Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

A Study Of The Ferric-Tartrate Complex In Alkaline Solution, Wade J. Adams

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

For a number of years, the study of hydrodynamic behavior of cellulose has been limited by the lack of a solvent capable of dissolving this high polymer without degrading its degree of polymerization. The consequence of the degradation is the marked change in the properties of the cellulose molecule in solution. Investigations to improve this problem have generally taken two directions.

The first involves the substitution of derivatives on the reactive alcoholic sites of the molecule (substitution method). This allows the molecule to be dissolved, in appropriate solvents, without degradation during dissolution.

The second involved the search for compounds …

Brightness Improvement During Cold Soda Pulping, Harry Pratley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

I. Introduction

During cold soda pulping, sodium hydroxide reacts with the lignin-carbohydrate complex to form soluble sodium lignate, and the carbohydrates are made soluble by hydrolysis (17). This lignin reaction, however, occurs only after a major portion of the caustic soda has been consumed in neutralizing the readily available acetyl and methoxyl groups and in hemicellulose dissolution. After the pulping process, the high-yield cold soda hardwood pulps exhibit a brown discoloration. A microscopic examination of the woods from which these pulps were produced (21) revealed that the brown discoloration was due to materials located in the cells of the wood. …

Increasing Sheet Strength By Partial Carboxymethylation, Curt Thies

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to increase sheet strength by partial carboxymethylation of cellulose fibers. A survey of literature disclosed the fact this had been done

in an alcoholic solution. An experimental procedure of partially carboxymethylating individual fibers in an aqueous solution was developed. It did not increase sheet strength and a second procedure was developed. In this method formed sheets were subjected to a carboxymethylation treatment. An evaluation of test data led to the following conclusions:

1. Dry and wet strength increases were obtained by treating a sheet with caustic.
2. The carboxymethylation procedure did not increase sheet strength, but …

The Effect Of Variables On The Penetration Of Starch Applied At The Size Press, John Hartman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature from 1925 until the present was searched as it related to the above topic. It was organized into three areas. The first relates the reasons for surface sizing a sheet and how penetration affects them. The second topic states the beliefs as to which variables affect penetration and how they are believed to affect it. The last area concerns the work that has been done in this field. This work has been looking due to a lack of good procedure. Some work has been done on starch coating adhesives and this was searched for useable technique.

Laminating Wood Components Of Varying Individual Thickness, Jere Murphy Cary

Graduate Student Research Papers

This paper deals with a new process in woodworking—one which overcomes some old woodworking problems in lamination. In the paper, the writer will justify and explain the process of lamination, the history of lamination and the justification of laminating wood components of varying individual thickness. The actual mechanical processes—the how to do it—is described as well as some possible uses of the process.

Use Of Microtome Sections To Determine The Effect Of Retention Aid On Filler Distribution, James Farrand

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Two-sidedness of paper is an all too common problem in the paper industry. Most of the undesirable results are due to the uneven distribution of filler in the sheet. An accurate, reproduceable, method is needed to study this distribution gradient in order to find the effect of certain variables on this distribution. Although the following method has been used before, its reproducibility has not been demonstrated to any great extent, nor has much work been done as to the effect of variables on the distribution. In this study, the reproducibility of this method is demonstrated and the effect of retention …

Preliminary Investigation On Bamboo Pulping, Sushil Moona

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A preliminary investigation on bamboo pulping by Semi-Keebra process reveals that a higher pulp yield than that obtained by most of the known methods of pulping bamboo can be attained by Semi-Keebra process.* The chemical requirement for pulping is lower than the conventional processes and the spent liquor also contains a higher per cent of solids. The pulp obtained by Semi-Keebra pulp would also require a considerable lesser time for obtaining the desired freeness value, resulting in lower power consumption for stock preparation, than that for the conventional sulphate bamboo pulp of bleachable grade. A comparison of the various hand-sheet …

The Effect Of Fiber Length And Degree Of Fibrillation On Water Removal By Wet Pressing, John C. Walkush

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The amount of water ·in paper determines indirectly the strength of it by dictating what type of bonds are formed between fibers. The less water in paper the stronger it is. Wet pressing is considered in detail as one method of water removal to determine what factors affect the amount of water removal since this would indirectly affect the development of paper strength. Specifically, the effect of fiber length and the degree of fibrillation was studied. It was found that as fiber length decreases the amount of water that can be removed decreases and that as the degree of fibrillation …

The Effect Of Thrust On The Development Of Strength With The Mead Refiner, G. Hayward

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Several different thrust pressures were exerted on the plates of the Mead Laboratory Refiner and pulp samples were refined over a wide freeness range for each of the several pressures. The strength characteristics developed were measured and it was found that maximum burst and tensile strength was developed by a thrust pressure of 31.22 pounds. Maximum tearing strength was developed at a thrust pressure of 25.94 pounds.

The refining time required to reach a given freeness increased as as the thrust was reduced, but reached a maximum at 20.66 pounds and remained constant for lesser pressures.

A Study Of The Comparative Effects Of Titanium Dioxide On Paper Brightness And Opacity When Used As Filler Versus Its Use As A Coating Mineral, James M. Crandall

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Because of the fact, that advertisements printed on bright papers have the most appeal, and papers printed on both sides must have absence of show-through, brightness and opacity have become important variables in paper making.

Titanium dioxide used a a filler or as a coating mineral will cause an increase in paper opacity and brightness. Because titanium dioxide is expensive, it is important to know how it can be used (as filler or coating) to the best advantage.

Objective

The purpose of this project is to compare the optical gains (opacity and brightness) imparted to paper by using titanium …

A Comparison Of The Coating Properties Of Domestic Clays To English Clays, Suzanne K. Love

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Objective

The objective of this thesis was to compare the coating properties of the English and domestic clays. Specifically, it was intended to note which set of clays excelled, if either, in the various properties tested. Furthermore, it would be observed from the results in which properties the primary clays (English) and the secondary clays (domestic) were in close agreement. The experimental work was designed to eliminate as many variables as possible with the exception of the type of clay used.

The Development Of A New Staining Technique For The Colorimetric Identification Of Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Fibers, John F. Kratochvil

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A new staining technique has been developed for the colorimetric separation of unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers from other types of fibers. It involves the use of two reagents, a 2% solution by weight of p-nitroaniline in 3N HCl and Herzbergs stain. The former solution is applied to the fibers, the excess is removed, and Herzberg stain is applied. This process will produce an orange color on groundwood, a brownish green color on unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers, and a color on chemical fibers and bleached neutral sulfite semichemical hardwood fibers that will vary from blue to deep purple, depending …

The Effect Of Brush Vs Supercalendar Finishing On The Optical And Surface Properties Of Paper, Jerold J. Winzenz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the demanding and ever-changing area of paper finishing a new and relatively unpublicized operation has appeared. The operation is one of brush finishing, where a high-speed cylindrical bristle brush is employed continuously against a paper web in order to develop desirable surface properties. The principle involved is a simple low-pressure polishing action not unlike shining one’s shoes. The performance of this new method, however, is obscure due to the absence of published information on the subject in available literature.

Through local industry a portable laboratory model brush finisher was made available to the Paper Technology Department of Western Michigan …

The Relation Between Separate Refining And Mixed Refining On The Strength Properties Of Paper, Doug Bockstanz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Object

The purpose of this work is to determine whether or not a significant difference in the strength characteristics of paper made from two pulps is obtained if the pulps are refined separately as compared to pulps refined together. The direction and magnitude of any difference is also desired.

The Effect Of Surface Sizing With Starch On Tensile & Tear, Prem K. Kapur

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This survey of literature concerning surface sizing has been undertaken in an effort to compile in one paper the importance of surface sizing on strength properties, particularly tensile and tear.

The use of starch in the modification of surface characteristics of a writing medium may actually be older than the art of paper manufacture itself. A considerable amount of literature on surface sizing showing the effect on surface improvements of the paper sheet is available, but very little work has been undertaken to study the effect of surface sizing on tensile and tear.

Both their strength properties increased on surface …

The Influence Of Cellulose, Lignins, And Organic Compounds On Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dale Phenicie

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D. as it is commonly called) is the oxygen, in parts per million, required during stabilization of the decomposable organic matter by aerobic bacterial action.

This thesis represents work done to find out what, if any, B.O.D. is exerted by cellulose, lignins, and other organic materials found in paper and pulp mill effluents.

The Severity Of Refiner Action Upon Pulp Strength Indexes, Thomas A. Wilson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Using the ball mill as the refining tool and five different strength developing materials, an investigation was made of the mechanism of fiber strength development.

The various degrees of refining drasticness were obtained by using each of the five materials, and the burst and tear tests and burst times tear factor were used as the strength indexes for determining the various degrees of refining.

The Potential Of A Pulp And Paper Industry In The State Of West Virginia, James W. Clay

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

West Virginia is traditionally a wood-producing state. Approximately 64 per cent of its land area is classified as commercial forest, and it has ranked as one of the nation’s top four producers of hardwood lumber for the past century.

A long-term failure of the state has been its inability to attract secondary wood industries into the area. The major portion of lumber produced in the state has been sent to outside concerns for further manufacturing and processing. In the past decade only about 18 per cent of the lumber produced in West Virginia was used for manufacture within the state. …

Filler Distribution As Effected By Drainage Rate And Volume, James Joseph Beer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Much work has been going on in the development of increased retention of titanium dioxide. This thesis will investigate retention of titanium dioxide and drainage rates on the distribution of titanium dioxide.

The retention of titanium dioxide will be understood a little better if conditions having known effects on retention are stated. Literature states that retention of fillers increases with increased basis weight, (2) increased beating of the pulp, (1) with increased alum to a limit, (1) and decreases with interrelated machine conditions such as increased speed, vacuum in the suction boxes, and length of wire and shake. (1)

An Evaluation Of Phosphates As Dispersing Agents In The Deinking Of Catalogue Wastepaper By Flotation, Leif Christensen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Employing a Wemco three liter laboratory flotation cell and using the dispersing agent as the independent variable erratic trends suggested that trisodium phosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate increase the brightness gain in froth flotation deinking and that trisodium phosphate promotes higher brightness gains than tetrasodium pyrophosphate in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 percent, (based on oven dry wastepaper). Conclusions could not be drawn for other salts evaluated and also are definitely not decisive for the two salts described. With a material like wastepaper it is difficult, even with the best endeavor to composit the sample, to obtain a large number …

The Effect Of Fiber Distribution Upon Stiffness Of Paper Board, Jon D. Hamelink

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This problem was approached by making multiply handsheets in the laboratory with various equicaliper ply arrangements of bleached sulfite pulp and overissue news, testing these sheets under standard conditions, and analyzing the data.

The handsheets were made by passing two Noble and Wood formed fiber mats placed face to face through an unlocked wet press. After removal of a forming wire a third ply could be added, followed by a second wet pressing. Upon constructing the sheet in this manner final wet pressing was accomplished by passing the multiply sheet through the loaded wet press. Sheets so formed were dried …

The Effect Of Drying Conditions On The Surface Strength Of Clay Coated Paper, Lawrence A. Gaspar

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The importance of the continuous-film forming properties of the polymer via fusion upon heating is second to none. Yasuda states that it depends on the probability of two particles coalescing upon the application of heat versus the acceleration of the rate of removal of the disperse medium from the coating. Naturally it would seem that excessive rates of drying would not permit the adhesive to fuse, but it may also alter the distribution of adhesive throughout the coating in either case. Eames has suggested the effects of certain variables on the distribution of starch in starch-clay coatings, but the fact …

Two Stage Peroxide-Borohydride Bleaching Of Cold Soda Pulp, Valerie A. S. Estes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Survey of Literature

Introduction

Since the development of cold soda pulping in the early 1950's, the search for suitable bleaching methods has been of primary concern. Cold soda pulp is dark brown in color and resists the bleaching action of most chemicals. Marton (1) suggests that this brown discoloration of hardwood cold soda pulp is due to a material in the cells of the wood, primarily in the heartwood. These substances, which have not been identified, are not the same as lignin but probably develop in a similar manner.

The chemicals most often used in bleaching hardwood cold soda pulps …

Effect Of Pulping Time On The Chemical Composition Of Cold Soda Pulp, Timothy K. Estes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Literature Survey

Introduction

The cold soda pulping process was developed by the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, around 1950. It is a high yield process in which wood chips are softened by reacting with sodium hydroxide and then defiberized by mechanical refining. The yield is usually between 80%-95%.

Cold soda pulps with the following characteristics were used for this literature survey: The yields were between 80%-95%. The pulping temperatures were less than 40°C. The pulping operations were conducted under atmospheric pressure.

An Investigation Of The Influence Of Shearing Forces On Pulp Strength, Ronald O. Luedeke

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis attempts to determine the importance of shearing forces in the strength development of a pulp.

Theoretically, if these shearing forces are able to flex the fibers and thereby reduce their stiffness, it follows that more intimate fiber to fiber contact will result with a related higher bonded area and consequent increased paper strength.

The pulp was subjected to the shearing forces in a Day sigma blade kneader at a high consistency. The treatment time was increased in sequence in an attempt to obtain the maximum strength development these shearing forces could produce.

The work certainly demonstrated that shearing …

The Effect Of Structure On The Stiffness Of Cylinder Board, Nelson D. Woodruff

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study the effect of board structure on the stiffness of cylinder board. This area was chosen as stiffness is one of the most important attributes of cylinder board and the literature survey revealed that very little work has been done in this area.

A new method for making multi-ply boards in the laboratory was developed. These boards were made in the British Sheet Machine under constant head and avoided the problems associated with wet-pressing individual plies together. This method was found to give reproduceable results.

At certain compositions, multi-ply boards made with kraft …

The Rate Of Weakening Of Paper Due To An Applied Stress, Emmett F. Finley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

When a load is applied to a sheet of paper, the paper may break immediately or it may support the load for some period of time. It is recognized that the paper, while under a stress less than that required to cause immediate break, is weakened until it is finally unable to support the stress. Since in the normal use of paper the stress to which paper is subjected is less than that needed to cause immediate break this weakening is an important factor in many cases.

A few examples of such cases are the winding of the paper …

"A Study Of A Method To Predict Printing Quality Of Paper By Means Of Smoothness And Elongation Test Results", William R. Castle

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis is to investigate the use of smoothness and elongation test results as criterion for evaluating the printing quality of paper. The relationship of smoothness and printing quality has been known for many years and in all previous work it has been shown to be influential to printing quality. The relationship of elongation and printing quality has never been investigated. The experimental procedure consisted of testing the paper samples for smoothness and elongation, and determining the printing quality of the different papers with the I. G. T. Printability Tester. The results of the analysis of the …

Some Experiments On The Utilization Of Rice Straw In Papermaking, Kirit C. Mody

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

I. A Brief Description of Rice Straw

The botanical name for rice straw is Oryza sativa. Rice is a well-known cereal and is the staple food of hundreds of millions of people. According to R. J. Rochevica, cultivated rice, including all numerous varieties, originated from will species, which are indigenous to Africa, India, and Indo-China (6).

Pigment Coating Of Paper In The Laboratory A Comparison Of Several Methods, Clare L. Longton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Four Bench-type laboratory coaters were compared as to their pattern formation which influences the printability of the coated sheet.

The four Bench-type laboratory coaters used were Wire Wound Doctor Rods, Bird Film Applicators, Bench Trailing Blade Coater and the Martinson Coater.

A constant solids content coating color was used which consisted of 100 parts coating clay and 18 parts casein. A record of the viscosity of the coating slip was kept.

The coated sheets were evaluated by visual inspection, and photomicrographs were taken of the most characteristic patterns. Coat weight, reproducibility and smoothness values were also determined.

It was found …