howard Gray, Guy Hornsby, Ashley A. Kavanaugh, Christopher Macdonald, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Michael H. Stone, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

The aim of the study was to compare allometrically scaled peak force and the force at 250 ms between six U.S. collegiate sport teams using isometric mid-thigh pull. Ninety subjects performed maximum effort of isometric mid-thigh pull to measure force output. The data were averaged within the teams, and statistically compared between teams using one-way ANOVA (p=.01). Significant difference was found that men’s soccer and baseball produced higher allometrically scaled peak force, and men’s soccer, tennis, and baseball produced higher allometrically scaled force at 250 ms. The data indicates that not all sports possess similar strength characteristics because of the …

The Effect Of Cadmium Exposure On Repeat Swimming Performance And Recovery In Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta) And Lake Whitefish (Coregonus Clupeaformis), Jessie L. Cunningham

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Swim performance provides a measure of the integrated metabolic costs of sub-lethal exposure to stressors, including Cd. While the impacts to sustained swimming performance in Cd exposed fish have already been characterised, effects to repeat swimming ability have not. This thesis identifies the effects of sub-lethal waterborne Cd exposure on ionoregulatory function, repeat swimming ability, anaerobic metabolism and stress response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis).

Repeat swim trials included an initial swim to 85% of the U_crit of control fish and a recovery period …

The Short-Term Effect Of Whole Body Vibration Training On Physical Capabilities On Active Young Recreational Athletes, Esteban Martinez Ballester, Ivan Chulvi Dr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In recent years, whole body vibration (WBV) has been the subject of a great amount of research towards improving physical capabilities as a postactivation potentiation because the muscle spindle’s sensitivity can be increased (Rittweger, 2010). Typically, WBV is realized by the subject above the platform in squat position while the platform oscillates at differences intensities and amplitudes. Previous reports have shown that WBV produces preconditioning effects that lead an increase of power and flexibility (Jacobs & Burns, 2009), but controversial data exists that have shown no positive effect if an optimal dosage is not used in a controlled manner (Wilcock …

Discriminating Between Copers And Those With Chronic Ankle Instability With Clinical Outcomes, Erik A. Wikstrom, Jessica Plante

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common consequence of lateral ankle sprains and a leading cause of post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis. Despite a history of a lateral ankle sprain, there are some individuals (copers) who appear to have a mechanism that allows them to avoid recurrent lateral ankle sprains and giving way episodes. To date, research has identified differences in perceptual (e.g. self-assessed disability), mechanical (e.g. ligament laxity), and sensorimotor (e.g. balance) outcomes between copers and those with CAI. However, the vast majority of these outcomes are considered research and/or laboratory based and thus impractical for most clinicians to use …

Comparing Dominant And Non-Dominant Torque And Work Using Biodex 3 Isokinetic Protocol For Knee Flexors And Extensors, Joshua Sparks, Jeremy Carter, Kelly Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION. There is often a misconception when looking at comparing dominant and non-dominant limbs of any sort. Although there will be a lack of control in non-dominant limbs compared to dominant, the amount of torque and power associated with each limb may be equal; even so, there may be an instance of bilateral deficit, where even though the dominant limb may be used to do work on a specific limb, the non-dominant limb may still receive strength benefits. PURPOSE. The main purpose of this study is to directly relate ability (torque and total work) in both dominant and non-dominate limbs …

Influences On Pulmonary And Muscular V’O2-Kinetics, Uwe Drescher, Uwe Hoffmann

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

Muscular and respiratory V’O2-kinetics are influenced by many factors. At cellular level muscular V’O2 (V’O2musc) is affected by O2-delivery and O2-consumption. Further, these factors can be divided into muscle perfusion, capillary density, enzyme activity, mitochondrial proliferation, muscle fiber composition and some more.

Focusing on the difference between V’O2resp and V’O2musc the venous blood volume, the venous O2-stores and the dynamics of cardiac output can be identified as influences. These influences result in a time delay and a distortion of V’O2resp. Usually exercise step responses are used for estimating V’O2resp-kinetics. But it has to be recognized, that V’O2resp may be …

Micro-Fracture Simulation In Human Vertebral Body Due To Weight Lifting, Harcharan S. Ranu

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Abstract Lumbar vertebrae are a heavily loaded component of the human body. They are subjected to repetitive loading in daily activities. However, limited information on failure mechanism of lumbar vertebrae are available to date. Thus, the need to develop an analytical model to predict stress-fracture characteristics of vertebral body. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been considered and a mathematical model has been proposed so that the predictions can be made more easily related to the occurrence of injury. Study reveals that for a person weighing 1334 N and lifting a weight of 345 kg during squat exercise causes …

Injury Simulation In Female Gymnasts, Harcharan S. Ranu

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Abstract Female gymnasts often place un-physiological extreme repetitive loading on their bodies during the common maneuvers characteristic of this sport. Thus, it was necessity to provide quantitative and qualitative analyses of impact behavior of feet of gymnasts. The response of fracture or injury due to jumping is also important in designing safety equipment related to sports. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been used for this analysis. Typical behavior of crack growth rate for a force of F= 6.1 KN and m being 1.25, revealed that 6 landings were sufficient to initiate micro-fracture of bone due to landing after …

A Leucine-Enriched Diet Enhances Overload-Induced Growth And Markers Of Protein Synthesis In Aged Rat Skeletal Muscle, Rengfei Shi, Hoke Whitworth, William Mixon, Scott E. Gordon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The hypertrophic response to overload in fast-twitch skeletal muscle is impaired in aged humans and rats, and impaired protein synthesis pathway activation is hypothesized to be a contributing factor. Muscle growth occurs when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation. Dietary supplementation of the essential amino acid leucine has been shown to enhance protein synthesis in both young and aged skeletal muscle. Leucine acts in part by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; a key upstream regulator of protein synthesis pathways) as well as by attenuating the activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; a negative regulator of mTOR and protein synthesis). …

A Leucine-Enriched Diet Enhances Overload-Induced Growth And Suppresses Markers Of Protein Degradation In Aged Rat Skeletal Muscle, Scott E. Gordon, William Mixon, Hoke Whitworth, Rengfei Shi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The hypertrophic response to overload in fast-twitch skeletal muscle is impaired in aged humans and rats, and upregulation of protein degradation pathways are hypothesized to be a contributing factor. Muscle growth occurs when protein synthesis is greater than protein degradation. Dietary supplementation of the essential amino acid leucine has been shown to reduce protein degradation in both young and aged skeletal muscle. Specifically, leucine acts in part by attenuating 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation as well as the translocation of the forkhead box transcription factor 3A (FoxO3, known to promote transcription of mRNAs encoding degradation pathway proteins) to the …

Isokinetic Muscle Strength And Fatigue Evaluation Following A Combined Aerobic And Resistance Training Program On A Gravity Independent Flywheel Device, Joshua A. Cotter, Tomasz Owerkowicz, Alvin M. Yu, Marinelle L. Camilon, Theresa Hoang, Per A. Tesch, Vincent J. Caiozzo, Gregory R. Adams

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exposure to microgravity imposes changes on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems leading to decreases in aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and muscular fatigue (1). Anti-gravity muscles, those that play a postural role in a standard gravity environment such as the soleus and quadriceps, are most affected by microgravity (2) with nearly all musculature affected with extended spaceflight (3). The multi-mode exercise device (M-MED) is a gravity independent device that provides both high force resistance type and low force aerobic type modes of exercise. Consequently, the M-MED has the ability to enhance both skeletal muscle function through resistance training exercises as well …

Genetic Regulation Of Myofiber Hypertrophy?, Anna Thalacker-Mercer, Xiangqin Cui, Michael Stec, Edward Merritt, Marcas Bamman

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction. Progressive, resistance exercise training (RT) induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy, increases strength, power, and quality of muscle, and is potentially the most promising method to regenerate and re-grow muscle in populations suffering from involuntary atrophy. However, we have previously shown that there is a large degree of intersubject variability for myofiber hypertrophy in response to RT with adults having no response [-16μm2 (mean myofiber growth), Non], a modest response (1111μm2, Mod), or an extreme hypertrophic response (2475μm2, Xtr). Underlying mechanisms for this differential growth response are largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in …

Effects Of Multivitamin Supplementation On Heart Rate Response In Aerobically Untrained College Aged Students, Greg A. Ryan, Charles P. Katica, Stacy H. Bishop, Robert L. Herron, Andy M. Bosak, Mark Sloniger

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Multivitamin use is increasingly prevalent in the US among most every population. Yet, previous research noted no performance benefits among individuals following a supplementation period. This study focused on the potential physiological benefits from a three week multivitamin supplementation period using 24 (20.9 ± 2.6yr) aerobically untrained college aged students. Subjects were divided equally into three groups (placebo = PL, multivitamin = MV, control = CL) and asked to perform separate eight minute bouts of exercise, consisting of six min of moderate (60%VO2max) intensity followed immediately by two min of high (85%VO2max) intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer. Following the …

Effect Of Treadmill Versus Elliptical Exercise On Calcaneal Stiffness Index Among College Age Females, Kelly Maloney, Sandie Walker, Stephanie M. Otto Ph.D.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Osteoporosis is a disease that affects many older individuals, resulting in a decrease in bone density. Involvement in impact loading sports has been associated with greater stiffness index (SI) of the calcaneus when compared to non-impact sports and abstinence from sports. However, comparisons between the effectiveness of impact and non-impact exercise equipment on calcaneal SI is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of treadmill versus elliptical exercise on calcaneal SI.

Daily Physical Activity And Bone Health Among High School Students, Stephanie M. Otto Ph.D., Don Morgan Ph.D., Richard S. Farley Ph.D., Jwa K. Kim Ph.D., Dana K. Fuller Ph.D., Jennifer L. Caputo Ph.D.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

With advancements in healthcare and public education, life expectancy is increasing and the prevalence of age related health conditions such as osteoporosis are rising. It is well known that children and adolescents who engage in healthy behaviors are more likely to carry those behaviors into adulthood. More specifically, children and adolescents who engage in weight bearing physical activity have higher bone density and are less likely to develop osteoporosis later in life. Furthermore, technology that measures daily physical activity is improving and individuals are interested in the amount of activity they and their children should participate in to remain healthy. …