Animal Sciences Commons^™

Using Precision Technology To Measure Cattle Methane Emissions And Intake On Western South Dakota Rangelands, Lillian J. Mcfadden, Ken Olson, Krista Ehlert, Jameson Brennan, Amanda D. Blair, Hector Menendez Iii

SDSU Beef Day 2022 Summary Publication

Study Description:

Cattle DMI is an essential component of calculating cattle stocking rates, determining nutrient requirements, and evaluating feed efficiency. Cattle DMI and digestion of forages impact enteric greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; a major public and environmental concern. Increased GHG levels indicate energy loss during the rumen fermentation process. Obtaining data for rangeland cattle DMI and GHG emissions is needed to understand and enhance individual animal performance and reduce negative environmental impacts. We will develop enteric emissions and DMI relationships by conducting three feeding trials using the GreenFeed and SmartFeed Pro (C-Lock Inc. Rapid City, SD). The GreenFeed will measure …

Effects Of Environmental Gradients On The Abundance And Diversity Of Helminths Across 7 Bison Herds In The Upper Midwest, Bradly Wehus-Tow, Jeff M. Martin, Jameson Brennan

SDSU Beef Day 2022 Summary Publication

Study Description:

Data were collected from Wind Cave National Park and 6 satellite bison herds across the upper Midwest ranging across South Dakota, Indiana, and Kansas with a MAP gradient ranging from 34 to 82 mm and a MAT gradient ranging from 9 to 13°C. Fecal samples were collected non-invasively from 50 freshly voided bison dung patties at each herd. Helminth eggs were recovered and identified using sugar floatation; Trichostrongyle-type eggs were hatched by coproculture to identify to species. Preliminary findings indicate that general abundance of trichostrongyle-type helminths increases by 2.3 EPG per 1°C and by 0.2 EPG per mm, …

Crassostrea Gigas Invasion In Southern California: Macrofaunal Diversity And Local Community Impacts Of Ecosystem Engineers On Estuarine Habitats, Noah Jansen-Yee

Theses

Many marine ecosystems are facing the growing threat of biological invasions. These invasions can have a variety of different impacts on ecosystems and their inhabitants. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is currently in the relatively early stages of invasion in San Diego estuaries. Crassostrea gigas is a large, filter-feeding bivalve that forms dense oyster beds on hard substrate. These oysters are known to outcompete native counterparts and drastically alter habitats where they are present. Crassostrea gigas is an ecosystem engineer that, through shell creation and formation of a dense oyster matrix, impacts ecosystems in a variety of direct and indirect …

Influence Of Beef Carcass Chilling Rate On Steak Case Life And Quality Traits, Trevor Dehaan, Lydia Hite, Erin Gubbels, Christina Elaine Bakker, Amanda D. Blair, Judson Grubbs, Keith Underwood

SDSU Beef Day 2022 Summary Publication

Study Description:

Twelve head of fed beef cattle were harvested at the SDSU Meat Laboratory over two days. Carcasses were allotted into two weight groups based on hot carcass weight (HCW): Heavyweight (HW) and Lightweight (LW). Data logging thermometers were placed in the left side of each carcass within the round, loin, rib, and chuck primals to track temperature decline. Carcass measurements including 12th rib fat thickness, ribeye area and marbling score were collected approximately 48 hours postmortem. Steaks from each primal were collected to measure Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), objective and subjective color.

Drought Mitigation For Cow/Calf Producers: Depopulation Strategies, Reganne K. Briggs, Joshua Dallin, Jacob Hadfield, Matthew D. Garcia

All Current Publications

Drought is a recurring event faced by many cow/calf producers across the nation. As drought events increase in their severity, it is important for cattle producers to have a management plan to mitigate the economic effects of drought. Two of the most common strategies for mitigating the effects of drought include buying additional feed and depopulating a portion of the herd. This fact sheet reviews strategies that will guide the decision-making process to cull cattle during drought.

Case Study: Degenerative Joint Disease In Canines, Zachary B. Lawrence, Rusty Rogers, Emily Schmitt Lavin

Mako: NSU Undergraduate Student Journal

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is the gradual degeneration of cartilage in joints, resulting in pain for the affected areas. This study focused on Lacy (name changed for privacy), a 10-year-old spayed female chihuahua mix, that was clinically diagnosed for DJD and treated by Dr. Rogers over a period of 15 months. DJD is typically treated through a combination of pharmacological management, nonpharmacological treatment, and changes in lifestyle. Pharmacological treatment utilized pain medications, such as Gabapentin and Tramadol. Nonpharmacological treatment and changes in lifestyle involve methods, such as maintaining an ideal body weight, to decrease pain and increase mobility. However, during …

Serving Beef In Usda Child Nutrition Programs In South Dakota: Development Of An Faq, Anna Barr, Mikayla Hardy, Andrea Alma, Heather Hopwood, Joanna Studt

SDSU Beef Day 2022 Summary Publication

Study Description:

The project occurred in partnership with four organizations representing state, tribal, and federal affiliations. The authors collaborated to compile and answer questions. Questions that were not answered by the authors’ organizations were asked to the SD Animal Industry Board and USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.

Bovine Respiratory Microbiota Of Feedlot Cattle And Its Association With Disease, Jianmin Chai, Sarah F. Capik, Beth Kegley, John T. Richeson, Jeremy G. Powell, Jiangchao Zhao

Animal Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), as one of the most common and costly diseases in the beef cattle industry, has significant adverse impacts on global food security and the economic stability of the industry. The bovine respiratory microbiome is strongly associated with health and disease and may provide insights for alternative therapy when treating BRD. The niche-specific microbiome communities that colonize the inter-surface of the upper and the lower respiratory tract consist of a dynamic and complex ecological system. The correlation between the disequilibrium in the respiratory ecosystem and BRD has become a hot research topic. Hence, we summarize the pathogenesis …

Observations On Regeneration Of The Pedipalp And Legs Of Scorpions, Martin Watz, Jason A. Dunlop

Euscorpius

An Opisthacanthus asper (Peters, 1861) (Hormuridae) shows a relatively rare example of pedipalp regeneration in which the lost tibia and tarsus was replaced by a smaller, curved element of uncertain homology to either the fixed or free finger. A comparable abnormal palp described in the literature hints that pedipalps can only regenerate a structure of this form, regardless of the site of amputation. An Olivierus caucasicus (Nordmann, 1840) (Buthidae) is described in which claws (pretarsus) of leg III regenerated directly at the distal end of the tibia, while in leg IV the claws regenerated at the end of a truncated …

Associations Between Feeding Behaviors Collected From An Automated Milk Feeder And Neonatal Calf Diarrhea In Group Housed Dairy Calves: A Case-Control Study, Meridith H. Conboy, Charlotte B. Winder, Melissa C. Cantor, Joao H. C. Costa, Michael A. Steele, Catalina Medrano-Galarza, Taika E. Von Konigslow, Amanda Kerr, Dave L. Renaud

Animal and Food Sciences Faculty Publications

The objective of this case-control study was to determine if feeding behavior data collected from an automated milk feeder (AMF) could be used to predict neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) in the days surrounding diagnosis in pre-weaned group housed dairy calves. Data were collected from two research farms in Ontario between 2017 and 2020 where calves fed using an AMF were health scored daily and feeding behavior data (milk intake (mL/d), drinking speed (mL/min), number of rewarded or unrewarded visits) was collected. Calves with NCD were pair matched to healthy controls (31 pairs) by farm, gender, and age at case diagnosis …

Effects Of Increasing Dietary Zinc Sulfate Fed To Gestating Ewes: Ii. Milk Somatic Cell Count, Microbial Populations, And Fatty Acid Composition, C. M. Page, R. M. Knuth, T. W. Murphy, D. C. Rule, B. Bisha, J. B. Taylor, W. C. Stewart

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Objective: The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary Zn sulfate concentration for primiparous gestating ewes on subsequent milk SCC, intramammary microbial identifications, and fatty acid composition.

Materials and Methods: Commercial white-face (WF; n = 27) and black-face (BF; n = 24) ewes (age ≈18 mo; BW = 87.48 ± 8.37 kg) were sorted into breed-type groups and within groups ranked by BW, and then, they were randomly divided into 3 dietary supplement treatment groups: CON (n = 13; 40 mg/kg Zn; ≈1 × NASEM recommendations), Zn500 (n = 21; 500 mg/kg Zn; …

Effects Of Harvest Season On Carcass Characteristics Of Lambs In The Intermountain West, J. R. Whaley, T. W. Murphy, C. L. Gifford, W. J. Means, J. P. Ritten, H. N. Mckibben, C. M. Page, W. C. Stewart

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Objective: The objectives of this study were to survey characteristics including hot carcass weight (HCW), 12th rib fat thickness (RFT), body-wall thickness (BWT), longissimus muscle area (LMA), USDA yield grade (USDA YG), percentage closely trimmed retail cuts (RC), and calculated yield grade (Calc YG) of lamb carcasses in the Intermountain West to determine the effects of season of slaughter and interrelationships among carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods: Lamb carcass characteristics were evaluated in 2 commercial Intermountain West processing plants over one year (n = 10,027). Carcasses were evaluated by season: spring (December–April, n = 2,322) and summer (May–August, n …

Invasive Plants Watch List: 2022, Allison Zach

Nebraska Invasive Species Program

The purpose of the weed watch list is to collect data on the distribution of invasive plants found in various Nebraska counties. Counties were divided up into ‘ecoregions’ based on the Nebraska Game & Parks Commission’s Legacy Plan (map of regions below). The plants in the watch list have been identified based on their invasiveness in surrounding states and their increasing range in Nebraska. Data collected on watch list plant species distribution has been used to support the listing or delisting of noxious weeds. Plant species in the weed watch list are categorized based on early detection and rapid response …

The Life History Of Euborellia Annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) Fed Onlarvae And Pupae Of Plutella Xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Gilmar Da Silva Nunes, Thais Aparecida Vitoriano Dantas, Wennia Rafaelly Souza Figueiredo, Roberio De Oliveira, Jacinto De Luna Batista, Alessandra Marieli Vacari, Sergio Antonio De Bortoli

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) is reported as a potential predator of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fourth instar larvae, 1 or 3-day-old pupae of P. xylostella are suitable food for the development and reproduction of E. annulipes. We evaluated the characteristics of the predation, development of each life stage, and reproduction of the predator, by comparing them with an artificial diet. The nymphs consumed larvae and pupae equally in the first instars, but, from the third to fifth, they consumed more larvae over pupae. Both males and females consumed more larvae …

High Temperatures Adversely Affect The Hoverfly Episyrphus Balteatus(Diptera: Syrphidae) Fitness And Aphid Prey Consumption, Gregoire Noel, Jessica Caetano, Solene Blanchard, Antoine Boullis, Frederic Francis

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Numerous studies have shown that an increase of environmental temperature could directly disturb insect larval development. Natural enemies of insect pests, particularly predators of aphid populations, are not spared. Following temperature predictions of Belgian climate change scenario, the goal of this study is to measure life-history traits, such as the mass, body length and aphid consumption (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris, 1776)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera: Syrphidae) larvae under three constant temperature treatments (i.e. 20, 23, and 26 °C). We detected no significant differences between 20 °C and 23 °C on the hoverflies larval development, their aphidophagous …

Effect Of Urban Habitats On Colony Size Of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)In Memory Of Professor A. A. Zakharov (Russian Academy Of Sciences, Moscow), Stanislav Stukalyuk, Ascar Akhmedov, Alexey Gilev, Alexander Reshetov, Yuri Radchenko, Nataly Kosiuk

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Urbanized ecosystems are suitable for the habitat of only a few species of ants, due to conditions caused by human activities. Invasive species of ants have adapted to urbanized ecosystems most successfully. The study of the ant colonies sizes started in Crimea in 2013-2014. In 2019-2021 it was carried out in Ukraine (the Carpathians, Kyiv city, and Kyiv region), in Russia (Rostov-on-Don city and region, and the Urals), and in Uzbekistan (Tashkent city, and tugai forests). The study covers natural (forest, meadow, steppe), suburban (alleys and tree planting) and urban habitats (tree planting along streets and roads, botanical gardens). Our …

Using Of Fluctuating Asymmetry In Adult Pelophylax Ridibundus (Amphibia: Anura:Ranidae) Meristic Traits As A Method For Assessing Developmental Stability Of Populationand Environmental Quality Of Their Habitat: Industrial Area In Southern Bulgaria, Zhivko Zhelev, Stefan Tsonev, Peter Boyadzhiev

Turkish Journal of Zoology

One way to assess the impacts of toxicants on populations of anurans is through developmental stability (DS) - the ability to buffer stresses during development stages. To assess the extent of possible perturbations in DS of frogs that inhabit a polluted industrial area east of Plovdiv city, Bulgaria, we applied analysis of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in ten morphological traits in P. ridibundus. As a control group, we used animals inhabiting a less disrupted site. Based on the FA levels obtained for the frogs from both sites, we evaluate the state of their habitat. In the contaminated site, the mean FAMI …

Distribution And Molecular Differentiation Of Culex Pipiens Complex Species In Themiddle And Eastern Black Sea Regions Of Turkey, Muhammet Mustafa Akiner, Murat Öztürk, Fati̇h Şaban Beri̇ş, Çağaşan Karacaoğlu, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek, Aytül Uzun Akgeyi̇k

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Culex pipiens species complex is commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Identification of species complexes and their spatial distribution patterns are fundamental steps needed to improve our understanding of arboviral disease circulation and their control. The specimens were differentiated using the Ace-2 gene, and the ecological forms of Culex pipiens were identified by analysis of the CQ11 microsatellite locus. Results showed that all sample points comprised of Culex pipiens s.s., and seven points contained Culex torrentium. Further, we determined that 22 haplotypes from five haplogroups were identified within the Ace-2 marker, and three haplotypes were contained within the CQ11 …

Discrimination Of The Sister Hedgehog Species Erinaceus Concolor And E. Roumanicus(Erinaceomorpha: Mammalia): A Geometric Morphometric Approach, Sadik Demi̇rtaş, İslam Gündüz, Jeremy S. Herman

Turkish Journal of Zoology

This study investigates skull variation between the two closely related hedgehog species, Erinaceus concolor and E. roumanicus by using geometric morphometric analyses based on 2-dimensional landmarks. For this purpose, a total of 68 specimens were evaluated: 54 E. concolor and 14 E. roumanicus. The results of PCA, ANOVA and MANOVA analyses showed significant shape differences between the species, especially for the dorsal cranium. Shape differences were most prominent on the neurocranium and viscerocranium regions of the dorsal surface of the cranium and in mandibular ramus and the premolar regions. DFA tests were statistically significant against the null hypothesis of equal …

Autophagic Chemicals Effect To Atg8 And Rice Stripe Virus Relative Expressions, And Wolbachia Relative Density In Laodelphax Striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Achmad Gazali, Ardhiani Hidayanti, Yohsuke Tagami

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Laodelphax striatellus is one of the most important pest insects and vectors of rice stripe virus (RSV), which causes rice stripe disease (RSD) in rice plants. L. striatellus is infected by Wolbachia. RSV and Wolbachia may be regulated by a cell defense mechanism within insect cells called autophagy. We utilized autophagic chemicals to predict the relationships between Atg8 (an importance of autophagy-related genes), Wolbachia, and RSV within L. striatellus. The relative expressions and density level of Atg8, RSV, and Wolbachia were determined by three autophagy inducers and two inhibitors. We examined the effect of chemicals on the host. We report …

Evaluation Of The Feeding Patterns Of Important Mosquito Vector Species Using Molecular Techniques, Fatma Bursali, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

This study investigated the feeding patterns of populations of Anopheles sacharovi, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex pipiens in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. Blood-fed females resting inside barns, houses, and chicken coops in the rural areas were collected between May 2017 and September 2019, and the genomic DNA from each female was isolated to determine the blood source after amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region. Cytb results showed that out of 445 blood-fed An. sacharovi females 2 blood-fed from dogs, 9 from birds, and 434 from cows. The results also showed that all 216 blood-fed females Cx. …

Effects Of In Vivo Exposures To Nanoparticles (Al2O3, Cuo, Tio2) On The Activities Of Atpases In The Gill And Muscle Of Freshwater Mussel (Unio Tigridis), Esi̇n Gülnaz Canli, Mustafa Canli

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Mussels are effective bioindicator organisms for aquatic environments. Therefore, they were often used to determine the effects of various xenobiotics in the aquatic systems. There is no study to our knowledge on the in vivo effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the activities of ATPases in freshwater mussels (Unio tigridis). This work demonstrates the effects of Al₂O₃, CuO, and TiO₂ NPs on Na- ATPase, Ca-ATPase, and Mg-ATPase activities in the gill and muscle of mussels following 14-day exposures to different concentrations of NPs (0, 1, 3, 9 mg/L). Mussels were fed with laboratory cultured algae (Chlorella …

The Web Amount And Quality Of Web Spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena Labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) And Holocnemus Pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), Depending On Food And Temperature, Bayda Hameed, Adi̇le Akpinar, Derya İşler Ceyhan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The web amount and quality of web-weaving of two spider species, Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) and Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), were determined depending on the temperature and the amount of food consumed. Two different experiments were set up in the study. In the first one, the spiders were raised at different temperatures (20-25 °C and 25-30 °C) under laboratory conditions and they were fed with 10 Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) each time. In the second one, the spiders were fed with 7-10 insects caught from their natural habitats, at 20-25 °C and 25-30 °C. According to this, the difference in …

The Effect Of Ontogenetic Diet Shifts On Sagittal Otolith Shape Of European Perch, Perca Fluviatilis (Actinopterygii: Percidae) From Lake Ladik, Turkey, Oğuz Çöl, Savaş Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Zoology

European perch undergoes several ontogenetic dietary shifts during its lifetime. The present study focused on the variability in otolith shape caused by ontogenetic dietary changes in this species. A total of 172 specimens (7.5 to 27.5 cm TL) were caught by local fishermen in Lake Ladik from April to November 2019. Shape indices (SIs) and elliptic Fourier coefficients (EFCs) were calculated for each otolith. To detect ontogenetic changes in otolith shape, SIs and EFCs were compared among the three defined size classes (I, II, and III). Size-related groups were distinguished by both SIs and EFCs. Otolith shape analysis was more …

The Microplastic Pattern In Turkish Lakes: Sediment And Bivalve Samples From Çıldır Lake, Almus Dam Lake, And Kartalkaya Dam Lake, Kenan Gedi̇k, Şebnem Atasaral

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Plastic has become one of the most prominent contaminants in recent decades, posing a major environmental threat with critical implications for seafood safety. Thus, we investigated the abundance and characterization of the microplastics (MPs) in the sediment and bivalves from Çıldır Lake, Almus Dam Lake, and Kartalkaya Dam Lake in Turkey. The abundance of the MPs ranged from 19-156 MP kg$^{-1}$ in the sediments, while 0.75-10.0 MP individual$^{-1}$ (indiv.$^{-1}$) in Anodonta sp., 0.16-1.00 MP indiv.$^{-1}$ in Dreissena polymorpha, 0.50-2.50 indiv.$^{-1}$ in the Unio damescensis was detected. ATR-FTIR was used to identify four distinct polymer types, with polyethylene terephthalate being the …

Contributions On The Southern Distribution Of Vespertilio Murinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) From Türkiye, Ahmet Karataş, Şafak Bulut, Abdurrahman Sefali, Ferhat Toprak, Mehmet Kürşat Şahi̇n, Şaki̇r Önder Özkurt

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758, has a wide distribution from France to Japan, and from Iran in the south to Scandinavia and Russia in the north. The only records of the parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio murinus known from Turkey so far were based on subfossils, remains from owl pellets, and ultrasound recordings. We present the first records of live individuals from two Turkish provinces, Ardahan and Bayburt. Additionally, based on echolocation call records, its known distribution in the Anatolian Peninsula was proved to be wider. The global distribution of the species has been mapped by using ecological niche modelling. The results revealed …

Effects Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On Capoeta Capoeta: An Immunohistopathological And Biochemical Investigation, Seda Vural Aydin, Hasan Özen, Muhi̇tdi̇n Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Increased use of fertilizers to increase plant production causes important environmental pollution not only in soil but also in water resources. Soil structure, water quality, water systems, and biodiversity are adversely affected by the unconscious use of fertilizers. In this study, Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) were used to investigate the degenerative effects of nitrogen fertilizer. Twentyfour fish were equally allocated into three groups; group 1 (control), group 2 (15 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer in water) and group 3 (15 mg/L nitrogen fertilizer in water). Fish were exposed to the fertilizer for 15 days and then the tissues of gill, liver and …

Contribution To The Aphid Fauna Of The Ordu Province With First Record Of An Exotic Aphid Species, Euceraphis Gillettei Davidson, 1915, In Turkey, Gazi̇ Görür

Turkish Journal of Zoology

During the last 2 decades, aphid species have widely distributed outside their original geographical regions. North America originated Euceraphis gillettei was determined as a new contribution to the Turkey aphid fauna and in turn regarded as an exotic aphid species in Turkey. In addition, all of the determined species are new records for study area. Findings of the present study are in accordance with the predictions made by various aphidologist recently, which it is not going to be a surprise to add more species to the Turkish aphid fauna with a detailed study.

Basic Laboratory And Field Manual For Conducting Research With The Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Steinernema And Heterorhabditis, And Their Bacterial Symbionts, Selçuk Hazir, Harry Kaya, Mustapha Touray, Harun Çi̇men, David Shapiro Ilan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Broad spectrum chemical pesticides are harmful to humans and other nontarget organisms. Biological control, which entails the use of natural enemies, is a viable alternative. Isolation, identification, and application of biocontrol agents such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Steinernema and Heterorhabditis and their symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus have increased substantially over the last four decades, and the trend continues with advancement of molecular techniques. Yet, there is a need for a simple hands-on guide for their proper identification, classification, and handling, especially for researchers and users who are not totally familiar with these biocontrol agents. Thus, this manual is …

Shape Variation In Head Scales Of Species Of The Genus Ophiomorus Duméril & Bibron, 1839 In Iran, A Geometric Morphometrics Approach, Hossein Nabizadeh, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar Rastegar Pouyani, Mehdi Rajabizadeh, Roman Nazarov, Omid Mozaffari

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Twelve species of the genus Ophiomorus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1839 have been identified and introduced so far and seven species of this genus have been found in Iran which include four endemic species and three nonendemic species. Although geometric morphometry is a powerful tool to analyze morphological changes, the discovery and identification of these species have long relied on traditional morphometric analysis. In this study, geometric morphometric analyses were used to determine the geometric morphometrics of different species of the genus Ophiomorus in Iran. The Multi Focus technique was used to obtain the best image of the dorsal surface of …