Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Validity Of Boston Marathon Qualifying Times, Paul M. Vanderburgh

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Purpose: To assess the validity of Boston Marathon qualifying (BMQ) standards for men and women. Methods: Percent differences between BMQ and current world records (WR) by sex and age group were computed. WR was chosen as the criterion comparison because it is not confounded by intensity, body composition, lifestyle, or environmental factors. A consistent difference across age groups would indicate an appropriate slope of the age-vs-BMQ curve. Inconsistent differences were corrected by adjusting BMQ standards to achieve a uniform percentage difference from WR. Results: BMQ standards for men were consistently ~50% slower than WR (mean 51.5% ± …

Insulin Responsiveness In Metabolic Syndrome After Eight Weeks Of Cycle Training, Charles A. Stuart, Mark A. South, Michelle L. Lee, Melanie P. Mccurry, Mary E. A. Howell, Michael W. Ramsey, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

Introduction Insulin resistance in obesity is decreased after successful diet and exercise. Aerobic exercise training alone was evaluated as an intervention in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.

Methods Eighteen nondiabetic, sedentary subjects, 11 with the metabolic syndrome, participated in 8 wk of increasing intensity stationary cycle training.

Results Cycle training without weight loss did not change insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome subjects or sedentary control subjects. Maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), activated muscle AMP-dependent kinase, and muscle mitochondrial marker ATP synthase all increased. Strength, lean body mass, and fat mass did not change. The activated mammalian target of rapamycin was not …

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves 1.5 H Run Performance: Is There A Dose-Effect?, Benjamin F. Wright, Glen Davison

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 328-340, 2013. There is a substantial body of recent evidence showing ergogenic effects of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing on endurance performance. However, there is a lack of research on the dose-effect and the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different concentrations (6% and 12% weight/volume, w/v) on 90 minute treadmill running performance. Seven active males took part in one familiarization trial and three experimental trials (90-minute self-paced performance trials). Solutions (placebo, 6% or 12% CHO-electrolyte solution, CHO-E) were rinsed in the mouth at the beginning, and at 15, …

The Influence Of Start Position, Initial Step Type, And Usage Of A Focal Point On Sprinting Performance, Jennifer L. Dysterheft, William J. Lewinski, Dawn A. Seefeldt, Robert W. Pettitt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 320-327, 2013. For many athletes, sprinting acceleration is vital to sport performance. The purpose of this study was to observe the influences of starting position, type of initial step taken, and a focal point on sprinting velocity, stride length, and acceleration over a 9.1 m distance. Two trials of four conditions were video recorded in which subjects had no focal point (n = 10) or a lateral focal point (n ₌ 9). The four conditions were: forwards (control), backwards, 90° left (90°L), and 90° right (90°R). Lower velocities (p > 0.05) were …

Evaluating Acute Changes In Joint Range-Of-Motion Using Self-Myofascial Release, Postural Alignment Exercises, And Static Stretches, Derek S. Roylance, James D. George, Adam M. Hammer, Nicole Rencher, Gilbert W. Fellingham, Ronald L. Hager, William J. Myrer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 310-319, 2013. This study was designed to compare the acute effect of self-myofascial release (SMR), postural alignment exercises, and static stretching on joint range-of-motion. Our sample included 27 participants (n = 14 males and n = 13 females) who had below average joint range-of-motion (specifically a sit-and-reach score of 13.5 inches [34.3 cm] or less). All were university students 18–27 years randomly assigned to complete two 30–40-minute data collection sessions with each testing session consisting of three sit-and-reach measurements (which involved lumbar spinal flexion, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion) interspersed with …

Increasing The Distance Of An External Focus Of Attention Has Limited Effects On Standing Long Jump Performance, William Westphal, Jared M. Porter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 300-309, 2013. Several previous studied have demonstrated that adopting an external focus of attention (i.e., directing attention towards the result of the movement) improves the performance of a variety of motor skills. The objective of this study was to investigate if increasing the distance of an external focus of attention would further improve standing long jump performance. We hypothesized that as the distance of the external focus increased so would jumping distance. We also hypothesized that when subjects completed jumps in the external focus of attention conditions they would jump significantly further than …

Biomechanical And Proprioceptive Differences During Drop Landings Between Dancers And Non-Dancers, Katie E. Volkerding, Caroline J. Ketcham Ph.D.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 289-299, 2013. The focus of this research was to determine if female dancers have differing kinematic and kinetic characteristics when landing from three heights (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 m) both with and without vision compared to non-dancers. It was hypothesized that dancers would show differing kinematic and kinetic patterns of control due to their increased proprioceptive awareness. Eight collegiate dancers and seven collegiate controls who were neither dancers nor collegiate jumping athletes volunteered for this study. Sagittal plane lower limb joint angles were measured at 100 Hz prior to landing through stability with …

Upper Body Muscular Activation During Variations Of Push-Ups In Healthy Men, Caroline C. Allen, Katie A. Dean, Alan P. Jung, John K. Petrella

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 278-288, 2013. The purpose of this study was to assess neural activity for upper body musculature in college-age men during repetitions of a conventional pushup or a Perfect Pushup^TM. Eighteen healthy men (21.6±1 yr, 182.5±7 cm, 87.4±15 kg) completed five repetitions of a conventional pushup and Perfect Pushup^TM while using a wide hand base of support for the upper body. Body position, hand placement, and cadence of the pushup were standardized. Root mean square electromyography (RMS-EMG, mV/Sec) was collected for the triceps brachii (TB), pectoralis major (PM), serratus anterior (SA), …

Comparisons Between Swing Phase Characteristics Of Race Walkers And Distance Runners, Laura C. Smith, Brian Hanley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 269-277, 2013. The aim of this study was to analyze swing characteristics during race walking and to compare these with distance running. The rules of race walking demand that no visible flight time should occur and the stance leg must be straightened from initial contact to midstance. Previous research has not examined whether these rules also have an effect on swing and what consequences might arise. Ten male race walkers and ten male distance runners walked or ran respectively on an instrumented treadmill for 10 km with two in-dwelling force plates. Trials lasted …

Attitudes Toward And Preferences For Male And Female Personal Trainers, James P. Fisher, Catherine Platts, Marie Stopforth

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(4) : 256-268, 2013. Previous research has considered the perceptions of athletes towards gender of coach and strength and conditioning coach. However, to date there appears little research considering the perceptions of clients towards gender of personal trainer. The purpose of this study was to investigate male and females perceptions of same- or opposite-gender personal trainers. Four hundred and two (male = 201, female = 201) undergraduate University student participants completed an adapted version of the Attitudes of Athletes toward Male versus Female Coaches Questionnaire (AAMFC-Q; 23). A 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance …

The -9/+9 Polymorphism Of The Bradykinin Receptor Beta 2 Gene And Athlete Status: A Study Involving Two European Cohorts., Marek Sawczuk, Yevgeniya I. Timshina, Irina V. Astratenkova, Agnieszka Maciejewska-Karłowska, Agata Leońska-Duniec, Krzysztof Ficek, Leysan J. Mustafina, Paweł Cięszczyk, Tomasz Klocek, Ildus I. Ahmetov

Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints

Background: Previous studies concerning the relevance of the BDKRB2 gene polymorphisms revealed that the absence (–9 allele) of a 9 base pair sequence in exon 1 of the BDKRB2 gene is correlated with higher skeletal muscle metabolic efficiency, glucose uptake during exercise, as well as endurance athletic performance. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the BDKRB2 -9/+9 polymorphism and elite athletic status in two cohorts of east-European athletes. Therefore, we examined the genotype distribution of the BDKRB2 9/+9 polymorphic site in a group of Polish athletes and confirmed the results obtained in a replication …

Averting Uncertainty: A Practical Guide To Physical Activity Research In Australian Schools, Jerome N. Rachele, Thomas F. Cuddihy, Tracy L. Washington, Steven M. Mcphail

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Preventative health has become central to contemporary health care, identifying youth physical activity as a key factor in determining health and functioning. Schools offer a unique research setting due to distinctive methodological circumstances. However, school-based researchers face several obstacles in their endeavour to complete successful research investigations; often confronted with complex research designs and methodological procedures that are not easily amenable to school contexts. The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical guide for teachers (both teacher educators and teaching practitioners) seeking to conduct physical activity-based research in Australian school settings, as well as discuss research practices. The …

Exercise Participation During Weight Loss On A High Protein – Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan In Females Aged 15-25 Years, Margaret Mobley-Meulman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Weight gain due to poor diet and lack of exercise is responsible for over 300,000 deaths each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Obese adults have an increased risk for serious health conditions including high blood pressure and cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, and certain cancers (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Participation in exercise can help control weight, strengthen muscles and bones, and reduce the incidence of cardiac events, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, colon and breast cancers, osteoporotic fractures, gallbladder disease, obesity, depression, anxiety, and delay mortality …

Surfing Injuries Requiring First Aid In New Zealand, 2007-2012, Kevin Moran, Jonathon Webber

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

In an island nation such as New Zealand with easy access to surf beaches, surfing activities are very popular and, while generally perceived as a healthy form of outdoor recreation, they do have attendant risks. This study reports on nondrowning, surfing-related incidents that required medical first aid on beaches during five summer seasons from 2007-2012. Retrospective descriptive analysis of data from lifeguard first aid reports found that 16% (n = 1,327) of injuries were the consequence of surfing activity. More males than females were treated for surfing injuries (68% male, 31% female). Lacerations (59%) and bruising (15%) accounted for most …

The Relationship Among Ankle Function, Functional Capacity, And Body Composition To Balance In Geriatric Populations, Joseph Robert Chaney

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The primary purpose of this research study was to identify significant relationships among measures of ankle strength, ankle range of motion, body composition, and functional capacity to balance ability in geriatric populations which may potentially assist in identifying older individuals with increased risk of falling. A battery of five test (ankle strength assessments, ankle range of motion , DXA, functional fitness, and balance) were administered to 20 participants (6 males, 14 females, mean age 69.78 ± 3.98) that had indicated to be at least 65 years of age or older and no history of falls within the previous 12 months. …

Acquisition Delays Affect Lymphocyte Subset Counts But Not Markers Of Exercise-Induced Apoptosis, Holly B. Kell, Guilherme Borges Pereira, Ramires Alsamir Tibana, Michael Jarrett, Mark A. Schafer, Jonato Prestes, Antonio Santo, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 250-255, 2013. With the emergence of shared facilities, the possibility of a processing delay is increased as time on instrumentation becomes less available. The purpose of this investigation was the evaluate the effect of a 24h time delay on lymphocyte subset concentration, as well as for the apoptotic marker annexin V. Fourteen healthy individuals completed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, and blood samples were obtained before and after exercise. The samples were labeled in duplicate with mixtures consisting of flow cytometry staining buffer, the biomarker for early-phase cell death (annexin V), and …

Activity-Specific Effects Of Fatigue Protocols May Influence Landing Kinematics: A Pilot Study, Adrian Chavez, Duane Knudson, Rod Harter, Kevin Mccurdy

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 242-249, 2013. Fatigue is a common neuromuscular factor examined in relation to risk of ACL injury. Unfortunately, variations between the protocols used to induce fatigue in studies examining this phenomenon may have contributed to reported inconsistencies in the effects of fatigue on movements with high-risk of ACL injury. In addition, the ecological validity of fatigue experienced as a result of protocols commonly administered in the experimental setting is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the ecological validity, using basketball competition as the criterion measure, of two fatigue protocols commonly used …

Manuscript Has Been Retracted, Michael Smith, Nicholas Hanson, Alexander Lucas, Steven Devor

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 236-241, 2013. Manuscript has been retracted.

Children And Pedometers: A Study In Reactivity And Knowledge, Steven L. Prewitt, James C. Hannon, Timothy A. Brusseau

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 230-235, 2013. Pedometers are simple inexpensive tools that are widely used for the measurement of physical activity. Reactivity is always a concern when using pedometers. An issue not yet addressed is the role previous knowledge has on the impact of reactivity. The primary purpose of this study was to examine if reactivity exists in 4^th-6^th grade students and if prior knowledge about pedometers had an effect on reactivity. Participants included 109 (54 females) 4^th- 6^th grade students from a suburban charter school. Prior to data collection, students …

Measuring Activity Energy Expenditure: Accuracy Of The Gt3x+ And Actiheart Monitors, David Mcminn, Rijan Acharya, David A. Rowe, Stuart R. Gray, Julia L. Allan

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 217-229, 2013. The purpose was to determine the accuracy of the GT3X+ and Actiheart monitors for estimating energy expenditure (EE) and steps. Additionally, to investigate agreement between waist- and wrist-mounted GT3X+ EE outputs. Nineteen participants (mean age=30) completed three treadmill walking trials at self-selected slow, medium, and fast speeds while wearing two GT3X+ (waist and wrist) and an Actiheart. Activity monitor EE was compared to indirect calorimetry criterion EE using Pearson correlations and ANOVAs. A Bland-Altman plot was used to investigate agreement between GT3X+ waist- and wrist-determined EE. GT3X+ determined steps were compared …

Preseason And Post Season Body Composition Does Not Change Relative To Playing Time In Division I Female Basketball Players, Emma Ladwig, Andrew L. Shim, Jae P. Yom, Patrick Cross, Justin Beebe

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 208-216, 2013. The purpose of the study was to determine if preseason and postseason body fat percentages (BF%) change relative to playing time in Division I women’s basketball players. Subjects for the study included 11 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female collegiate basketball athletes over the age of 18 from a Midwest public university. Demographic data of each subject (age 20.09 +1.81 yrs., weight 71.13 +10.85 kg., height 176.48 + 8.33 cm.) was taken before the initial body fat assessment. The subjects underwent preseason and postseason BOD POD^® testing to …

Measurements Of Heart Rate And Accelerometry To Determine The Physical Activity Level In Boys Playing Paintball, Michelle Jarvi, Gregory A. Brown, Brandon S. Shaw, Ina Shaw

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 199-207, 2013. Paintball is a popular recreational sport played by 3.655 million Americans and may be sufficient physical activity to promote health. Paintball has been played as an organized sport since the 1980’s and is essentially a game of tag, except instead of touching an opponent by hand opponents are tagged by shooting them with a paintball that leaves a mark indicating who has been eliminated. A previous evaluation of paintball as physical activity had 13 subjects undergo a VO₂max test to develop a heart rate (HR) /oxygen consumption relationship, and …

Evaluation Of A Circumference-Based Prediction Equation To Assess Body Composition Changes In Men, John M. Schuna Jr, Sarah J. Hilgers-Greterman, Trista L. Manikowske, Jared M. Tucker, Gary Liguori

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 188-198, 2013. This study evaluated the validity of the current U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) circumference-based prediction equation for males to detect body composition changes in comparison to air-displacement plethysmography (ADP). Body composition was assessed using ADP and the DOD equation at the beginning and end of an academic school year among 21 male (18-29 years-old) Army ROTC cadets. Body mass significantly increased (+1.8 Kg) after 9 months. Significant method by time interactions for percent body fat (percent body fat), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass were found (p = 0.022, p …

The Effect Of Active Vs. Supine Recovery On Heart Rate, Power Output, And Recovery Time, Lars M. Larson, Ryan M. Smeltzer, John K. Petrella, Alan P. Jung

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 180-187, 2013. The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of two different post-exercise recovery methods, active and passive, on the heart rate (HR), peak power (PP), average power (AP) and time to Baseline Active Heart Rate (BAHR) following three short (10 s) bicycle sprints. Fourteen males (mean age: 21.0±0.7 yrs) participated in the study. Each participant performed two separate trials that included three maximal Wingate rides of 10 s each. In one trial each ride was followed by a two-minute supine recovery. In the second trial each ride was followed …

Unhealthy Behaviors And The Relationship To Body Mass Index (Bmi) In College Students, J. Popivchak, B. Larouere, Carena S. Winters

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Please view abstract in the attached PDF file.

Comparing Physiological Responses While Walking On A Standard Motorized Treadmill And Curve Treadmill, J. Phipps, S. Miller, S. Voran, M. Lister, Harold S. Kieffer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Please view abstract in the attached PDF file.

Relationships Between Peak Oxygen Uptake And Arterial Function: A Preliminary Study, M. Pearman, E. Devallance, S. Fournier, D. Bonner, B. E. Warden, W. Gharib, D. Donley, P. Chantler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Please view abstract in the attached PDF file.

Cardiovascular Responses To High Intensity Aerobic And Anaerobic Exercises, A. Parker, P. Messersmith, K. Beil, K. Mahoney, K. Jones, J. A. Mckenzie, S. D. Mccole

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Please view abstract in the attached PDF file.

The Effects Of Caffeine On Maximal Anaerobic Exercise, K. Ogden, J. Haak, Harold S. Kieffer, N. Marlowe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Please view abstract in the attached PDF file.

Effects Of Creatine Monohydrate Vs. Creatine Hydrochloride On Muscle Endurance Performance, K. Naylor, C. Albright, C. Liggitt, A. Kolenc, R. Robinson, W. Braun, J. Sanders

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Please view abstract in the attached PDF file.