Exercise Physiology Commons^™

The Effect Of Different Training Loads On The Lung Health Of Competitive Youth Swimmers, Rachelle D. Davies, Eric C. Parent, Craig D. Steinback, Michael D. Kennedy

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 999-1018, 2018. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, and respiratory symptoms are common in competitive swimmers, however it is unclear how volume and intensity of training exacerbate these problems. Thus, our purpose was to measure AHR, inflammation, and respiratory symptoms after low, moderate, and high training loads in swimmers. Competitive youth swimmers (n=8) completed nine weeks of training split into three blocks (Low, Moderate, and High intensity). Spirometry at rest and post-bronchial provocation [Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea (EVH)] and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) were completed at the end of each training block. A weekly self-report …

Body Composition, Muscular Performance, And Free Testosterone Following 12-Weeks Of Protein Supplementation And Resistance Training In Men Aged 35-55, Matthew Steven Stone

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of protein supplementation and Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE) training on measures of body composition, muscular performance, and free testosterone in middle-aged men. METHODS: Untrained males (n = 35; 43.3 ± 6.6 years) participated in this study. Lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) were measured via Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), while strength was measured utilizing one repetition maximum (1RM), endurance measured using maximum repetitions completed (REPS) at 75% 1RM for the bench and leg press, and free testosterone was measured using changes in serum …

Association Between Bone-Specific Physical Activity Scores And Pqct-Derived Measures Of Bone Strength And Geometry In Healthy Young And Middle-Aged Premenopausal Women., Sojung Kim, Breanne S Baker, Pragya Sharma-Ghimire, Debra A Bemben, Michael G Bemben

College of Science & Mathematics Departmental Research

The aim of this study was to determine if bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores were positively related to bone health in healthy young and middle-aged premenopausal women. The total BPAQ was a stronger predictor of bone strength and bone mineral density of hip in young women as compared to middle-aged premenopausal women.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the BPAQ scores were predictive indices of volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone strength, and bone geometry in young and middle-aged premenopausal women.

METHODS: Healthy young (n = 60) and middle-aged premenopausal women (n = 54) between the ages …

Musculoskeletal Flexibility And Quality Of Life: A Feasibility Study Of Homeless Young Adults In Los Angeles County, Marina A. Marmolejo, Makda Medhanie, Heather Tarleton

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 968-979, 2018. Proper musculoskeletal health is dependent on the efficient inner workings of muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and bones. The homeless experience can be physically debilitating to these tissues and anatomical structures. This feasibility study aims to explore how to answer the overarching question: do the lived experiences of homeless young adults negatively affect their musculoskeletal health? Questionnaires were distributed to assess the demographic characteristics, physical activity, health behaviors, and sleep patterns of 40 homeless young adults and 45 university students in Los Angeles County. Participants also completed supervised stretch tests to assess musculoskeletal …

Autophagy Is Stimulated By Acute High Intensity Interval Exercise In Human Skeletal Muscle And Electrical Pulse Stimulation In C2c12 Myotubes In Vitro, Kurt A. Escobar

Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs

Purpose: 1) To compare the effects of an acute bout of HIIT exercise (treadmill running) on autophagy to MICT exercise in human skeletal muscle 3 hours post exercise, and 2) to test an in vitro model of muscle contraction-induced autophagy using electrical pulse stimulation in C2C12 myotubes. Methods: Study 1: Ten recreationally active males and females completed a bout of high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise and moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICT) exercise in a fasted state. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were taken pre and 3 hours post-exercise. Muscle tissue was analyzed for protein expression of markers of …

Division I Female Cross-Country Runners’ Perception Of Eating Behaviors And Attitudes Toward Health: A Pilot Study, Laurie Stickler, Marissa Thomas, Laura Kate Morse

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3): 941-956, 2018.The complexity behind nutritional decisions and the impact of these decisions on overall health (both physical and emotional) in the Division I female runner is not yet well understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of female collegiate cross-country runners from a Division I school on eating behaviors and attitudes toward health. In this qualitative study, six NCAA Division I female collegiate cross-country runners participated in individual interviews. Through qualitative analysis, three themes (Nutritional Views, Identity as a Runner, and Psychological Factors) and 11 subthemes emerged. The …

An Investigation Of The Differences Between Perceived Vs. Measured Body Composition, Social Physique Anxiety, And Overall Appearance Satisfaction Among College Students, Cherilyn N. Mclester, Courtenay S. Hicks, Lauren Miller, John R. Mclester

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 957-967, 2018. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between body composition, social physique anxiety (SPA) and appearance satisfaction among college students by sex and BMI. A secondary purpose was to assess levels of appearance satisfaction before and after body composition testing and discover any differences between perceived body fat percentage (BF%) and weight versus actual measurements.Participants included 212 college students (93 males, 119 females), 22.0 ± 2.2 years. They answered a demographic questionnaire, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), post-assessment questions, and underwent body composition testing via dual energy x-ray …

The Effectiveness Of Myplate And Paleolithic-Based Diet Recommendations, Both With And Without Exercise, On Aerobic Fitness, Muscular Strength And Anaerobic Power In Young Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Collin Popp, Michelle Bohan Brown, Elliot D Jesch, William C. Bridges

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 921-933, 2018. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of recommending a MyPlate or a Paleolithic-based diet, both with and without exercise, on aerobic fitness, strength, and anaerobic power over eight weeks. Participants (n=20) were randomized to one of four groups, (1) a MyPlate diet (MP), (2) Paleolithic-based diet (PD), (3) MyPlate and exercise (MP + Ex), and (4) Paleolithic-based diet and exercise (PD + Ex). The exercise included two days of unsupervised aerobic and resistance exercise. At baseline and final, absolute and relative peak oxygen consumption (absVO_2peak and relVO …

No Performance Or Affective Advantage Of Drinking Versus Rinsing With Water During A 15-Km Running Session In Female Runners, Lauren Shaver, Eric K. O'Neal, Eric E. Hall, Svetlana Nepocatych

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 910-920, 2018. The advantage of ingesting fluids during endurance exercise lasting < 90 min has recently been challenged, but literature confirming or disputing this case is limited, particularly for female athletes. This study examined the effects of consuming water versus mouth rinsing with water during a running time trial. Recreationally active female runners (n = 19) completed two, 15-km time trials on an outdoor course in temperate environment (~20ºC; 87% RH) separated by at least one week in a randomized cross-over study design. Participants consumed 355 ml of water (DW) during their run or mouth rinsed (MR) with water from a handheld water bottle every 3 km for 5 s with physiological, perceptual, and affective variables assessed. DW or MR did not affect completion time (79.8 ± 8.1 min and 79.2 ± …

Concurrent Validity Of The Virtusense® Gait Analysis System For The Quantification Of Spatial And Temporal Parameters Of Gait, Andrew J. Strubhar, Patrick Tan, Laura Storage, Melissa Peterson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 934-940, 2018. The VirtuSense^Ⓡ (VS) is a new single camera 3D movement-capturing device that has gait analysis capabilities in its arsenal of functional programs. The Gait Analysis System with the VS has not been formally validated. The purpose of the study was to assess the concurrent validity of the VirtuSense^Ⓡ (VS) Gait Analysis System by comparing it to two standards, the GAITRite^Ⓡ (GR) computerized gait mat and manual pedograph (PG). Twenty-seven healthy, young adults performed 4 walking trials at a self-selected pace on a level surface. In 3 trials, stride length, …

Validity Of Critical Velocity Concept For Weighted Sprinting Performance, Nathan D. Dicks, Tammy V. Joe, Kyle J. Hackney, Robert W. Pettitt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 900-909, 2018. We investigated the validity of a recently developed equation for predicting sprinting times of various tactical loads based upon the performance of a running 3-min all-out exercise test (3MT). Thirteen recreationally trained participants completed the running 3MT to determine critical velocity (CV) and finite running capacity for running velocities exceeding CV (D’). Two subsequent counterbalanced loaded sprints of 800 and 1000 m distances with 20 and 15% of their body mass, respectively, were evaluated. Estimated times (t, sec) for running 800 and 1000 m with a tactical load was derived …

Physiological Differences Between Low Versus High Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophic Responders To Resistance Exercise Training: Current Perspectives And Future Research Directions, Michael D. Roberts, Cody T. Haun, Christopher B. Mobley, Petey W. Mumford, Matthew A. Romero, Paul A. Roberson, Christopher G. Vann, John J. Mccarthy

Physiology Faculty Publications

Numerous reports suggest there are low and high skeletal muscle hypertrophic responders following weeks to months of structured resistance exercise training (referred to as low and high responders herein). Specifically, divergent alterations in muscle fiber cross sectional area (fCSA), vastus lateralis thickness, and whole body lean tissue mass have been shown to occur in high versus low responders. Differential responses in ribosome biogenesis and subsequent protein synthetic rates during training seemingly explain some of this individual variation in humans, and mechanistic in vitro and rodent studies provide further evidence that ribosome biogenesis is critical for muscle hypertrophy. High responders may …

Acute Cardiometabolic Responses To Medicine Ball Interval Training In Children, Avery D. Faigenbaum, Jie Kang, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Anne C. Farrell, Nicole Ellis, Ira Vought, Jill Bush

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 886-899, 2018. Medicine ball interval training (MBIT) has been found to be an effective exercise modality in fitness programs, yet the acute physiological responses to this type of this exercise in youth are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute cardiometabolic responses to MBIT in children. Fourteen children (mean age 10.1 ± 1.3 yr) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) on a treadmill and subsequently (> 48 hours later) performed a progressive 10 min MBIT protocol of 5 exercises (EX): standing marches (EX1), alternating lunges (EX2), squat …

Returners Exhibit Greater Jumping Performance Improvements During A Peaking Phase Compared With New Players On A Volleyball Team, Caleb D. Bazyler, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Ashley A. Kavanaugh, John J. Mcmahon, Paul Comfort, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

Purpose: To determine if jumping-performance changes during a peaking phase differed among returners and new players on a female collegiate volleyball team and to determine which variables best explained the variation in performance changes.

Methods: Fourteen volleyball players were divided into 2 groups—returners (n = 7) and new players (n = 7)—who completed a 5-wk peaking phase prior to conference championships. Players were tested at baseline before the preseason on measures of the vastus lateralis cross-sectional area using ultrasonography, estimated back-squat 1-repetition maximum, countermovement jump height (JH), and relative peak power on a force platform. Jumping performance, rating of perceived …

Measurement Of Lumbar Multifidus Asymmetry In Amateur Cricket Pace Bowlers Using Real-Time Ultrasound, Matthew Toumazou, Carol A. Flavell, Susan J. Gordon

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3): 875-885, 2018. Objectives: To determine if lumbar multifidus asymmetry existed between the fifth lumbar (L5) and 1^stsacral (S1) spinal level in a group of amateur cricket pace bowlers and a healthy non-cricketing group of males, and to determine if there were significant differences between groups in lumbar multifidus asymmetry at rest, on contraction, or during activation. Design: A prospective single blinded cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty healthy participants were recruited to two groups: an amateur cricket pace bowling group (n=20) and a non-cricketing group (n=20). Bilateral real-time ultrasound imaging of lumbar multifidus was …

An "Exercise" In Cardiac Metabolism, Stephen C. Kolwicz Jr.

Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Research has demonstrated that the high capacity requirements of the heart are satisfied by a preference for oxidation of fatty acids. However, it is well known that a stressed heart, as in pathological hypertrophy, deviates from its inherent profile and relies heavily on glucose metabolism, primarily achieved by an acceleration in glycolysis. Moreover, it has been suggested that the chronically lipid overloaded heart augments fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride synthesis to an even greater degree and, thus, develops a lipotoxic phenotype. In comparison, classic studies in exercise physiology have provided a basis for the acute metabolic changes that occur during …

Effects Of Very Short-Term Dynamic Constant External Resistance Exercise On Strength And Barbell Velocity In Untrained Individuals, M. Travis Byrd, Haley C. Bergstrom

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 867-874, 2018.This study examined the effect of an upper body dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) exercise (barbell bench press [BP]), using the very short-term training (VST) model on strength and barbell velocity. Ten (5 females, 5 males) subjects (mean ± SD age: 21.4 ± 2.8 yrs; height: 1.75 ± 0.12 m; body mass: 83 ± 8.8 kg) completed two pre-test visits (pre-test 1 and pre-test 2) to serve as the within subjects control, three training visits, and one post-test visit. The subject’s 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the BP as well as the …

Effects Of Instability On Core Muscle Activation In A Side Bridge, Erin E. Kishman

Masters Theses

Training the musculature of the core continues to be perceived as an essential component of conditioning and rehabilitation settings (11). A popular way to train the core is with the use of instability devices, such as Swiss ball or suspension trainer. However, there is limited research on the effects of these devices on core muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to examine core muscle activity during side bridge variations with and without instability devices (Floor, Swiss Ball, and TRX) through electromyography (EMG) of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi. 39 participants performed three variations …

Pacing Of An Untrained 17-Year-Old Teenager In A Marathon Attempt, Beat Knechtle, Celina Knechtle, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis Nikolaidis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 856-866, 2018. Although there has been increased scientific interest for physiological responses to endurance running and pacing, limited information exists for adolescents participating in endurance events. We are reporting the case of an untrained 17-year-old female teenager (body mass 50.6 kg, height 167 cm and body mass index 18.1 kg/m²) who intended to run a marathon within 6 hours without preparation. The young woman missed her goal by just 2 km. When the average running speed per hour was analysed, there was a major effect of race hour on running speed (p …

Identifying A Test To Monitor Weightlifting Performance In Competitive Male And Female Weightlifters, S. Kyle Travis, Jacob R. Goodin, George K. Beckham, Caleb D. Bazyler

ETSU Faculty Works

Monitoring tests are commonly used to assess weightlifter’s preparedness for competition. Although various monitoring tests have been used, it is not clear which test is the strongest indicator of weightlifting performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (1) determine the relationships between vertical jump, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and weightlifting performance; and (2) compare vertical jumps to IMTP as monitoring tests of weightlifting performance in a large cohort of male and female weightlifters. Methods: Fifty-two competitive weightlifters (31 males, 21 females) participated in squat and countermovement jump testing (SJ, CMJ), and IMTP testing performed on force plates. All …

Thermoregulatory Dysfunction In Multiple Sclerosis, Dustin R. Allen

Applied Physiology and Wellness Theses and Dissertations

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting an estimated 2.3 million people worldwide. Marked by lesions in the brain and spinal cord, MS leads to conduction abnormalities in the CNS. Evidence suggests ~60% of individuals with MS experience temporary worsening of their symptoms upon exposure to heat. Adding complexity, observational evidence suggests these individuals exhibit reduced thermoregulatory responses in upon increases in core temperature. Consequently, these individuals face a vicious cycle of heat sensitivity and thermoregulatory dysfunction, substantially impacting their quality of life. With this in mind, our lab is dedicated to …

Effects Of Prior Fasting On Fat Oxidation During Resistance Exercise, Kendall Frawley, Gabrielle Greenwald, Rebecca R. Rogers, John K. Petrella, Mallory R. Marshall

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 827-833, 2018. Prior research has demonstrated that the percentage of fuel utilization contributed by CHO compared to fat rises with an increase in exercise intensity. The role of food intake prior to exercise has been well studied and fasting prior to exercise generally increases reliance on fat as fuel. However, data on the role of fasting prior to resistance exercise is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of one bout of resistance training in a fasted state compared to ingestion of standardized meal on fat and carbohydrate utilization. …

Behavior Of Heart Rate Variability After 10 Repetitions Maximum Load Test For Lower Limbs, Estêvão R. Monteiro, Jefferson S. Novaes, Aline G. Fiuza, Eduardo Portugal, Felipe S. Triani, Leonardo Bigio, Rudson Santos, Alexandre Palma, Victor G. Corrêa Neto

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 834-843, 2018. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute heart rate variability behavior after 10 repetitions maximum load test for back squat, leg press, leg extension, and leg flexion in normotensive subjects. Eight recreationally trained women (age: 21.8 ± 2.2 yrs; height: 167.6 ± 6.3 cm; weight: 61.6 ± 10.1 kg) performed two 10 repetitions maximum testing days with 48-hours rest between each one. Heart rate variability was measured in baseline and postexercise (15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-minutes) for time and frequency domain. A significant difference was identified in RMSSD_{ms …}

Relative Handgrip Strength As A Simple Tool To Evaluate Impaired Heart Rate Recovery And A Low Chronotropic Index In Obese Older Women, Cristiane Rocha Da Silva, Dahan Da Cunha Nascimento, Ivo Sousa Neto, Ramires Tibana, Samuel Oliveira, Renato Valduga, Nayara Santos, Bruno Saraiva, Jonato Prestes, Jeffrey Willardson, Guilherme Borges Pereira

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 844-855, 2018. The aim of the present study was to compare differences in heart rate response following a treadmill exercise test in elderly obese women categorized into groups based on relative handgrip strength. Eighty-eight obese elderly women who were between the ages of 60 and 87 participated in the study and were categorized and enrolled to one of two groups based on lower (< 1.51 m²) or higher (≥ 1.51 m²) relative handgrip strength, respectively. The heart rate recovery in the first and second minutes following the treadmill exercise test and the chronotropic index were compared between groups. The higher relative handgrip strength group presented a significantly higher peak heart rate during exercise and a quicker heart rate recovery following exercise versus the lower relative handgrip strength group (pp=0.059) toward a significantly greater chronotropic index in the higher versus the lower relative handgrip strength group. In conclusion, elderly women with greater relative handgrip strength also demonstrated a …

The Impact Of An External Load Of Football Equipment On Dynamic Balance As Assessed By The Modified Star Excursion Balance Test, Thomas J. Denehy, Timothy F. Marshall, Kim Spaccarotella, Walter Andzel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 797-805, 2018.Ankle sprains are common injuries, especially for football players, and may result in ankle instability, which can limit performance and increase injury risk. Ankle stability return to play criteria is often assessed under loaded conditions, even though previous research suggests loaded conditions affect dynamic balance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dynamic balance under loaded conditions. A modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), incorporating anterior, posterior medial and posterior lateral reach directions under the loaded condition of NCAA Division III football equipment was evaluated. Thirty male collegiate football players completed …

Reliability And Validation Of The Hexoskin Wearable Bio-Collection Device During Walking Conditions, Jeffrey Montes, John C. Young, Richard D. Tandy, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(7): 806-816, 2018. To evaluate if the Hexoskin smart shirt (HxS) would produce valid and reliable measurements for heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (V_E), step count (SC), and energy expenditure (EE) when compared to a Polar T-31 heart rate monitor, an Applied Electrochemistry Moxus Metabolic System, and a manual step count. A two-day walking treadmill protocol with participants walking for 3 minutes at 3 speeds (1.5mph, 2.5mph, 3.5mph, 0% grade) was performed. Forty-nine volunteers participated the first day, forty-six on the second, thirty-one were used for reliability. Values calculated for …

Strength And Stability Analysis Of Rehabilitated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Individuals, Jeffrey J. Cervenka, Meredith Decker, Mark D. Ricard, Joshua Beaty, Logan Ruhde

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 817-826, 2018.The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) serves as a vital stabilizer for the human knee, yet it is one of the most injured ligaments in the body. Function of the knee is restored through reconstruction and physical therapy, but long term functional deficits persist in some individuals. To better understand the influence of post rehabilitation outcomes on dynamic balance performance, this study evaluated bilateral differences in strength and stability in 11 participants who have rehabilitated from an ACL reconstruction or repair. The Y-Balance Test and an isokinetic strength assessment using the Biodex dynamometer …

Validity And Reliability Of The Ymca Submaximal Cycle Test Using An Electrically Braked Ergometer, Justin Kidd

Senior Honors Projects, 2010-2019

Purpose: To test the effect of using an electrically braked ergometer on the validity and reliability of the YMCA submaximal cycle test.

Methods: 22 male and 13 female subjects ages 19 to 31 completed one maximal treadmill test and four submaximal cycle tests to measure and estimate VO_2max, respectively. The maximal tests involved recording heart rate and VO₂ during graded exercise until volitional fatigue; an actual max was verified when two out of the following criteria: respiratory Exchange Ratio > 1.1, VO₂ plateau (< 150 ml/min increase in VO₂ during final stage), and achievement of 90% age-predicted HR max (or completed …

The Effects Of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation On Swimming Performance In Collegiate Swimmers 2018, Christopher Daniel Mosconi

Master's Theses

The desire for performance enhancement is a common goal amongst athletes. Recently a number of studies have reported various performance enhancing effects of dietary nitrate (NO3-) via beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation. Research has indicated that the various performance enhancing effects of BRJ can be attributed to a decrease resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and submaximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO2), while increasing vasodilation and mitochondrial efficiency. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BRJ supplementation improves swimming performance in collegiate level swimmers. Methods: Eight collegiate trained swimmers underwent a double-blind 5-day chronic supplementation …

Aspects Of Weight Management In Ncaa Division Iii Collegiate Wrestlers 2018, Matthew Martone B.S., Cscs

Master's Theses

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the weight management habits of division III collegiate wrestlers during the week leading up to a competition. Methods: Subjects reported to the lab on Monday morning after an overnight fast. Subjects were measured for height and weight and were asked to provide urine and blood samples for analysis of hydration and creatine kinase activity, respectively. Throughout the week, subjects were weighed in and out of practice to monitor daily weight fluctuations. Subjects also self-recorded all food and drink consumption throughout the 5-day period. On Saturday morning, approximately 1 hour before weigh-ins …