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Articles 1 - 30 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Distinct Forms Of Myotonia In Pharmacologic And Genetic Mouse Models At Room And Body Temperature, Rola Benammar
Distinct Forms Of Myotonia In Pharmacologic And Genetic Mouse Models At Room And Body Temperature, Rola Benammar
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Myotonia congenita (MC) is a genetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ClC-1 chloride channel, leading to muscle hyperexcitability and symptoms of transient stiffness and weakness. Work in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HKPP), a disorder with overlapping clinical features, has shown that myotonia can arise from two distinct mechanisms: a sustained form and a transient post-stimulus form, which have opposite temperature dependence. In HKPP, sustained myotonia worsens at elevated temperatures, whereas transient myotonia is exacerbated by cooling. This study tested whether these two mechanisms also contribute to myotonia in MC. Ex vivo force recordings were performed in extensor digitorum longus …
The Physiological And Behavioral Effects Of A Centrally Administered Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist On Maternal Buffering In Infant Guinea Pigs, Kendra A. Carter
The Physiological And Behavioral Effects Of A Centrally Administered Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist On Maternal Buffering In Infant Guinea Pigs, Kendra A. Carter
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This study investigates the role of endogenous oxytocin (OT) in maternal buffering of infant stress responses in guinea pigs. Infants received intracerebroventricular infusion of an oxytocin receptor antagonist (OTA) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) immediately before being placed with the mother in a novel environment for 60 minutes. Blood cortisol levels and behavioral responses, including vocalizations and crouching, were measured throughout the testing period. Results indicate only a significant effect of time, with cortisol levels increasing with time spent in the novel environment. Otherwise, no significant differences were observed either physiologically or behaviorally between aCSF and OTA conditions. This study …
The Organophosphate Malathion Underlies Locomotor Performance Changes And Motoneuron Morphological Alterations In Sprague Dawley Rats, Kaitlyn Marie Miller
The Organophosphate Malathion Underlies Locomotor Performance Changes And Motoneuron Morphological Alterations In Sprague Dawley Rats, Kaitlyn Marie Miller
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Organophosphates are known neurotoxicants; however, they remain in use as flame retardants and are heavily used as pesticides. Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide commonly used in the United States since 1956. Despite known neurobehavioral impacts, there is little data available as to how repeated, occupational like, malathion exposures impact locomotion and the structure of motoneurons. We hypothesized that low-level repeated exposure to malathion would result in motor function deficits with anatomical alterations in the alpha-motoneurons (MN) consistent with neurodegeneration. Also, we hypothesized that galantamine would be neuroprotective against the effects of malathion. To test our hypothesis, we exposed male and …
Periodic Paralysis : Pursuing A Protocol, Kirsten Denman
Periodic Paralysis : Pursuing A Protocol, Kirsten Denman
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Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis is an autosomal dominant disease of skeletal muscle in which patients experience episodes of weakness. There is currently no highly effective therapy. A mouse model has been created to study the disease to better understand the physiological changes leading to weakness and to develop novel treatments. However, the work done with the mouse model has used ever-changing protocols and the data produced have been insufficient to answer key questions and bring treatments closer to clinical trials. I evaluated factors of temperature, insulin, potassium concentrations, and length of protocol or exercise, to develop a protocol that reproducibly triggers …
Female Middle Aged Rats Showed Increased Recovery From A Focal Demyelination With Drug Combination : Changes In Dcx And Nfkb Suggest Increased Oligodendrocytes Production, Andrew James Smith
Female Middle Aged Rats Showed Increased Recovery From A Focal Demyelination With Drug Combination : Changes In Dcx And Nfkb Suggest Increased Oligodendrocytes Production, Andrew James Smith
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Neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis affect millions of people around the globe, and promising treatments to counter its progress have been studied extensively. In our study, we used Dawley rats and tested them using the Montoya Staircase test to evaluate their ability to use their forelimbs. After training, surgery was performed using lysolecithin to induce focal demyelination on the rats. After the surgery a drug combination of fluoxetine, ibuprofen, and ascorbic acid was used on injured rats and they were then retested on the Montoya Staircase test. They were then sacrificed and were stained for doublecortin (DCX) and nuclear …
Effect Of Reduced Cardiomyocyte O-Glcnacylation On The Expression And Activity Of The Cardiac Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, Chiagozie Dawn Bede Paul-Onyia
Effect Of Reduced Cardiomyocyte O-Glcnacylation On The Expression And Activity Of The Cardiac Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, Chiagozie Dawn Bede Paul-Onyia
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Abnormal glycosylation can impact cardiac proteins, affecting signaling, contraction, and metabolism, which leads to compromised cardiac function. O-GlcNAcylation, the only form of intracellular glycosylation, involves adding a single GlcNAc molecule to proteins via enzymes: O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT) for addition and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) for removal. The Ednie/Bennett lab has previously demonstrated that in both chronic (OGT KO) and acute (OGT inhibition) models of reduced cardiomyocyte O-GlcNAcylation, a disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis occurs. This study delved into the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV 1.5) in these models. NaV 1.5 expression was analyzed through western blotting and immunocytochemistry, while its functional activity was …
Repeated Occupational-Level Exposure To The Pesticide Malathion Leads To Neuronal Atrophy In The Dorsal Root Ganglion, Arian K. Mcneil
Repeated Occupational-Level Exposure To The Pesticide Malathion Leads To Neuronal Atrophy In The Dorsal Root Ganglion, Arian K. Mcneil
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Environmental exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, such as malathion, is a risk factor for neuropathy and neurodegeneration. Toxic levels of OPs irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, leading to acute paralysis and even death as the neurotransmitter acetylcholine accumulates at cholinergic synapses. In addition, there is compelling evidence that repeated low-level “occupational-like” exposure to OPs is associated with somatosensory defects but the cellular mechanisms for this effect are unclear. We show sensory neuron cell size in the dorsal root ganglia is significantly reduced in rats exposed to occupational level malathion. However, co-administration of a reversible AchE inhibitor, galantamine, prevented this effect.
Evaluation Of A Monosynaptic Spinal Circuit In Multiple Mouse Models Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Maura A. Curran
Evaluation Of A Monosynaptic Spinal Circuit In Multiple Mouse Models Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Maura A. Curran
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. To date, there are no significant disease-modifying treatments, and one limiting factor in treatment is the amount of time it takes for a patient to receive a diagnosis of ALS. This study examined multiple mouse models before symptom onset to help identify early changes in a reflex circuit of ALS mice. Dorsal root stimulation of the sacral spinal cord in multiple models ALS mouse models showed changes in the resulting ventral root compound action potential amplitude, latency, and ability to maintain synaptic depression. These data also suggest that a mouse model …
Use Of Forelimb Asymmetry In The Analysis Of Cns Recovery From A Demyelination Event, Joseph C. Hinkle
Use Of Forelimb Asymmetry In The Analysis Of Cns Recovery From A Demyelination Event, Joseph C. Hinkle
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Using forelimb asymmetry analysis along with Montoya Staircase methodology we tested how a fluoxetine simvastatin ascorbic acid drug cocktail would affect recovery from a demyelinating event in a rat model, with the hypothesis that if administered then it would help female recovery but hinder male recovery. It was found that a fluoxetine simvastatin and ascorbic acid drug cocktail did not significantly enhance recovery from a demyelination model injury in female rats, and that the same drug cocktail significantly slowed male rat recovery from the same type of injury. It was also apparent that the more effective methodology for investigating this …
Microglia Distribution In The Lateral Ventricles Following Treatment Of Lysolecithin Model Of Multiple Sclerosis, Spencer James Wilson
Microglia Distribution In The Lateral Ventricles Following Treatment Of Lysolecithin Model Of Multiple Sclerosis, Spencer James Wilson
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects an estimated one million people in the US alone (Wallin et al., 2019). We modeled MS in rats using lysolecithin injection into the corpus callosum to diminish motor function unilaterally through demyelination, meanwhile treating the injury with Fluoxetine, Ibuprofen, and ascorbic acid (FIAA) to increase neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. Motor function was assessed using the Montoya Staircase test pre- and post-surgery. Motor capabilities recovered in the contralateral limb, but not in the ipsilateral, and recovery was not significantly affected by treatment. We identified microglia by CX3CR1 and examined its distribution in the adult neurogenic niche, the SVZ …
The Mechanisms Of Axon Initial Segment Alteration Due To Disrupted Glucose Metabolism: A Potential Link To Cognitive Impairment, Duc Van Minh Nguyen
The Mechanisms Of Axon Initial Segment Alteration Due To Disrupted Glucose Metabolism: A Potential Link To Cognitive Impairment, Duc Van Minh Nguyen
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Cognitive impairment is a serious global health issue due to its widely complicated pathologies that are linked to many diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Yet, detailed mechanisms of cognitive impairment associated with type 2 diabetes are unknown. Evidence suggests type 2 diabetes is associated with disrupted glucose metabolism, elevated methylglyoxal, and axon initial segment (AIS) shortening. Subtle changes of AIS could significantly contribute to neuronal dysfunction in neurological diseases (e.g., cognitive impairment). Utilizing in vitro dissociated mouse cortical cultures, we initially discovered elevated methylglyoxal shortens the AIS length of the immunofluorescent marker AnkyrinG (Griggs et al., 2021). This thesis further …
Extracellular Vesicles From Uvb Irradiated Keratinocytes Contain Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers, Meghana Reddy Ginugu
Extracellular Vesicles From Uvb Irradiated Keratinocytes Contain Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers, Meghana Reddy Ginugu
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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in genomic DNA, which are normally removed by nucleotide excision repair. However, the fate of these adducts remain largely unexplored. Detection of these photoproducts in body fluids could act as a predictor of UV exposure and enable a better understanding of the pathogenesis of photosensitive skin diseases, such as lupus. Using cultured human keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation in vitro, ultracentrifugation of cell culture supernatants, and immunodot blot analysis of isolated DNA, we have found that a small fraction of CPDs is released from cells in a dose- and …
Effects Of Fluoxetine/Simvastatin/Ascorbic Acid Combination Treatment On Neurogenesis And Functional Recovery In A Model Of Multiple Sclerosis, Olivia Cameron Webb
Effects Of Fluoxetine/Simvastatin/Ascorbic Acid Combination Treatment On Neurogenesis And Functional Recovery In A Model Of Multiple Sclerosis, Olivia Cameron Webb
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Whereas immune modulation has proven beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS), we hypothesized that targeting down-stream modulators of neurogenesis and subsequent remyelination may offer an additional, if not superior, point of intervention in an attempt to repair damage and recover lost function. As such, the present study assessed the effectiveness of 30-day administration of the drug combination fluoxetine (5 mg/kg), simvastatin (1 mg/kg), and ascorbic acid (50 mg/kg) (FSA) on an early marker of neurogenesis, doublecortin (DCX), and functional recovery using the Montoya Staircase following lysolecithin-induced focal demyelination of the corpus callosum in middle-aged (10-11 month) male and female rats. Lysolecithin …
A Novel Method For Analysis Of Proprioceptor Sensory Neuron Subtypes In The Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia, Delaney C. Grant
A Novel Method For Analysis Of Proprioceptor Sensory Neuron Subtypes In The Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia, Delaney C. Grant
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Proprioceptive sensory neurons encode critical mechanosensory information that helps determine how the body interacts with the outside world and monitors the proper execution of motor movements. Housed in skeletal muscles lie specialized mechanoreceptors that are critical to this feedback loop: muscle spindles supplied by group Ia & group II afferents, and Golgi tendon organs supplied by group Ib afferents relay information regarding changes in muscle force, length, and tension. All three afferent subtypes originate in the muscle and travel to the dorsal root ganglia, relaying information to the central nervous system. GTO and MS proprioceptive afferent subtypes have been identified, …
Potential Involvement Of Micro Vesicle Particles In The Synergistic Effects Of Ultraviolet-B Radiation And Platelet -Activating Factor Receptor Agonists On Cytokine Production, Shweta Bhadri
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Cytokines play a pivotal role in regulating inflammation, which is a condition that makes the tissue vulnerable to different pathological and physiological conditions. Thus, how cytokines are regulated is an important area of study. Skin that receives ultraviolet B radiation (UVB), a major pro-oxidative stressor, results in the release of multiple cytokines and chemokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8. Previous studies from our group and others have demonstrated synergistic release of TNF-alpha when UVB is combined with IL-1 or the lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF). Of interest, subcellular microvesicle particles (MVP) have been proposed to play an …
Protocol Development And Optimization For Rnls Mouse Characteristic Assessment, Hasan Farid
Protocol Development And Optimization For Rnls Mouse Characteristic Assessment, Hasan Farid
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Protocol development and optimization are vital in the scientific method process. By having accurate protocols, one can properly assess the characteristics of their animal model for any given experiment. One animal newly adopted in our lab was the novel regulatable nuclear localization sequence (rNLS) mouse model. This novel mouse model displays symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), after the accumulation of the hTDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43) aggregate in the central nervous system. The expression of this protein occurs after the removal of deoxycycline from the mouse’s food source. Once the removal of the drug, this …
Divalent Metal Cation Entry And Cytotoxicity In Jurkat T Cells: Role Of Trpm7 Channels, Alayna N. Mellott
Divalent Metal Cation Entry And Cytotoxicity In Jurkat T Cells: Role Of Trpm7 Channels, Alayna N. Mellott
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Humans are exposed daily to a variety of metals that can be harmful to our immune system. Although certain divalent metal cations are essential for numerous cellular functions and are critical trace elements in humans, the uptake mechanisms of these ions remain mostly unknown. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), which is expressed in a variety of human cell types, including lymphocytes and macrophages, conducts many divalent metal cations. TRPM7 channels are largely inactive under normal physiological conditions due to cytoplasmic magnesium acting as a channel inhibitor. Magnesium is a cofactor for many biochemical reactions. Low serum levels of magnesium, …
Artificially-Generated Scenes Demonstrate The Importance Of Global Properties During Early Scene Perception, Mavuso Wesley Mzozoyana
Artificially-Generated Scenes Demonstrate The Importance Of Global Properties During Early Scene Perception, Mavuso Wesley Mzozoyana
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During scene perception, studies have shown the importance of the global distribution of a scene. Electrophysiological studies have found these global effects concentrated corresponding to the second positive and first negative peaks (P2 and N1, respectively) of the Event-related potential (ERP) during the first 600 ms of scene perception. We sought to understand in Experiment 1, to what extent early responses to scenes were driven by mid-level global information such as the degree of naturalness or openness in a scene image in the absence of specific low-and high-level information (color and semantic object detail). This was done using artificially-generated stimuli …
Exploring The Impact Of Affective Processing On Visual Perception Of Large-Scale Spatial Environments, Auroabah S. Almufleh
Exploring The Impact Of Affective Processing On Visual Perception Of Large-Scale Spatial Environments, Auroabah S. Almufleh
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This thesis explores the interaction between emotions and visual perception using large scale spatial environment as the medium of this interaction. Emotion has been documented to have an early effect on scene perception (Olofsson, Nordin, Sequeira, & Polich, 2008). Yet, most popularly-used scene stimuli, such as the IAPS or GAPED stimulus sets often depict salient objects embedded in naturalistic backgrounds, or “events” which contain rich social information, such as human faces or bodies. And thus, while previous studies are instrumental to our understanding of the role that social-emotion plays in visual perception, they do not isolate the effect of emotion …
Effect Of Administration Of Somatostatin Analogue On Blood Pressure In Chronic Intermittent Hypoxic Rats, Kajal Kamra
Effect Of Administration Of Somatostatin Analogue On Blood Pressure In Chronic Intermittent Hypoxic Rats, Kajal Kamra
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The cardiorespiratory system in our bodies does not adapt to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia (CIH) and consequently syndromes such as sleep apnea lead to pathophysiological conditions like Hypertension. It has been demonstrated that the peripheral chemoreceptors underpin the development of these conditions and at present, there are no selective drug therapies for this form of hypertension. However, evidence suggests that peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity to CO2 & hypoxia is reduced by Somatostatin (SST) in humans. Our preliminary in-vitro studies have demonstrated that SST will blunt the response of the carotid body to hypoxia and decrease the baseline activity of the carotid body. …
Trpm7 Channels As A Bioassay Of Internal And External Mg2+, Charles T. Luu
Trpm7 Channels As A Bioassay Of Internal And External Mg2+, Charles T. Luu
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Magnesium is an important divalent metal cation that is involved in numerous cellular functions. The details of cellular Mg2+ regulation, homeostasis and transport remain unclear. Magnesium transporter protein (MagT1) is a Mg2+ transporter and deficiency of this protein has been reported to lead to impaired Mg2+ influx and a decreased cytoplasmic [Mg2+]. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein containing a channel pore and a C-terminal alpha-type serine/threonine protein kinase domain. Importantly, TRPM7 channel is believed to conduct both Mg2+ and Ca2+. In the present study, we investigated if TRPM7 can be used as a …
The Effect Of Aging On The Blood Brain Barrier Permeability And Response To Fluoxetine Enantiomers, Ethar Arkan
The Effect Of Aging On The Blood Brain Barrier Permeability And Response To Fluoxetine Enantiomers, Ethar Arkan
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We tested the effect of the fluoxetine enantiomers (S-fluoxetine and R-fluoxetine) versus Prozac (50:50 ratio of R- and S- fluoxetine enantiomers) and/or control on blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability in different brain regions in both male and female rats. The rats consumed orally the drug (5 mg/kg) or vehicle for a total of three days, then were injected with sterile Evans blue dye ip, at least 12 hours before euthanasia.. We see significant regional brain differences in BBB permeability (hippocampus has tighter BBB), significant differences based on the age of the animals (young rats show enhanced permeability in lower brain …
Cx43 Expression Increases In Response To Increased Temperature Incubation In The Developing Chicken Embryonic Brain, Erick A. Barrios
Cx43 Expression Increases In Response To Increased Temperature Incubation In The Developing Chicken Embryonic Brain, Erick A. Barrios
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We used the chicken embryo model to examine whether altered incubation temperature during chicken embryo development would alter the protein expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), hsp90, and connexin 43 (cx43) in the brain. We incubated eggs in either optimal (37.6° C, Con), increased (39.6° C, +2), or decreased (35.6° C, -2) temperature conditions until they reached embryonic day 16 (E16). The -2 condition significantly increased incidence of embryonic mortality. As shown in the literature, the development of the eggs was accelerated or decelerated due to increased or decreased temperature respectively. To control for this, we incubated eggs at …
Cx43 Expression Increases In Response To Increased Temperature Incubation In The Developing Chicken Embryonic Brain, Erick A. Barrios
Cx43 Expression Increases In Response To Increased Temperature Incubation In The Developing Chicken Embryonic Brain, Erick A. Barrios
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We used the chicken embryo model to examine whether altered incubation temperature during chicken embryo development would alter the protein expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), hsp90, and connexin 43 (cx43) in the brain. We incubated eggs in either optimal (37.6°C, Con), increased (39.6°C, +2), or decreased (35.6°C, -2) temperature conditions until they reached embryonic day 16 (E16). The -2 condition significantly increased incidence of embryonic mortality. As shown in the literature, the development of the eggs was accelerated or decelerated due to increased or decreased temperature respectively. To control for this, we incubated eggs at optimal temperature (37.6°C) …
Upstream Regulators Of Vrac Activation In Human 1321n1 Astrocytoma Cells, Courtney Elyse Moore
Upstream Regulators Of Vrac Activation In Human 1321n1 Astrocytoma Cells, Courtney Elyse Moore
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Cells rely on a constant volume not only for structural stability but also for normal homeostatic processes to occur. In the brain and CNS, cells can regain their normal volume through a process termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD). A key component of a cells' response to cell swelling is the activation of channel(s) responsible for the efflux of chloride current, ICl,swell. Volume regulated anion channels (VRAC) which mediate ICl,swell have been implicated in controlling cell volume during RVD, but the mechanisms which activate this channel are not completely understood. In this study, I examined the role of G protein-coupled signaling …
The Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response And Behavior In Ca2+-Activated K+ (Bk) Channel Knock Out Mice And T-Cell Death-Associated Gene 8 (Tdag8) Receptor Knock Out Mice, Christine Annette Ratliff-Rang
The Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response And Behavior In Ca2+-Activated K+ (Bk) Channel Knock Out Mice And T-Cell Death-Associated Gene 8 (Tdag8) Receptor Knock Out Mice, Christine Annette Ratliff-Rang
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Some acid sensing areas in the brain control the expression of breathing and anxiety/fear including the locus coeruleus (LC) (Redmond & Huang, 1979) and the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). It has been found that knocking out T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8), a chemosensor, attenuates CO2 induced fear phenotypes in mice. However their hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) has not yet been looked at. Also, BK channels are large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels that are activated by increases in concentration of intracellular calcium ions. It has been found that BK KO rats have an increase in their HCVR (Patrone et al., 2014) however …
Is Mitochondrial Development Impaired In Hyperoxic Rats And Does This Underpin The Blunting Of The Acute Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?, Tariq Hasan Fayyad
Is Mitochondrial Development Impaired In Hyperoxic Rats And Does This Underpin The Blunting Of The Acute Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?, Tariq Hasan Fayyad
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Carotid body (CB) responses to hypoxia are low at birth and increase over time to mature responses. Using an in vitro rat CB-carotid sinus nerve (CSN) preparation, Kholwadwala and Donnelly (1992) demonstrated that the CSN activity in response to hypoxia increased from low levels to robust adult responses after two weeks. This time course of maturation was paralleled by an increase in TASK channel sensitivity to hypoxia in the O2-sensing Type I cells (Kim et al, 2011). Previous studies have indicated that a fall in Type I cell mitochondrial volume and an increase in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation may …
Measuring The Effects Of High-Fat Diet On Breathing And Oxygen-Sensitivity Of The Carotid Body Type I Cell, Ryan J. Rakoczy
Measuring The Effects Of High-Fat Diet On Breathing And Oxygen-Sensitivity Of The Carotid Body Type I Cell, Ryan J. Rakoczy
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The carotid bodies (CB), the primary peripheral chemoreceptors, respond to changes in blood gases with neurotransmitter release, thereby increasing carotid sinus nerve firing frequency and ultimately correcting the pattern of breathing. It has previously been demonstrated that acute application of the adipokine leptin caused perturbations of intracellular calcium and membrane ion movement in isolated CB Type I cells (Pye et al, 2015) and augmented the response of the intact CB to hypoxia (Pye et al, 2016). This study's aim was to examine, in-vivo, if elevated leptin modulated CB function and breathing. Rats were fed high-fat chow or control chow for …
Investigating The Role Of An Sk Channel Activator On Survival And Motor Function In The Sod1-G93a, Als Mouse Model, Matthew Thomas Dancy
Investigating The Role Of An Sk Channel Activator On Survival And Motor Function In The Sod1-G93a, Als Mouse Model, Matthew Thomas Dancy
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, adult-onset progressive degenerative motor neuron disease that is characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness due to the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Average survival time for individuals diagnosed with the disease is three to five years; currently there is no cure and only one drug approved by the Food and Administration (FDA). Scientists have proposed various theories in order to solve the mystery which surrounds ALS. One of these theories hypothesizes how hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity leads to the death of motor neurons. In this study, we will address ways of combatting …
Cross Sensitization Of Depressive-Like Behavior Through Two Depression Related Paradigms: Maternal Separation And Its Effect On The Forced Swim Test In The Guinea Pig, Amanda Danielle Schreibeis
Cross Sensitization Of Depressive-Like Behavior Through Two Depression Related Paradigms: Maternal Separation And Its Effect On The Forced Swim Test In The Guinea Pig, Amanda Danielle Schreibeis
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Separation and Its Effect on the Forced Swim Test In the Guinea Pig Early-life stress such as parental neglect, absence, or abandonment, has been hypothesized to increase the susceptibility for developing depression later in life via sensitization of stress-responsive physiological systems (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis). Guinea pigs offer a potential model, but study has been limited to behavioral observations obtained during maternal separation tests. This thesis examined the generalization of this response by asking whether it would cross-sensitize to behavior in another depressive-related paradigm, the forced swim test. In three experiments, pups underwent three forced swim trials, in shallower …