Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons^™

Diminished Nicotine Withdrawal In Adolescent Rats: Implications For Vulnerability To Addiction, Laura O'Dell

Departmental Papers (Psych)

No abstract provided.

Effects Of Gesture+Verbal Treatment For Noun And Verb Retrieval In Aphasia, Anastasia M. Raymer, Floris Singletary, Amy Rodriguez, Maribel Ciampitti, Kenneth M. Heilman, Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi

Communication Disorders & Special Education Faculty Publications

Links between verbs and gesture knowledge suggest that verb retrieval may be particularly amenable to gesture+verbal training (GVT) in aphasia compared to noun retrieval. This study examines effects of GVT for noun and verb retrieval in nine individuals with aphasia subsequent to left hemisphere stroke. Participants presented an array of noun and verb retrieval deficits, including impairments of semantic and/or phonologic processing. In a single-participant experimental design, we investigated effects of GVT for noun and verb retrieval in two counterbalanced treatment phases. Effects were evaluated in spoken naming and gesture production to pictured objects and actions. Spoken naming improvements associated …

Associative Memory In Three Aplysiids: Correlation With Heterosynaptic Modulation, Brian A. Hoover, Hoang Nguyen, Laura Thompson, William G. Wright

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Much recent research on mechanisms of learning and memory focuses on the role of heterosynaptic neuromodulatory signaling. Such neuromodulation appears to stabilize Hebbian synaptic changes underlying associative learning, thereby extending memory. Previous comparisons of three related sea-hares ( Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) uncovered interspecific variation in neuromodulatory signaling: strong in Aplysia californica, immeasureable in Dolabrifera dolabrifera, and intermediate in Phyllaplysia taylori. The present study addressed whether this interspecific variation in neuromodulation is correlated with memory of associative ( classical conditioning) learning. We differentially conditioned the tail-mantle withdrawal reflex of each of the three species: Mild touch to one side of the tail …

The Effect Of Tgf-B And Egf On Mmp-2 Activation And Mt1-Mmp Phosphorylation In U87mg And T98g Human Glioma Cells, Jacquelyn B. Knupp

Honors Theses

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a high-grade, malignant brain tumor of astrocyte origin, invades normal brain tissue and most often results in death ofthe patient withinayearofdiagnosis. In order to invade the surrounding tissue and thereby metastasize, these tumor cells must migrate through the extracellular matrix. The pmpose ofthis research project is to investigate the family ofmatrix metalloproteinases responsible for extracellular degradation. Specifically, this investigation looks at MMP-2 activation via MT 1-MMP and the possible importance of phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue on the cytoplasmic tail of MTl-MMP. U87wildtypegliomacellsaswellasT98 p53 mutant glioma cells were treated with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-P). Preliminary results …

Glucocorticoid Hormone Levels Increase With Group Size And Parasite Load In Cliff Swallows, Samrrah A. Raouf, Linda C. Smith, Mary Bomberger Brown, John C. Wingfield, Charles R. Brown

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Animals often cope with adverse events by releasing glucocorticoid hormones, which in turn promote increased energy assimilation. In captive animals, crowding also leads to increased glucocorticoid activity, probably because of increased levels of social competition. We investigated how group size and ectoparasite infestations affected endogenous levels of the glucocorticoid hormone, corticosterone, in colonial cliff swallows, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, in southwestern Nebraska, USA. Parasites were removed from some colonies by fumigating nests. Baseline levels of corticosterone in breeding adults varied significantly with whether parasites were present, colony size (measured by total number of active nests at a site), and nesting stage. …

Behavioural Genetics In Criminal Cases: Past, Present And Future, Nita A. Farahany, William Bernet

Faculty Scholarship

Researchers studying human behavioral genetics have made significant scientific progress in enhancing our understanding of the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in observed variations in human behavior. Quickly outpacing the advances in the science are its applications in the criminal justice system. Already, human behavioral genetics research has been introduced in the U.S. criminal justice system, and its use will only become more prevalent. This essay discusses the recent historical use of behavioral genetics in criminal cases, recent advances in two gene variants of particular interest in the criminal law, MAOA and SLC6A4, the recent expert testimony on …

Visibility, Visual Awareness, And Visual Masking Of Simple Unattended Targets Are Confined To Areas In The Occipital Cortex Beyond Human V1/V2, Peter U. Tse, Susanna Martinez-Conde, Alexander A. Schlegel, Stephen L. Macknik

Dartmouth Scholarship

In visual masking, visible targets are rendered invisible by modifying the context in which they are presented, but not by modifying the targets themselves. Here, we localize the neuronal correlates of visual awareness in the human brain by using visual masking illusions. We compare monoptic visual masking activation, which we find within all retinotopic visual areas, with dichoptic masking activation, which we find only in those retinotopic areas downstream of V2. Because monoptic and dichoptic masking are equivalent in magnitude perceptually, the present results establish a lower bound for maintenance of visual awareness of simple unattended targets. Moreover, we find …

The Role Of Cuticular Pheromones In Courtship Conditioning Of Drosophila Males, Kathleen King Siwicki, Paul Nicholas Riccio , '05, Lisa Ladewski , '02, F. Marcillac, L. Dartevelle, Stephanie Alexis Cross , '04, J.-F. Ferveur

Biology Faculty Works

Courtship conditioning is an associative learning paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster, wherein male courtship behavior is modified by experience with unreceptive, previously mated females. While the training experience with mated females involves multiple sensory and behavioral interactions, we hypothesized that female cuticular hydrocarbons function as a specific chemosensory conditioned stimulus in this learning paradigm. The effects of training with mated females were determined in courtship tests with either wild-type virgin females as courtship targets, or with target flies of different genotypes that express distinct Cuticular hydrocarbon (CH) profiles. Results of tests with female targets that lacked the normal CH profile, and …

Src-Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation At The Tips Of Growth Cone Filopodia Promotes Extension, Estuardo Robles, Stephanie Woo, Timothy M. Gomez

Neuroscience: Faculty Publications

Extracellular cues guide axon outgrowth by activating intracellular signaling cascades that control the growth cone cytoskeleton. However, the spatial and temporal coordination of signaling intermediates remains essentially unknown. Live imaging of tyrosine phosphorylation in growth cones revealed dynamic phospho-tyrosine (PY) signals in filopodia that directly correlate with filopodial behavior. Local PY signals are generated at distal tips of filopodia during extension and are lost during retraction. Active Src family kinases localize to the tips of filopodia, and Src activity regulates both filopodial dynamics and local PY signaling. Positive guidance cues stimulate filopodial motility by locally increasing tyrosine phosphorylation in a …

The Effects Of An Analgesic (Biofreeze®) On The Motoneuron Pool Excitability Of The Soleus Muscle, Desiree R. Barth

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on the Hoffman reflex and motor response with an analgesic (Biofreeze®). Design: The study was a 2X6 design. The independent variables in this study were treatment and time. The dependent variables were the H-reflex (volts) and the M response (volts). Treatment was randomly assigned to control for the effects of order. Setting: This study took place in the Exercise Physiology Laboratory located in the Health and Human Performance Building at Indiana State University. Subjects: 14 volunteers who were physically active and had no known neurological problems. Measurements: Skin and …

Extraocular Muscle Activity, Rapid Eye Movements And The Development Of Active And Quiet Sleep, Adele M. H. Seelke, Andrew J. Gall, Karl Æ. Karlsson, Mark S. Blumberg

Faculty Publications

Rapid eye movements (REMs), traditionally measured using the electrooculogram (EOG), help to characterize active sleep in adults. In early infancy, however, they are not clearly expressed. Here we measured extraocular muscle activity in infant rats at 3 days of age (P3), P8 and P14-15 in order to assess the ontogeny of REMs and their relationship with other forms of sleep-related phasic activity. We found that the causal relationship between extraocular muscle twitches and REMs strengthened during the first two postnatal weeks, reflecting increased control of the extraocular muscles over eye movements. As early as P3, however, phasic bursts of extraocular …

Donepezil Effects On Mood In Patients With Schizophrenia And Schizoaffective Disorder, S Craig Risch, Michael D. Horner, Susan R. Mcgurk, Simmy Palecko, John S. Markowitz, Ziad Nahas, C. Lindsay Devane

Dartmouth Scholarship

Donepezil, 5 mg/d for 6 wk then 10 mg/d for 6 wk, and placebo daily for 12 wk in a double-blind cross-over paradigm, was added to the therapeutic regimen of 13 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders, clinically stable on atypical antipsychotic medications. Patients had varying degrees of depressive symptoms, ranging from no depression to clinically significant depression. There was no worsening or induction of depression in individual patients or the group as a whole. In addition there was a statistically significant antidepressant effect in the group as a whole during the donepezil condition and a clinically significant antidepressant effect …

Sheep Updates 2005 - Part 1, R. W. Kelly, R. Kingwell, A. R. Bray, Chris Oldham, Graeme Martin, D. Blanche, D. Ferguson, Keith Crocker, Di Evans

Sheep Updates

This session covers seven papers from different authors: Boosting lambing percentages of WA sheep flocks. R.W. Kelly CSIRO Livestock Industries, Floreat WA , R. Kingwell Department of Agriculture WA,

Kiwis can fly - 30% higher lambing in 15 years, AR Bray, Meat and Wool New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand

Rams are not a trivial expense, so what can you do to maximise on your investment? Chri Oldham, Department of Agriculture Western Australia, Graeme Martin, University of West Australia.

Care for mun - fetal programming, lamb survival and lifetime performance. RW Kelly CSIRO Livestock Industries, Floreat WA

Boost lamb survival - …

Theta Activity During Navigation In Virtual Environments, Colleen Margaret Moore

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

Human navigation has gone through many different stages, from guidance by stars to guidance by technology. Theories for performance differences range from differences between individuals, to experience with the environment. Researchers turn to virtual environments during experimentation which are easy to manipulate and easier to measure during navigation. However, fidelity is an issue with regard to transfer of learning to a real world environment. We examined differences in theta activity during navigation in low and high fidelity virtual environments. The researchers recruited thirty-two students between the ages of 18-40 from the university subject pool for voluntary participation. We measured EEG …

Plasticity In Selective Phonotaxis And Neuronal Responses Of Acheta Domesticus, Benjamin Alejandro Navia

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Plasticity of phonotaxis in Acheta domesticus was evaluated in 207 young (5-7 days) and 328 old (28 days) female crickets. Of those that responded (508), their phonotaxis was grouped into selective (80% of young and 34% of old) and unselective (66% of old and 20% of young) on the basis of their responses to syllable period (SP). Two additional subcategories were also found. Some females were selective to the longer syllable periods (18% young, 20% old) while others were selective to the shorter syllable periods (7% young and 12% old). The L3 prothoracic auditory interneuron exhibits a decrementing response to …

A New Interpretation Of The Drug Levodopa In The Treatment Of Parkinson's Disease, Joanne T. Vannah

Graduate Masters Theses

An argument for levodopa induced dyskinesias (LID) as an expression of long term potentiation (LTP) in the striatum is presented. Normally, with an intact nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) input, long term depression (LTD) is expressed in the striatum, however, striatal LTD is lost following DA denervation and chronic levodopa treatment. It is possible that these changes in synaptic efficacy are due to two other chemical modulators, achetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate, which in turn leads to the induction of striatal LTP. ACh and glutamate may produce these changes in motor behavior by affecting the striosomal pathway in addition to their effect on …

The Neural Substrates Of Infant Sleep In Rats, Karl Æ. Karlsson, Andrew J. Gall, Ethan J. Mohns, Adele M. H. Seelke, Mark S. Blumberg

Faculty Publications

Sleep is a poorly understood behavior that predominates during infancy but is studied almost exclusively in adults. One perceived impediment to investigations of sleep early in ontogeny is the absence of state-dependent neocortical activity. Nonetheless, in infant rats, sleep is reliably characterized by the presence of tonic (i.e., muscle atonia) and phasic (i.e., myoclonic twitching) components; the neural circuitry underlying these components, however, is unknown. Recently, we described a medullary inhibitory area (MIA) in week-old rats that is necessary but not sufficient for the normal expression of atonia. Here we report that the infant MIA receives projections from areas containing …

Limits Of Learning Enhancements With Nicotine In Old Male Rats, George Taylor, Carl Bassi, Juergen Weiss

Psychology Faculty Works

Findings with young adult humans and animal models suggest that nicotine may serve both neuroprotective and cognition enhancing roles in old animals. A pair of experiments was conducted to examine drug-induced modification of the cholinergic nicotinic receptor subtype on rates of learning by young and aged rats. In experiment I males (4-7 months or 20-25 months old) were administered nicotine (0.0, 0.3 or 0.7 mg/kg injected s.c. daily) and tested in both a T-maze non-spatial discrimination paradigm and a hole board spatial task. Nicotine failed to improve acquisition by young animals on either task. Nicotine also failed to improve non-spatial …

Daily Rhythm Of Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity, Deirdre A. Conroy, Arthur J. Spielman, Rebecca Q. Scott

Publications and Research

Background: CBFV (cerebral blood flow velocity) is lower in the morning than in the afternoon and evening. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the time of day changes in CBFV: 1) CBFV changes are due to sleep-associated processes or 2) time of day changes in CBFV are due to an endogenous circadian rhythm independent of sleep. The aim of this study was to examine CBFV over 30 hours of sustained wakefulness to determine whether CBFV exhibits fluctuations associated with time of day.

Methods: Eleven subjects underwent a modified constant routine protocol. CBFV from the middle cerebral artery was monitored …

Epipregnanolone And A Novel Synthetic Neuroactive Steroid Reduce Reduce Alcohol Self-Administration In Rats., Laura O'Dell

Selected Works Temporary Series

No abstract provided.

Stress Enhancement Of Craving During Sobriety: A Risk For Relapse, Laura O'Dell

Selected Works Temporary Series

No abstract provided.

Stress Enhancement Of Craving During Sobriety: A Risk For Relapse, Laura O'Dell

Departmental Papers (Psych)

No abstract provided.

Epipregnanolone And A Novel Synthetic Neuroactive Steroid Reduce Reduce Alcohol Self-Administration In Rats., Laura O'Dell

Departmental Papers (Psych)

No abstract provided.

The Temporal Context Model In Spatial Navigation And Relational Learning: Toward A Common Explanation Of Medial Temporal Lobe Function Across Domains, Marc W. Howard, Mrigankka S. Fotedar, Aditya V. Datey, Michael E. Hasselmo

Psychology - All Scholarship

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been studied extensively at all levels of analysis, yet its function remains unclear. Theory regarding the cognitive function of the MTL has centered along 3 themes. Different authors have emphasized the role of the MTL in episodic recall, spatial navigation, or relational memory. Starting with the temporal context model (M.W. Howard and M. J. Kahana, 2002), a distributed memory model that has been applied to benchmark data from episodic recall tasks, the authors propose that the entorhinal cortex supports a gradually changing representation of temporal context and the hippocampus proper enables retrieval of these …

Using Distributed Network Systems To Model Perception With An Artificial Neural Network, Tide Kansona Takizala

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

It is difficult to be certain about brain functioning. Until now, most efforts to understand brain computations have only been conducted on a stand alone computer. In order to recreate the brain accurately, members of the Institute of Cognitive Computing Technology (ICCT) were interested in finding out whether or not a biological process could be simulated on a Distributed Artificial Neural Network (DANN). The goal of this investigation was to implement visual perception on a network of computers and compare the computations of the network with those of a human brain. The distributed network was developed as a Local Area …

Lateral Hypothalamic Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Feeding Stimulation: Differential Contributions Of Src Family Tyrosine Kinases To Feeding Triggered Either By Nmda Injection Or By Food Deprivation, Arshad Khan, Herman Cheung, Elizabeth Gillard, Jennifer Palarca, Derek Welsbie, James Gurd, B. Stanley

Selected Works Temporary Series

No abstract provided.

Lateral Hypothalamic Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Feeding Stimulation: Differential Contributions Of Src Family Tyrosine Kinases To Feeding Triggered Either By Nmda Injection Or By Food Deprivation, Khan, Herman Cheung, Elizabeth Gillard, Jennifer Palarca, Derek Welsbie, James Gurd, B. Stanley

Departmental Papers (Biology)

No abstract provided.

Event-Related Potential Evidence For Multiple Causes Of The Revelation Effect, P. Andrew Leynes, Joshua Landau, Jessica Walker, Richard J. Addante

Psychology Faculty Publications

Asking people to discover the identity of a recognition test probe immediately before making a recognition judgment increases the probability of an old judgment. To inform theories of this “revelation effect,” event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for revealed and intact test items across two experiments. In Experiment 1, we used a revelation effect paradigm where half of the test probes were presented as anagrams (i.e., a related task) and the other items were presented intact. The pattern of ERP results from this experiment suggested that revealing an item decreases initial familiarity levels and caused the revealed items to elicit similar …

Human Stick Balancing: Tuning Lèvy Flights To Improve Balance Control, Juan Luis Cabrera, John Milton

WM Keck Science Faculty Papers

State-dependent, or parametric, noise is an essential component of the neural control mechanism for stick balancing at the fingertip. High-speed motion analysis in three dimensions demonstrates that the controlling movements made by the fingertip during stick balancing can be described by a Lévy flight. The Lévy index, , is approximately 0.9; a value close to optimal for a random search. With increased skill, the index does not change. However, the tails of the Lévy distribution become broader. These observations suggest a Lévy flight that is truncated by the properties of the nervous and musculoskeletal system; the truncation decreasing as skill …

Synaptic Transformations Underlying Highly Selective Auditory Representations Of Learned Birdsong, Melissa J. Coleman, Richard Mooney

WM Keck Science Faculty Papers

Stimulus-specific neuronal responses are a striking characteristic of several sensory systems, although the synaptic mechanisms underlying their generation are not well understood. The songbird nucleus HVC (used here as a proper name) contains projection neurons (PNs) that fire temporally sparse bursts of action potentials to playback of the bird's own song (BOS) but are essentially silent when presented with other acoustical stimuli. To understand how such remarkable stimulus specificity emerges, it is necessary to compare the auditory-evoked responsiveness of the afferents of HVC with synaptic responses in identified HVC neurons. We found that inactivating the interfacial nucleus of the nidopallium …