Engineering Commons^™

Mathematical Modelling And Numerical Simulation Of Mass Transfer During Deep-Fat Frying Of Plantain (Musa Paradisiacal Aab) Chips (Ipekere), James Abiodun Adeyanju, John Oluranti Olajide, Emmanuel Olusola Oke, Akinbode A. Adedeji

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

This study developed a mathematical model following the fundamental principles of mass transfer for the simulation of the oil and moisture content change during the Deep-Fat Frying of plantain (ipekere) chip. The explicit Finite Difference Technique (FDT) was used to conduct a numerical solution to the consequential governing equation (partial differential equation) that was used to describe the mass transfer rate during the process. Computer codes that were computed in MATLAB were used for the implementation of FDT at diverse frying conditions. Samples of the plantain were cut into portions of 2 mm thickness, and these sliced portions …

Adiabatic Logic-In-Memory Architecture, Himanshu Thapliyal, S. Dinesh Kumar

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Patents

An adiabatic logic-in-memory based complementary metal- oxide-semiconductor/magnetic-tunnel-junction (ALiM CMOS/MTJ) circuit utilizes an adiabatic logic based pre- charged sense amplifier (PCSA) to recover energy from its output load capacitors. The ALiM CMOS/MTJ includes a non-volatile magnetic-tunnel-junction (MTJ) based memory. The ALiM CMOS/MTJ also includes a dual rail complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logic that performs logic operations in association with the MTJ, and thereby generates logic outputs based on logic inputs. The ALiM CMOS/MTJ also includes the adiabatic PCSA, which is operatively coupled to the dual rail CMOS logic. The adiabatic logic based PCSA includes PCSA circuitry for which an input is a …

Data Generated During The 2018 Lapse-Rate Campaign: An Introduction And Overview, Gijs De Boer, Adam Houston, Jamey D. Jacob, Phillip B. Chilson, Suzanne W. Smith, Brian Argrow, Dale Lawrence, Jack Elston, David Brus, Osku Kemppinen, Petra Klein, Julie K. Lundquist, Sean Waugh, Sean C. C. Bailey, Amy E. Frazier, Michael P. Sama, Christopher Crick, David G. Schmale Iii, James Pinto, Elizabeth A. Pillar-Little, Victoria Natalie, Anders Jensen

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) offer innovative capabilities for providing new perspectives on the atmosphere, and therefore atmospheric scientists are rapidly expanding their use, particularly for studying the planetary boundary layer. In support of this expansion, from 14 to 20 July 2018 the International Society for Atmospheric Research using Remotely piloted Aircraft (ISARRA) hosted a community flight week, dubbed the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE; de Boer et al., 2020a). This field campaign spanned a 1-week deployment to Colorado's San Luis Valley, involving over 100 students, scientists, engineers, pilots, and outreach coordinators. These …

Application Of A Small Unmanned Aerial System To Measure Ammonia Emissions From A Pilot Amine-Co2 Capture System, Travis J. Schuyler, Bradley Irvin, Keemia Abad, Jesse G. Thompson, Kunlei Liu, Marcelo I. Guzman

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The quantification of atmospheric gases with small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) is expanding the ability to safely perform environmental monitoring tasks and quickly evaluate the impact of technologies. In this work, a calibrated sUAS is used to quantify the emissions of ammonia (NH₃) gas from the exit stack a 0.1 MWth pilot-scale carbon capture system (CCS) employing a 5 M monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent to scrub CO₂ from coal combustion flue gas. A comparison of the results using the sUAS against the ion chromatography technique with the EPA CTM-027 method for the standard emission sampling of NH_{3 …}

Experimental And Mathematical Tools To Predict Droplet Size And Velocity Distribution For A Two-Fluid Nozzle, Sadegh Poozesh, Nelson K. Akafuah, Heather R. Campbell, Faezeh Bashiri, Kozo Saito

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Despite progress in laser-based and computational tools, an accessible model that relies on fundamentals and offers a reasonably accurate estimation of droplet size and velocity is lacking, primarily due to entangled complex breakup mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims at using the integral form of the conservation equations to create a system of equations by solving which, the far-field secondary atomization can be analyzed through predicting droplet size and velocity distributions of the involved phases. To validate the model predictions, experiments are conducted at ambient conditions using water, methanol, and acetone as model fluids with varying formulation properties, such as density, …

Literature Review: Global Neonicotinoid Insecticide Occurrence In Aquatic Environments, Josephus F. Borsuah, Tiffany L. Messer, Daniel D. Snow, Steve D. Comfort, Aaron R. Mittelstet

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Neonicotinoids have been the most commonly used insecticides since the early 1990s. Despite their efficacy in improving crop protection and management, these agrochemicals have gained recent attention for their negative impacts on non-target species such as honeybees and aquatic invertebrates. In recent years, neonicotinoids have been detected in rivers and streams across the world. Determining and predicting the exposure potential of neonicotinoids in surface water requires a thorough understanding of their fate and transport mechanisms. Therefore, our objective was to provide a comprehensive review of neonicotinoids with a focus on their fate and transport mechanisms to and within surface waters …

Carbon Sequestration By Reforesting Legacy Grasslands On Coal Mining Sites, James F. Fox, J. Elliott Campbell, Peter M. Acton

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications

Future carbon management during energy production will rely on carbon capture and sequestration technology and carbon sequestration methods for offsetting non-capturable losses. The present study quantifies carbon sequestration via reforestation using measurements and modeling for recent and legacy surface coal mining grasslands that are re-restored through tree planting. This paper focuses on a case study of legacy coal mining sites in the southern Appalachia the United States. This five million-hectare region has a surface mining footprint of approximately 12% of the land area, and the reclamation method was primarily grassland. The results of the soil carbon sequestration rates for restored …

Geochemistry, Petrology, And Palynology Of The Princess No. 3 Coal, Greenup County, Kentucky, Madison M. Hood, Cortland F. Eble, James C. Hower, Shifeng Dai

Center for Applied Energy Research Faculty and Staff Publications

The high volatile C bituminous-rank, Bolsovian-age Princess No. 3 coal, a correlative of the heavily-mined Hazard No. 7 coal and the Peach Orchard and Coalburg Lower Split coals, was investigated three sites at a mine in Greenup County, Kentucky. The coal exhibits a “dulling upwards” trend, with decreasing vitrinite and a greater tendency towards dull clarain and bone lithotypes towards the top of the coal. The relatively vitrinite-rich basal lithotype is marked by a dominance of lycopod tree spores. The palynology transitions upwards to a middle parting co-dominated by tree fern and small lycopod spores and an upper bench dominated …

Subsystem Identification Of Feedback And Feedforward Systems With Time Delay, S. Alireza Seyyed Mousavi, Xingye Zhang, Thomas M. Seigler, Jesse B. Hoagg

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

We present an algorithm for identifying discrete-time feedback-and-feedforward subsystems with time delay that are interconnected in closed loop with a known subsystem. This frequency-domain algorithm uses only measured input and output data from a closed-loop discrete-time system, which is single input and single output. No internal signals are assumed to be measured. The orders of the unknown feedback and feedforward transfer functions are assumed to be known. We use a two-candidate-pool multi-convex-optimization approach to identify not only the feedback and feedforward transfer functions but also the feedback and feedforward time delay. The algorithm guarantees asymptotic stability of the identified closed-loop …

Dynamic Body-Weight Support To Boost Rehabilitation Outcomes In Patients With Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Observational Study, Justin P. Huber, Lumy Sawaki

Neurology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Dynamic body-weight support (DBWS) may play an important role in rehabilitation outcomes, but the potential benefit among disease-specific populations is unclear. In this study, we hypothesize that overground therapy with DBWS during inpatient rehabilitation yields greater functional improvement than standard-of-care in adults with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NT-SCI).

METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included individuals diagnosed with NT-SCI and undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. All participants were recruited at a freestanding inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Individuals who trained with DBWS for at least three sessions were allocated to the experimental group. Participants in the historical control group received standard-of-care (i.e., no DBWS). …

Review Of Γ’ Rafting Behavior In Nickel-Based Superalloys: Crystal Plasticity And Phase-Field Simulation, Zhiyuan Yu, Xinmei Wang, Fuqian Yang, Zhufeng Yue, James C. M. Li

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Rafting is an important phenomenon of the microstructure evolution in nickel-based single crystal superalloys at elevated temperature. Understanding the rafting mechanism and its effect on the microstructure evolution is of great importance in determining the structural stability and applications of the single crystal superalloys. Phase-field method, which is an excellent tool to analyze the microstructure evolution at mesoscale, has been gradually used to investigate the rafting behavior. In this work, we review the crystal plasticity theory and phase-field method and discuss the application of the crystal plasticity theory and phase-field method in the analysis of the creep deformation and microstructure …

Compact Low-Cost Fiberless Diffuse Speckle Contrast Flow-Oximeter, Guoqiang Yu, Chong Huang, J. Todd Hastings

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Patents

A low-cost compact fiberless diffuse speckle contrast flow-meter includes a small laser diode and a 2-dimensional imaging device such as a charge coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) for directly contacting the tissue and measuring a parameter such as blood flow in a deep/thick volume of tissue (up to 10 mm depth). The small laser diode is fixed at a certain distance (0 to 20 mm) from the imaging device and directly contacts the tissue. Light emitted from the laser diode penetrates through the tissue and reflects back to the imaging device without passing through any lenses …

Parameter Identification For Cells, Modules, Racks, And Battery For Utility-Scale Energy Storage Systems, Oluwaseun M. Akeyo, Vandana Rallabandi, Nicholas Jewell, Aron Patrick, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The equivalent circuit model for utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) is beneficial for multiple applications including performance evaluation, safety assessments, and the development of accurate models for simulation studies. This paper evaluates and compares the performance of utility-scale equivalent circuit models developed at multiple sub-component levels, i.e. at the rack, module, and cell levels. This type of modeling is used to demonstrate that the equivalent circuit model for a reference cell, module, or rack of a BESS can be scaled to represent the entire battery system provided that the battery management system (BMS) is active and functional. Contrary to …

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Of Nitihf High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloy: Effect Of Process Parameters On The Thermomechanical Behavior, Mohammadreza Nematollahi, Guher P. Toker, Keyvan Safaei, Alejandro Hinojos, S. Ehsan Saghaian, Othmane Benafan, Michael J. Mills, Haluk E. Karaca, Mohammad Elahinia

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Laser powder bed fusion has been widely investigated for shape memory alloys, primarily NiTi alloys, with the goal of tailoring microstructures and producing complex geometries. However, processing high temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) remains unknown. In our previous study, we showed that it is possible to manufacture NiTiHf HTSMA, as one of the most viable alloys in the aerospace industry, using SLM and investigated the effect of parameters on defect formation. The current study elucidates the effect of process parameters (PPs) on the functionality of this alloy. Shape memory properties and the microstructure of additively manufactured Ni-rich NiTiHf alloys were …

3d Cfd Analysis Of Natural Ventilation In Reduced Scale Model Of Compost Bedded Pack Barn For Dairy Cows, Flávio A. Damasceno, Joseph L. Taraba, George B. Day V, Felipe A. O. Vega, Keller S. O. Rocha, Randi A. Black, Jeffrey M. Bewley, Carlos E. A. Oliveira, Matteo Barbari

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Compost bedded pack (CBP) barns have been receiving increased attention as an alternative housing system for dairy cattle. To create a satisfactory environment within CBP barns that promotes a good composting process, an adequate air movement and minimal temperature fluctuations throughout the building are required. Therefore, a study based on compost barn structure model employing techniques of dimensional analysis for naturally ventilated buildings was developed. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of compost barns with different ridge designs and wind direction, along with the visual demonstration of the impact on airflow through structure were performed. The results showed that the …

Desorption From Hot Scandate Cathodes: Effects On Vacuum Device Interior Surfaces After Long-Term Operation, Mujan N. Seif, Thomas John Balk, Matthew J. Beck

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Scandate cathodes have exhibited superior emission properties compared to current state-of-the-art “M-type” thermionic cathodes. However, their integration into vacuum devices is limited in part by a lack of knowledge regarding their functional lifespan and behavior during operation. Here, we consider thermal desorption from scandate cathodes by examining the distribution of material deposited on interior surfaces of a sealed vacuum device after ~26,000 h of cathode operation. XPS, EDS, and TEM analyses indicate that on the order of 1 wt.% of the initial impregnate is desorbed during a cathode’s lifetime, Ca does not desorb uniformly with time, and little to no …

Effects Of Laser Power And Substrate On The Raman Shift Of Carbon-Nanotube Papers, Fuqian Yang, Shanshan Wang, Yuling Zhang

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

The progress in the fabrication of carbon-nanotube-based structures has made it possible to use Raman spectroscopy to measure the deformation states of carbon nanotubes and abutting materials. In this work, we investigate the effects of laser power and surrounding materials on the Raman shift of carbon-nanotube (CNT) papers for the laser intensity in a range of 0.071 to 1.415 kW/mm² without action of mechanical loading. Two different configurations of the CNT papers are used in the Raman measurement; one uses a suspended CNT paper, and the other places a CNT paper on a glass or aluminum substrate. The experimental …

Cost Minimization Of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage For Hourly Dispatching Wind-Solar Hybrid Power System, Pranoy Roy, Jiangbiao He, Yuan Liao

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

This study demonstrates a dispatching scheme of wind-solar hybrid power system (WSHPS) for a one-hour dispatching period for an entire day utilizing battery and supercapacitor hybrid energy storage subsystem (HESS). A frequency management approach is deployed to extend the longevity of the batteries through extensively utilizing the high energy density property of batteries and the high power density property of supercapacitors in the HESS framework. A low-pass filter (LPF) is employed to decouple the power between a battery and a supercapacitor (SC). The cost optimization of the HESS is computed based on the time constant of the LPF through extensive …

Atmospheric Measurements With Unmanned Aerial Systems (Uas), Marcelo I. Guzman

Chemistry Faculty Publications

This Special Issue provides the first literature collection focused on the development and implementation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and their integration with sensors for atmospheric measurements on Earth. The research covered in the Special Issue combines chemical, physical, and meteorological measurements performed in field campaigns as well as conceptual and laboratory work. Useful examples for the development of platforms and autonomous systems for environmental studies are provided, which demonstrate how careful the operation of sensors aboard UAS must be to gather information for remote sensing in the atmosphere. The work serves as a key collection of articles to introduce …

Recent Advances In Reducing Food Losses In The Supply Chain Of Fresh Agricultural Produce, Daniel I. Onwude, Guangnan Chen, Nnanna Eke-Emezie, Abraham Kabutey, Al Fadhl Yahya Al Khaled, Barbara Sturm

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

Fruits and vegetables are highly nutritious agricultural produce with tremendous human health benefits. They are also highly perishable and as such are easily susceptible to spoilage, leading to a reduction in quality attributes and induced food loss. Cold chain technologies have over the years been employed to reduce the quality loss of fruits and vegetables from farm to fork. However, a high amount of losses (≈50%) still occur during the packaging, transportation, and storage of these fresh agricultural produce. This study highlights the current state-of-the-art of various advanced tools employed to reducing the quality loss of fruits and vegetables during …

Nmr Spectroscopy Analysis Reveals Differential Metabolic Responses In Arabidopsis Roots And Leaves Treated With A Cytokinesis Inhibitor, Thomas E. Wilkop, Minmin Wang, Angelo Heringer, Jaideep Singh, Florence Zakharov, Viswanathan V. Krishnan, Georgia Drakakaki

Physiology Faculty Publications

In plant cytokinesis, de novo formation of a cell plate evolving into the new cell wall partitions the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. In our earlier chemical genomics studies, we identified and characterized the small molecule endosidin-7, that specifically inhibits callose deposition at the cell plate, arresting late-stage cytokinesis in arabidopsis. Endosidin-7 has emerged as a very valuable tool for dissecting this essential plant process. To gain insights regarding its mode of action and the effects of cytokinesis inhibition on the overall plant response, we investigated the effect of endosidin-7 through a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolomics approach. In …

An Overview Of Methods And A New Three-Dimensional Fea And Analytical Hybrid Technique For Calculating Ac Winding Losses In Pm Machines, Narges Taran, Dan M. Ionel, Vandana Rallabandi, Greg Heins, Dean Patterson

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

This article proposes a new hybrid analytical and numerical finite element (FE) based method for calculating ac eddy current losses in wire windings and demonstrates its applicability for axial flux permanent magnet electric machines. The method takes into account three-dimensional (3-D) field effects in order to achieve accurate results and yet greatly reduce computational efforts. The new 3-D FE-based method is advantageous as it employs minimum simplifications and considers the end turns in the eddy current path, the magnetic flux density variation along the effective length of coils, and the field fringing and leakage, which ultimately increases the accuracy of …

A User Study Of A Wearable System To Enhance Bystanders’ Facial Privacy, Alfredo J. Perez, Sherali Zeadally, Scott Griffith, Luis Y. Matos Garcia, Jaouad A. Mouloud

Information Science Faculty Publications

The privacy of users and information are becoming increasingly important with the growth and pervasive use of mobile devices such as wearables, mobile phones, drones, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Today many of these mobile devices are equipped with cameras which enable users to take pictures and record videos anytime they need to do so. In many such cases, bystanders’ privacy is not a concern, and as a result, audio and video of bystanders are often captured without their consent. We present results from a user study in which 21 participants were asked to use a wearable system called …

Design Optimization And Comparison Of Direct-Drive Outer-Rotor Srms Based On Fast Current Profile Estimation And Transient Fea, Vandana Rallabandi, Peng Han, Jie Wu, Aaron M. Cramer, Dan M. Ionel, Ping Zhou

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Outer-rotor switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have drawn much attention as promising candidates for in-wheel direct-drive motors of future electric vehicles. This article presents a systematic performance comparison of three outer-rotor SRM topologies for in-wheel traction applications in terms of the specific torque, electromagnetic efficiency, torque ripple, radial force, and mechanical aspects. A generalized design optimization framework for SRMs is proposed to enable the fast evaluation of large numbers of designs generated from the differential evolution by incorporating an analytical current profile estimation into the transient finite element analysis. The relationship between the saliency ratio and converter volt-ampere rating is also …

Potential Of Zero Charge-Based Capacitive Deionization, Xin Gao, Ayokunle Omosebi, James Richardson Landon, Kunlei Liu

Center for Applied Energy Research Faculty Patents

The invention is a capacitive, aka electrostatic, deionization apparatus and method that solves the problem of short lifetime of conventional capacitive deionization (CDI) and of membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) devices and methods by shifting the Potential of Zero Charge of electrode surfaces through surface modifications. Such electrode surface modifications provide very long lifetime capacitive deionization devices and methods.

Evaluation Of Bearing Voltage Reduction In Electric Machines By Using Insulated Shaft And Bearings, Peng Han, Greg Heins, Dean Patterson, Mark Theile, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Bearing voltages and corresponding currents in electric machines driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) converters with fast switching and high dv/dt can cause premature bearing failures. This paper evaluates the bearing voltage reduction by using insulated shafts and bearings. An equivalent circuit representation of electric machines taking into account high-frequency effects is developed to show the production mechanism of bearing voltage, based on which simulations are performed with detailed finite element models for transient and simplified equivalent circuit for steady-state analysis. The steady-state equivalent circuit is then calibrated, by combined numerical calculations and experimental measurements, and used to predict the …

Demand Response Of Hvacs In Large Residential Communities Based On Experimental Developments, Huangjie Gong, Evan S. Jones, Rosemary E. Alden, Andrew G. Frye, Donald G. Colliver, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems contribute the largest electricity usage for a residential community. Modeling of the HVAC systems facilitate the study of demand response (DR) at both the residential and the power system level. In this paper, the equivalent thermal model of a reference house was proposed. Parameters for the reference house were determined based on the systematic study of experimental data obtained from fully instrumented field demonstrators. The aggregated HVAC load was modeled based on the reference house while considering a realistic distribution of HVAC parameters derived from data that was provided by one of the largest …

Combined Numerical And Experimental Determination Of Ball Bearing Capacitances For Bearing Current Prediction, Peng Han, Greg Heins, Dean Patterson, Mark Theile, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

High-frequency voltages across the steel ball bearings and the corresponding currents can cause premature bearing failures in electric machines driven by PWM converters. The bearing voltage, one of the most commonly-used failure indicators, depends heavily on the bearing capacitance. This paper presents a combined numerical and experimental approach for the calculation of ball bearing capacitances to address the uncertainty introduced by lubricant property, lubrication status and other metal parts, such as seals and ball retainers. Based on the obtained capacitance breakdown, the influences of temperature, speed and bearing load (radial, axial or combined) on the capacitance are studied. Measurements and …

Optimal Study Of A High Specific Torque Vernier-Type Axial-Flux Pm Machine With Two Different Stators And A Single Winding, Murat G. Kesgin, Peng Han, Narges Taran, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

This paper presents the optimal study of a verniertype axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machine, which has a high-polarity spoke-type PM rotor, a wound stator with a low number of coils, and a profiled stator. Both stators have profiled teeth to enhance the magnetic interaction between the rotor PM array and stator windings for torque production. Compared to the topology with two wound stators, the studied one has a smaller total axial length and is expected more suitable for applications where the space is limited in axial direction. Both topologies are optimized through 3-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) by the combined …

Electric Power System Studies For A Multi-Mw Pv Farm And Large Rural Community With Net Zero Energy And Microgrid Capabilities, Evan S. Jones, Oluwaseun M. Akeyo, Keith Waters, Dan M. Ionel

Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are currently being deployed at an accelerated rate because of their cost-competitiveness and environmental benefits, which make them a prime candidate for local renewable energy generation in communities. Microgrids can help accommodate for the problems that accompany PV systems, such as intermittency due to weather, by coordinating different distributed energy resources (DERs), while islanded or by drawing power from the utility while in grid-connected mode. An islanding option is also important for resilience and grid fault mitigation, even if other DERs are not present within the system. This paper studies the potential benefits that a multi-MW …