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2020

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Articles 481 - 510 of 10640

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Investigation Of The Channel Hot Carrier (Chc) Stressing Effects And Identification Of The Stress-Induced Oxide Traps Leading To Rts In Pmosfets, Tanvir Ahmed Dec 2020

Investigation Of The Channel Hot Carrier (Chc) Stressing Effects And Identification Of The Stress-Induced Oxide Traps Leading To Rts In Pmosfets, Tanvir Ahmed

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Electrical stressing mechanisms are responsible for the generation of stress-induced gate SiO2 defects, in addition to the presence of process-induced oxide traps, in MOSFETs. Random telegraph signal (RTS) can be utilized as a tool to characterize these defects. Channel hot carrier (CHC) stressing is reported to result in the worst degradation in pMOSFETs. However, the effects of CHC on RTS for pMOSFETs are under-reported. The main objective of this work is to investigate the impact of the CHC stressing on pMOSFETs by analyzing RTS. For this reason, the effects of CHC stressing on different RTS parameters are examined. Additionally, responsible …

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Nanoscale Mechanics Of Disordered Biomolecules In Brain, Md Ishak Khan Dec 2020

Nanoscale Mechanics Of Disordered Biomolecules In Brain, Md Ishak Khan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The long-term objective of this dissertation is to link blast-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) with multiscale, multiphysics damage evolution in the brain using experimentally verifiable computations and simulations. The short-term goal is to conduct modeling and simulation to correlate dynamic mechanical loading to damage in sub-axonal components. It is known that the interior of the brain at the macroscale (10^-1 m) is composed of two distinct components, the grey matter, and the white matter. Within the cortex, the grey matter primarily takes the form of cortical columns (mesoscale: 10^-3 m), which are six layered structures, each composed of 8-10 thousand …

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Analytical And Experimental Studies On Mixing In Supersonic Flows, Vijay Gopal Dec 2020

Analytical And Experimental Studies On Mixing In Supersonic Flows, Vijay Gopal

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Mixing enhancement in supersonic flow is an important domain of research for enabling the realization of efficient and scalable high speed air-breathing engines (scramjet). Introducing streamwise vorticies in supersonic flow and tailoring their interactions for mixing enhancement is the primary motivation for the present research study. Leveraging the research performed in the group at the Aerodynamics Research Center (ARC), systematic experimental studies on mixing enhancement is carried out in supersonic flows by tailoring the selected modes of streamwise vortex interactions with the aid of in-house developed reduced order method VorTX. This method utilizes the lifting line-vortex theory in supersonic flow …

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Automating Aerospace Synthesis Code Generation A Tool For Generic Vehicle Design And Technology Forecasting, Thomas Peter Mccall Dec 2020

Automating Aerospace Synthesis Code Generation A Tool For Generic Vehicle Design And Technology Forecasting, Thomas Peter Mccall

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The principal development and deliverable of this research is a generic synthesis assembling decision support environment for early conceptual design that automates the assembly of synthesis architectures for enhanced product exploration and technology forecasting. The objective of this research is to develop a baseline environment to assess complex vehicle automated synthesis architecture synthetization procedures for adaptation into a greater cognitive system. This tool has been developed as a precursory and developmental task in an initiative towards an artificial intelligence design and research assistant peer. The artificial intelligence peer is a perceived course for future design system evolution in the continued …

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Using Numerical Modeling To Determine Viscous Losses Within Helium Turbomachinery, Benjamin Uhlig Dec 2020

Using Numerical Modeling To Determine Viscous Losses Within Helium Turbomachinery, Benjamin Uhlig

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

As the consumption of energy has increased relentlessly over the last few decades, the need for reliable clean energy generation has increased as well. Currently, nuclear power is the only method capable of providing a stable supply of clean energy, although the nuclear energy generation process still requires improvement. Specifically, there is a need to increase efficiencies while reducing the risks of radioactive contamination. It is possible that both these issues may be mitigated using helium as the working fluid. However, the performance of turbomachinery using helium must be evaluated before its use can be implemented. To do this, Balaji …

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Determination Of Landing Zones Of Quadrotors Experiencing In-Flight Failures, Ahmet Tolcu Dec 2020

Determination Of Landing Zones Of Quadrotors Experiencing In-Flight Failures, Ahmet Tolcu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have attained considerable prominence in a wide range of areas ranging from military operations, including surveillance, intelligence, and reconnaissance, to nonmilitary sectors such as delivery, entertainment, and agriculture. The low cost, small size, and ease of use of quadrotors provide significant advantages for such missions. At the same time however, the occurrence of physical failures in such vehicles, particularly if these failures occur while flying over highly populated areas, can pose considerable risk to people and premises on the ground. This thesis investigates scenarios of power loss due to …

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Experimental Assessment Of Rack-Level Dynamic Direct To Chip Liquid Cooling For Data Center And It Equipment Reliability, Amith Mathew Dec 2020

Experimental Assessment Of Rack-Level Dynamic Direct To Chip Liquid Cooling For Data Center And It Equipment Reliability, Amith Mathew

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Data centers are used by organizations for storing, processing and distribution of data. These data centers are run through-out the year due to which their thermal management is a growing concern. A popular way of eliminating such thermal cooling issues is Liquid cooling. Conventionally Liquid cooling involves the supply of constant liquid flow (water or refrigerant) through the IT rack irrespective of the IT load, which in a Multi-chip module causes hotspots and temperature gradients across the module due to non-uniform heating. A dynamic cold-plate and a regulatory flow control device (FCD) is incorporated in this experimental set-up to assist …

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Synthesis And In Vivo Biomedical Applications Of Ultrasmall Metal Nanoparticles, Shahab Ranjbar Bahadori Dec 2020

Synthesis And In Vivo Biomedical Applications Of Ultrasmall Metal Nanoparticles, Shahab Ranjbar Bahadori

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Over the past decade, metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained much popularity in the field of nanomedicine owing to their exceptional physiochemical properties. Easy surface functionalization and conjugation with therapeutic moieties, stability, inertness, and inherent anticancer activities make MNPs promising diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Among different sizes of MNPs, which greatly affect their biodistribution and clearance, ultrasmall metal nanoparticles with the size less than 5 nm demonstrate unique pharmacokinetic properties, making them suitable for nanomedicinal applications. Therefore, many efforts have been made to synthesize various kinds of ultrasmall metal nanoparticles. In this study, a revolutionary synthesis method, termed as liquid diffusion …

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Laboratory Study Of Hydrodynamics Of Submerged Bridges, Max Thomson Dean Dec 2020

Laboratory Study Of Hydrodynamics Of Submerged Bridges, Max Thomson Dean

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Bridges are designed to withstand flood and debris loads; however, it is reported that 53% of bridge failures in the U.S. are caused by hydraulic events, including floods, scour, debris, and drifts. A series of scale flume experiments were conducted to determine flood force effects on bridge superstructures. 1:50 scale models of the Texas Department of Transportation’s typical reinforced concrete bridge superstructures were tested. The bridge superstructures included beams (TX28 and TX54 girders, slab beams, and box beams) and an accompanying bridge deck and railing. The drag and lift forces and overturning moments were measured by load sensors for various …

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Developing Strength Reduction Factor For Flexural Design Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Exposed To Fire, Sahar Aradmehr Dec 2020

Developing Strength Reduction Factor For Flexural Design Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Exposed To Fire, Sahar Aradmehr

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Fire is a common hazard that may happen during the lifetime of concrete structures. Thus, it is one of the loads considered in building and tunnel design standards and codes. Dependency of the safety and structural integrity of a building to load-bearing elements such as beams requires the safe design of these elements. Flexural design of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under fire is critical. Typical load and resistance factor design (LRFD) of flexural member at ambient temperature deals with comparing the factored applied load with its capacity. Strength reduction factors are applied to the calculated nominal moment capacity to take …

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Laboratory Tests And Numerical Model Of Geothermally Heated Bridge Deck With Attached Hydronic Loop, Teng Li Dec 2020

Laboratory Tests And Numerical Model Of Geothermally Heated Bridge Deck With Attached Hydronic Loop, Teng Li

Civil Engineering Dissertations - Archive

An accumulation of ice and snow on pavement slabs and bridge decks always adversely impacts driving conditions and results in motorist accidents. The use of the more popular deicing methods, including plowing, salting, and sanding, is limited by their relatively high cost for materials, fuel, maintenance, and labor. Geothermal energy, which is considered a renewable, sustainable, clean (i.e., zero carbon emission), and directly used energy source, has been successfully applied to bridges and pavements for deicing. However, existing geothermal bridge and pavement deicing designs are primarily employed for new bridges where hydronic loops, which are considered internal heating, are embedded …

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Experimental Investigation Of Anchor Group Effects On Concrete Breakout Strength Within Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Atheer Alaa Al Khafaji Dec 2020

Experimental Investigation Of Anchor Group Effects On Concrete Breakout Strength Within Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Atheer Alaa Al Khafaji

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

This research investigates the effect of anchor groups on concrete breakout strength within steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under tension load. High strength steel headed studs (F1554 Grade 105) in grouping action were cast-in-place within concrete specimens of different amounts of steel fibers. Four types of concrete mix designs were produced in the lab by using different amounts of steel fibers (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) by volume fraction of the mixture. The physical properties of steel fibers reinforced concrete were calculated through testing of specimens at the Civil Engineering Laboratory Building (CELB). In total, 12 cylinder specimens of 4-inch …

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Hardware Implementations Of Ccsds Deep Space Ldpc Codes For A Satellite Transponder, Dana R. Sorensen Dec 2020

Hardware Implementations Of Ccsds Deep Space Ldpc Codes For A Satellite Transponder, Dana R. Sorensen

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

Error-correction coding is a technique that adds mathematical structure to a message, allowing corruptions to be detected and corrected when the message is received. This is especially important for deep space satellite communications, since the long distances and low signal power levels often cause message corruption. A very strong type of error-correction coding known as LDPC codes was recently standardized for use with space communications. This project implements the encoding and decoding algorithms required for a small satellite radio to be able to use these LDPC codes. Several decoder architectures are implemented and compared by their performance, speed, and complexity. …

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Experimental Evaluation Of Square Ferrocement Panels Using Polypropylene Wire Mesh, N. Khurram, U. Akmal, M. Raza, A. Hameed, M. Irfan Ul Hassan Dec 2020

Experimental Evaluation Of Square Ferrocement Panels Using Polypropylene Wire Mesh, N. Khurram, U. Akmal, M. Raza, A. Hameed, M. Irfan Ul Hassan

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Ferrocement panels are thin section comprised of hydraulic mortar reinforced with steel wire mesh and are susceptible to micro cracks at service conditions. The moisture and rainwater may infiltrate through these cracks and cause the reduction in capacity due to the corrosion of steel wire mesh. In the present study, a polypropylene (PP) wire mesh has been used to overcome this problem. The main objective of the study is to investigate the punching shear and bending capacity of the ferrocement panels using PP wire mesh. Experimental tests conducted on 32 simply supported square slabs panels of 450x450 mm subjected to …

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Ergonomics Modelling And Evaluation Of Automobile Seat Comfort, Prithvi Tilwani Dec 2020

Ergonomics Modelling And Evaluation Of Automobile Seat Comfort, Prithvi Tilwani

Manipal Journal of Science and Technology

The driver’s seat is a vital element in any car, but it is also a sophisticated system with several parts, adjustments, and safety features. A poorly built driving seat has an impact on the driver’s health and mental state. The three important goals for any driver seat are the safety of the driver, comfort, and health. Despite the availability of several technologies, the car seating sector has had little success in quantifying comfort. Iteration’s time and cost may be justified if the procedure was assured to result in a comfortable seat. This study emphasizes the value of using the overall …

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A Comprehensive Analysis Of Realizing Ultrawideband Antenna And Multiple Band Notches, Tanweer Ali Dec 2020

A Comprehensive Analysis Of Realizing Ultrawideband Antenna And Multiple Band Notches, Tanweer Ali

Manipal Journal of Science and Technology

This paper presents a detailed review of UltrawideBand (UWB) antennas having band notch characteristics. Each technique used has its advantages and limitations. Among the different techniques applied for eliminating the same number of frequency bands, some can get a good radiation pattern. A few techniques exhibit a low group delay and others have achieved a good gain. The review will aid designers to have a broad overview of the different technical parameters such as gain, operating frequency (bandwidth), radiation efficiency, number of notches produced, and the respective techniques used to model each notch, and size in different types of UWB …

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3d Cell Culture: Techniques, Applications In Healthcare, And Future Challenges, Mukunthan K S Dec 2020

3d Cell Culture: Techniques, Applications In Healthcare, And Future Challenges, Mukunthan K S

Manipal Journal of Science and Technology

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been the most commonly used technique since cell culture was first introduced. However, these cultures do not accurately represent animal physiology as many factors that play an important role in the growth of animal cells are overlooked. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques provide higher accuracy in recreating the microenvironment of native tissues. But, 2D cell culture techniques are still preferred for the majority of animal cell cultures as these are well established and relatively inexpensive. Various techniques have been developed for 3D cell culture but these systems are highly complex as the number of parameters …

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Modified Discrete-Forcing Immersed-Boundary Method For The Simulation Of Viscous Flows With Complex Boundaries, Ranjith Maniyeri Dec 2020

Modified Discrete-Forcing Immersed-Boundary Method For The Simulation Of Viscous Flows With Complex Boundaries, Ranjith Maniyeri

Manipal Journal of Science and Technology

This paper introduces a new framework for the location and determination of momentum forcing terms in a discrete forcing type immersed boundary method for calculating flow around the irregular shaped bodies. The proposed method is of discrete forcing type, simple, and convenient to apply. The momentum forces are calculated at the forcing points coinciding with the boundary or in the solid body using the velocities at the corresponding mirror points about the boundary in the fluid region. The velocity at forcing points is imposed to have the no- slip condition on the boundary satisfied. The equations governing the fluid flow …

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Adapting A Community Engagement Project In Engineering And Education To Remote Learning In The Era Of Covid-19, Maija A. Benitz, Li-Ling Yang Dec 2020

Adapting A Community Engagement Project In Engineering And Education To Remote Learning In The Era Of Covid-19, Maija A. Benitz, Li-Ling Yang

Engineering, Computing & Construction Management Faculty Publications

In the spring of 2020, our interdisciplinary community engagement project, bridging courses in engineering and education, was midway through completion when we abruptly transitioned to remote learning due to COVID-19. Remote learning poses unique challenges to community engaged courses that are often inherently interactive and social. We quickly pivoted our project, which originally sent undergraduates into fourth grade classrooms to teach about wind energy and engineering design. Student reflection papers illuminate challenges to skill development and negative socioemotional consequences. Our findings provide insight and suggestions for future implementations of community engagement projects in the era of remote learning.

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Hydrologic & Hydraulic Analyses To Re-Establish Trigg Branch’S Jurisdictional Channel To Pre-Dam Condition Using Hec-Hms & Hec-Ras Models, Razak Ahmed Albarqaawee Dec 2020

Hydrologic & Hydraulic Analyses To Re-Establish Trigg Branch’S Jurisdictional Channel To Pre-Dam Condition Using Hec-Hms & Hec-Ras Models, Razak Ahmed Albarqaawee

Civil Engineering Theses - Archive

Birds strikes are the most prevalent cause of airplanes strikes, and retention ponds near airports are one of the most attractive spots for both immigrant and domestic wildlife USDA (2017). Since the Trigg Lake, water surface area covers around 46 acres and is located approx. 1.5 miles from four main runways, which make the lake a perfect shelter for birds to build their nests and eventually strike departing and/or landing aircraft. Based on a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) advisory circular, no retention pond should be constructed within five miles of an airport nor should it have standing storm runoff for …

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Heterogeneous Transcoding For Next Generation Multimedia Video Codecs For Efficient Communication, Shreyanka Subbarayappa Dec 2020

Heterogeneous Transcoding For Next Generation Multimedia Video Codecs For Efficient Communication, Shreyanka Subbarayappa

Electrical Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Innovations in the communication systems and technology are growing tremendously and the growth seen is unimaginable in the last forty years. In multimedia communication systems, technology has transformed from analog television to digital television in the video domain. Mobile phones are known as smart phones as they are used, not only to make voice calls, but also used to send emails, video calls, transfer data, GPS, taking pictures and so on. Due to the wide spread user applications, compression on data becomes important to save system resources. Video has occupied 75% of major traffic of data transfer and is expected …

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Principles, Design, Fabrication, And Characterization Of Subwavelength Periodic Resonant Metasurfaces, Hafez Hemmati Dec 2020

Principles, Design, Fabrication, And Characterization Of Subwavelength Periodic Resonant Metasurfaces, Hafez Hemmati

Material Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Since the emergence of diffraction gratings containing periodic unit cells, innumerable advances in theoretical studies and practical applications have emerged. Recently, these classic structures have been categorized as subsets of “meta-surfaces” or “meta-materials” in which periodically aligned wavelength-scale features manipulate all key properties of the electromagnetic waves in a desired manner for a wide variety of applications. This includes manipulating of amplitude, phase, spectral distribution, polarization state, and local mode structure of light in the various available spectral expressions. Among the significant characteristic properties of metasurfaces is the coupling of incident light to laterally propagating leaky Bloch modes in the …

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Magnetic Sensors And Geometrical Magnetoresistance: Areview, Abdelfattah Mohammed Mansour Dec 2020

Magnetic Sensors And Geometrical Magnetoresistance: Areview, Abdelfattah Mohammed Mansour

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Magnetic sensing devices are of the extremely significant kind of detectors, that are used several important and useful applications. Geometrical extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) is thegeometrical kind of magnetoresistance associated with the non-magnetic semiconductor-metalhybrid structure and influenced by geometrical shape. As a result of Lorentz force, the current path change from metal (in absence of magnetic field) to semiconductor (under the subjection of themagnetic field) in semiconductor-metal hybrid structure is the key of EMR phenomena, i.e. once the metal is placed in a semiconductor, it works as a short circuit with the majority of applied current moving through metallic inhomogeneity and …

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Autonomous Landing Of Quadrotor On A Moving Ugv With The Optimal Control Policies, Suhas Priyatham Manda Dec 2020

Autonomous Landing Of Quadrotor On A Moving Ugv With The Optimal Control Policies, Suhas Priyatham Manda

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

This thesis proposes an offline method that uses an integral reinforcement learning (IRL) technique along with the system identification to determine the optimal control of a system with completely unknown dynamics. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) that are particularly deployed to track and land on an arbitrarily moving unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), demand a high performance controller to perform precise tracking. One way of designing an optimal tracking controller is developing linear quadratic integrators (LQI) with a quadratic type of cost function that solves Riccati equation. However, this approach requires prior knowledge of the linearized UAV system dynamics. We overcome this …

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Car Plate Detection Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks, Shengyi Luan Dec 2020

Car Plate Detection Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks, Shengyi Luan

Electrical Engineering Theses - Archive

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) comprise a deep learning technology which is widely used to perform image classification. In this research, we review CNN structures and explain how they can be used for finding license plates in vehicle images. We summarize how the standard CNN processes images into features and compare it to Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN). After comparing their pros and cons, we decide to design a R-CNN to train our dataset for this project. We find that the one trained with the most training data has the highest testing accuracy. The first training network detector leads to the …

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Bond Behavior Between Steel Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Srp) And Concrete, Xingxing Zou, Lesley Sneed Dec 2020

Bond Behavior Between Steel Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Srp) And Concrete, Xingxing Zou, Lesley Sneed

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Steel fiber reinforced polymer (SRP) composite materials, which consist of continuous unidirectional steel wires (cords) embedded in a polymeric matrix, have recently emerged as an effective solution for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. SRP is bonded to the surface of RC structures by the same matrix to provide external reinforcement. Interfacial debonding between the SRP and concrete is a primary concern in this type of application. This study aimed to investigate the bond characteristics between SRP and concrete determined by single-lap direct shear tests with different composite bonded lengths and fiber sheet densities (cord spacings). Specimens with medium density …

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Gurethyesit Dhe Ndikimi I Tyre Ne Mjedis, Valmir Hazrolli Dec 2020

Gurethyesit Dhe Ndikimi I Tyre Ne Mjedis, Valmir Hazrolli

Theses and Dissertations

Edhe pse guroret dhe industritë e gurit përfaqësojnë një sektor të rëndësishëm industrial në Kosovë për sa i përket prodhimit dhe eksportet dhe duke përmirësuar kështu situatën ekonomike, këto operacione kanë ndikim të kundërt në mjedis dhe në njerëz shëndetin. Studimi i tanishëm zbuloi se grimcat e imëta (pluhuri) të prodhuara si rezultat i aktiviteteve të ndryshme që lidhen me të këto industri i shkaktojnë disa probleme mjedisit dhe njerëzve që jetojnë në zonë. Matjet e cilësisë së ajrit treguan se përqendrime të larta të grimcave të ndryshme janë në zonën e studimit. Në këtë drejtim, shumica e njerëzve konfirmuan …

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Combining Bert With Contextual Linguistic Features For Identification Of Propaganda Spans In News Articles, Arjumand Younus, Muhammad Atif Qureshi Dec 2020

Combining Bert With Contextual Linguistic Features For Identification Of Propaganda Spans In News Articles, Arjumand Younus, Muhammad Atif Qureshi

Conference papers

Recent endeavours at detection of propaganda in news articles treat this as a fine-grained problem of detecting it within fragments; and hence, transformer based embeddings perform decently in such detection. We build our propaganda detection framework on top of a transformer model simultaneously enriching it with contextual linguistic information of surrounding part-of-speech tags and LIWC categories the word itself belongs to. The evaluation outcomes being encouraging indicate a huge potential for this line of reasoning in natural language processing of news text.

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Shear Wave Velocity Anisotropy Of Salt- And Polymer-Amended Kaolinite, X. Kang, J. Cao, B. Bate Dec 2020

Shear Wave Velocity Anisotropy Of Salt- And Polymer-Amended Kaolinite, X. Kang, J. Cao, B. Bate

Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Shear wave velocity (Vs) anisotropy of kaolinite mixed with sodium chloride (NaCl) and organic polymer (polyethylene oxide, xanthan gum, and chitosan) solutions was investigated using a custom-made floating wall consolidometer-type bender element testing system. The addition of salt and polymers influenced the microfabric anisoopy of platy kaolinite particles, thus resulted in the increment or decrement in the Vs anisotropy. The Vs of kaolinite in all three orthogonal directions increased as the NaCl concentration increased; however, the Vs anisotropy decreased. PEO and chitosan increased the Vs of kaolinite, while xanthan gum exhibited counter-effects. Vs anisotropy (Vs−hh/Vs−vh and Vs−hv/Vs−vh) of polymer amended …

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Geochemistry, Petrology, And Palynology Of The Princess No. 3 Coal, Greenup County, Kentucky, Madison M. Hood, Cortland F. Eble, James C. Hower, Shifeng Dai Dec 2020

Geochemistry, Petrology, And Palynology Of The Princess No. 3 Coal, Greenup County, Kentucky, Madison M. Hood, Cortland F. Eble, James C. Hower, Shifeng Dai

Center for Applied Energy Research Faculty and Staff Publications

The high volatile C bituminous-rank, Bolsovian-age Princess No. 3 coal, a correlative of the heavily-mined Hazard No. 7 coal and the Peach Orchard and Coalburg Lower Split coals, was investigated three sites at a mine in Greenup County, Kentucky. The coal exhibits a “dulling upwards” trend, with decreasing vitrinite and a greater tendency towards dull clarain and bone lithotypes towards the top of the coal. The relatively vitrinite-rich basal lithotype is marked by a dominance of lycopod tree spores. The palynology transitions upwards to a middle parting co-dominated by tree fern and small lycopod spores and an upper bench dominated …

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