Engineering Commons^™

Wavevector/Frequency Spectrum Of Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Pressure, D. M. Chase

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Knowledge of the wavevector/frequency spectrum of wall pressure, P(K,ω) [K = (k₁,k₃)], for a normal turbulent boundary layer has been largely confined to properties depending on the mean-convective ridge (k₁=ω/u_c). Recent theoretical work yields the wavevector dependence of P(K,ω), for flow at low Mach numbers, also in the acoustic wave number domain where K ≤ ω/c, except for undetermined functions of ωδ/U_∞. In the nonconvective but incompressive domain of wavevectors (important in underwater acoustics), apart from the proportionality to K² where ω/c ≤ K ≤ δ^-1, the …

Measurements To Elucidate The Mechanism Of Drag Reduction, R. J. Hansen

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

A number of investigators have attributed the reduced turbulent flow drag exhibited by polymer solutions to their high elongational viscosity. The results of a recent theoretical study of drag reduction are summarized, which show that it may instead be a consequence of the non-Newtonian behavior of polymer solutions in time-varying shear fields. Experiments are proposed to ascertain the relative importance of these transient shear effects and elongational effects in reducing drag.

Turbulent Velocity And Pressure Fields In Boundary-Layer Flows Over Rough Surfaces, W. K. Blake

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper is a discussion of recent measurements of the statistics of the turbulent velocity and wall pressure fields in rough-wall boundary layers. These measurements, made in part by the author, have been performed over a variety of walls covering a wide range of roughness sizes and configurations. The various measurements are compared in order to determine the structure and scaling parameters of the turblulent field convected at speeds near the mean velocity of the boundary layer. The mean square turbulent velocities, their one-dimensional spectral densities, and their longitudinal and vertical microscales are compared for different walls. The velocity fields …

Effect Of Randomly Fluctuating Pressure Gradients, With Arbitrarily Specified Power Spectrum And Probability Density, On Flow In Channels, M. Perlmutter

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

A randomly fluctuating longitudinal pressure gradient of a non-Gaussian form and arbitrary power spectrum will cause a randomly fluctuating velocity to be superimposed on the steady incompressible flow in a channel. Pressure- gradient and velocity correlations, frequency response functions and system power loss are calculated. Numerical random pressure gradient signals were generated using Fourier series expansion, with random picking of discrete Fourier spectrum values and a nonlinear no memory transformation. Numerical values of the velocity signal were then calculated by linear transformation of the pressure-gradient signal. Pressure-gradient and velocity signals were compared for difference in amplitude, frequency, time lag, and …

Boundary Pressure Fluctuations Due To Macroturbulence In Hydraulic Jumps, F. R. Schiebe, C. E. Bowers

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Data concerning the statistical properties of pressure fluctuations on the containment structure associated with the hydraulic jump have been studied at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. The incident Froude numbers were investigated through the practical range from 4 to 9. The mean square of the fluctuating pressure, the mean pressure, and the power spectrum were determined as a function of position under the jump. In addition, mean and rms turbulent velocity profiles and entrained air concentration profiles throughout the jump volume were determined.

The principal tests were performed in a channel 20 inches wide and 3 feet deep. Other …

Recent Developments Of Electrochemical Wall Mass Transfer Probes And Their Application To Drag-Reducing Polymers, T. J. Hanratty, L. D. Eckelman, G. Fortuna

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Electrochemical mass transfer probes are used to measure the velocity gradient at a wall. Recent advances in their application are reviewed. These include corrections for the time response of the probe, the simultaneous measurement at a number of locations of the two components of the fluctuating velocity gradient and a study of the influence of drag reducing polymers on turbulence. It is found that drag-reducing polymers cause an increase in the scale of flow oriented eddies in the viscous sublayer.

An Experimental Investigation In A Turbulent Channel Flow With A Thick Viscous Sublayer (Hot-Film Measurements In Oil), H. Eckelmann, H. Reichardt

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

In a turbulent channel-flow hot-film measurements have been made. To achieve a sublayer thickness of approximately 1 cm at y⁺ = 10, oil was used. The Reynolds numbers used for the investigations were 5,600 and 8,200 based on the channel-width of 22 cm and the channel center-line velocity.

In the vicinity of the wall, y⁺ < 0.1, the u'-fluctuations were found to be proportional to the wall distance, y⁺. The u'-values obtained with a hot-film probe for y⁺ > 0.7 were all greater than those obtained with a hot-film wall probe, but extrapolation of the data from the movable hot-film probe to the wall gave good agreement with the data …

Energy Relations For Turbulent Flow In Routh Pipes, H. W. Townes

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper describes the results of an experimental and analytical study of turbulent flow in rough pipes. Appropriate forms of mean and turbulence energy balances were developed by including mean radial and angular velocity components and using a spatial averaging technique in addition to the normal time average. An experimental program was then devised for determining the various terms in these equations. The quantities measured included the longitudinal mean velocity, rms values of fluctuating velocity components in the 3 coordinate directions, second and third order correlations between fluctuating velocities, and various components of the dissipation function. All of these quantities …

Phase Velocities And Angle Of Inclination For Frequency Components In Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Through Pipes, T. Hedrick, R. S. Azad, S. Banerjee

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Measurements of phase shift and coherence between the streamwise velocity fluctuations at two sensors placed very close to each other have been made in fully developed turbulent flow in a smooth pipe. For the frequencies where the √coherence is near unity (i.e. the correlation between the frequency components is near unity) the phase shifts have been related to the phase velocities and angle of inclination of a "frozen" pattern of turbulence.

Several other quantities such as intensities, energy spectral densities and mean velocities have also been obtained from the data taken with each sensor and these are in good agreement …

Dissipation Of An Axially Symmetric Turbulent Wake In The Very Far Field, R. H. Waser

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

A wake visualization technique has been used to observe the turbulent wake at distances of 10⁶ diameters behind an axially symmetric streamlined body traveling submerged in water. It has been found that a transition occurs in the rate of wake growth between 10⁴ and 10⁵ diameters which is attributed to a "reverse transition" from turbulent to laminar flow.

The wake visualization technique involves dropping a dye-coated body down a taut vertical guide wire into a large water-filled tank. Measurement of the wake growth and dissipation is made from a time series of photographs.

The bodies tested were …

Author Index, University Of Missouri--Rolla

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

No abstract provided.

A Proposed Interpretation Of Transitional And Turbulent Energy Flow Processes, J. N. Cannon, R. W. Hanks

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper discusses the consequence of a continuum analysis of turbulence using the Reynolds convention, on the cascade of energy to internal thermal energy. It is observed that there are two distinct dissipative paths or traps that the energy follows, neither of which involves vorticity. It is observed that the so-called "Reynolds' Stresses" are not involved in these irreversible dissipative paths, but are in the reversible bridge between the mean and fluctuating flows.

An effort is made to generate a consistent physical interpretation of all of the terms in the equations used rather than selecting isolated terms for explanation. Some …

The Comparison Of A New Constant Temperature Anemometer With Several Laser Anemometer Configurations, R. L. Humphrey

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This paper covers electronic design advances that have made it possible to adjust the frequency response of a film probe and make it comparable to that of a wire probe. Also, a test setup for the laser anemometer will be presented using the forward scattering technique. Sample data taken in a hydraulic loop will be related to the laser system output. Following the presentation of the anemometer and laser systems, five fluid flow measurement features will be discussed in order to help the experimenter choose the method most suited to his particular application.

The Spectrum Of Light Scattered From Particles Suspended In A Turbulent Fluid, R. V. Edwards, J. C. Angus, R. Maurer, J. W. Dunning

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

All Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) measurements are made by scattering light from small particles suspended in the flow. Further, the scattered light is collected from some finite region within the flow -- commonly called the "sample-volume." These two facts comprise the necessary starting point of an analysis of an LDV.

Correlation And Statistical Characteristics Of Turbulence Fronts In The Wakes Of Hypervelocity Bodies, R. H. Howell, J. L. French

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Data on statistical wake turbulence of the far wake of sphere and cone models with velocities from 9,800 to 21,500 feet/second and range pressures from 50 to 120 mm Hg. are presented and analyzed. The measurement technique used is that of observing the turbulence edge position of the wake on schlieren films. The measured parameters are the wake width; edge roughness; auto-correlation function; microscale; e-fold; integral, and average eddy lengths; wake dissipation parameter; Kolmogoroff and energy containing wave number parameters; Lagrangian integral time scale parameter; Strouhal number; cross-correlation function; and wake edge velocity. The results of these measurements are compared …

Visualization Of Unsteady Flow Over Oscillating Airfoils, G. H. Ruiter, H. M. Nagib, A. A. Fejer

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

This study is concerned primarily with the complex nature of leading edge flow separation occurring on airfoils oscillating in a uniform flow field at low Reynolds numbers. The flow field past an oscillating airfoil and a fixed airfoil with an oscillating flap were investigated using various visualization techniques in water. The role of mean flow velocity, instantaneous angle of attack, mean angle of attack and amplitude and frequency of oscillation as well as the location of the support point are examined. The results which were obtained over a range of parameters substantially beyond previous studies include new information regarding the …

Turbulence Measurements Using The Laser Doppler Velocimeter, J. W. Dunning, N. S. Berman

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

Although the laser Doppler velocimeter has been used for turbulence measurements in the past, no set of measurements in practical turbulent flows has been available to evaluate the instrument. In this work we examine in detail the photomultiplier signal representing the axial velocity of water within a glass pipe. We show that with proper analysis of the photomultiplier signal, the turbulent information that can be obtained in liquid flows is equivalent to recent hot-film studies. In shear flows the signal from the laser Doppler velocimeter contains additional information which may be related to the average shear.

A Critical Survey Of Turbulence In Bearings, E. A. Saibel, N. A. Macken

Symposia on Turbulence in Liquids

The subject of turbulence in bearings is critically surveyed. Both experimental and theoretical investigations are discussed. It is noted that beyond the laminar range, Taylor vortices develop. Some vortex structure exists even up to the highest Reynolds numbers. This suggests that the turbulence in bearings is much different from that which is found in other flows such as pipes or boundary layers. Unfortunately, the theoretical models have been based on mixing length or "law of the wall" information. A call is made for experimental information to formulate new theory applicable to bearings.

Tests On Puddle And Fillet Weld Connections, A. K. Dhalla, Teoman Peköz

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present investigation has been to study the behavior of symmetrically welded connections having different weld configurations. As shown in Fig. la, the specimens were fabricated by butting two plates (CP) which were connected by welding cover plates AB and CD on two sides of CP. The fabricator supplied different types of welded connection specimens, sketched in Figs. la to If. A total of 115 specimens were tested in tension under monotonically increasing static load. Basic variables considered in the design were: (a) thickness and the shape of the cover plates, and (b) weld size and …

Grooving Pavement Centerlines For Lane Demarcation, William M. Seymour

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

In late June 1969, the Kentucky Department of Highways contracted to have experimental, longitudinal centerline grooves, 15 feet long at 80-foot intervals, cut into both sets of dual lanes of a 2.7-mile portion of I 71 in Carroll County. When the centerline was painted in an otherwise normal way, the skip lines were alternately on grooved and ungrooved surfaces. The roadway was opened to traffic on July 15, 1969. An interim performance report contained detailed information on the test site, grooving procedures, groove configuration, initial striping efforts, and preliminary evaluations of the relative effectiveness of the grooved stripe. The purposes …

Operational Characteristics Of Lane Drops, Don L. Cornette

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

A lane drop is defined as a location on a highway where the number of lanes provided for through traffic decreases. For purposes of this study, the broad category of lane drops has been further subdivided into three specific classes: lane exits, lane splits, and lane terminations. These subdivisions are illustrated schematically in Figure 1. A lane exit refers to a location where the number of through lanes decreases at an interchange on a multilane roadway. A designation of lane split denotes a major fork of a multilane highway where the level of traffic service provided at the terminus of …

Measurement Of Currents In Lake Mead With The Deep Water Isotopic Current Analyzer (Dwica), J. J. Sartoris, D. A. Hoffman, Bureau Of Reclamation

Publications (WR)

In Nov 1967, a Deep Water Isotopic Current Analyzer (DWICA) was used to study current patterns in the Boulder Basin of Lake Mead to determine if low-quality water from Las Vegas Bay might enter the Southern Nevada Water Project intake on Saddle Island. Secondary objectives were to study the general current patterns in Boulder Basin and the effect of power discharges at Hoover Dam on these currents. Results of current measurements at 3 stations in Boulder Basin are given. Observations indicate a definite possibility that low-quality water from Las Vegas Bay might enter the water intake on Saddle Island. Current …

On Target, Tim Brady

Publications

An examination of aircraft accidents in the military while training for weapons delivery maneuvers.

The Analysis And Behavior Of Thin-Steel Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells, Peter Gergely, P. V. Banavalkar, J. E. Parker

CCFSS Library (1939 - present)

An extensive experimental and analytical investigation of thin-steel hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) structures was carried out to provide design information. As a result of this work, empirical data is provided regarding the behavior of such structures and computer programs are presented for the analysis of thin steel hypar structures. Hyperbolic paraboloid structures possess a unique combination of structural and architectural properties; some of them are the following: 1) Due to the double curvature of the surface the internal stresses in the deck are generally low and the deflections are small. 2) Since a hypar surface can be generated by straight lines, …

Air Pollution Control Training In Colleges And Universities In The United States, Harold M. Cota

Civil and Environmental Engineering

A nationwide survey of air pollution control training efforts in the United States at colleges and universities was carried out for the S-ll Education and Training Committee, Air Pollution Control Association. Information from 91 schools having four year or graduate programs and five community colleges was received. Questions include type of course work, backgrounds of participating faculty and students, and eventual placement. At the present time about 70% of those in training are graduate students. It was found that most students taking initial employment in air pollution control activities had the M.S. degree. Recommendations for updating this information are made.

Aggregate Shape And Skid Resistance, Jerry G. Rose

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This report concerns further efforts toward the measurement and analysis of the relative influence of aggregate shape on pavement skid resistance. A simple test method for determining aggregate shape in a meaningful way with respect to skid resistance is included. Proposed specifications for skid-resistant, sand-asphalt surface and skid-resistant, Class I, Type A, Modified, bituminous concrete surface containing lightweight aggregate are introduced.

Analysis Of Water Reuse Alternatives In An Integrated Urban And Agricultural Area, A. Bruce Bishop, David W. Hendricks

Reports

Intoduction

The growing demands on our existing water supplies and the current problems of water shortage emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to analysis and planning of water reuse. The primary focus, heretofore, has been on the treatment technology for achieving water reuse.

The concept of reuse, however, should be broadened to consider a totally integrated urban and agricultural system. This necessitates a systems analysis where water reuse, together with all other water dispositions, is considered in the context of its contribution to the total water resources pool of a region.

The components of the water resource system are …

Experimental Guardrail Installation, R. L. Musgraves, Gordon R. Garner

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

This is the final report on a limited investigation comparing the performance of painted steel, galvanized steel and aluminum guardrails. A previous report was issued in 1964. The final inspection of the project was made in November 1969.

The project consisted of approximately 2500 lineal feet of each type of guardrail (see Figure 1 and Table 1). The painted steel and galvanized steel were installed in November 1962. The aluminum guardrails were installed in February 1963. All rails are the deep-beam type and were installed in accordance with special provisions which covered material requirements and erection procedures. The special provisions …

Midair! Midair!, Tim Brady

Publications

A review of a midair collision involving a civilian aircraft and a military aircraft. Careful adherence to the see and avoid principle is advised for all aircraft.

Combined Thermal Weakening And Mechanical Disintegration Of Hard Rock, George Bromley Clark, T. F. Lehnhoff, Gary F. Fenton, M. R. Patel, Jaw K. Wang, Vernon Dale Allen

Mining Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This investigation of the combined effects of thermal weakening and mechanical disintegration (thermomechanical fragmentation) was initiated with a view toward better understanding of the processes required for more rapidly and economically fragmenting or excavating hard rock. Boring machines for utility tunnels, transportation tunnels or mining operations may be able to utilize the advantages of processes such as thermomechanical fragmentation. Secondary fragmentation or rock crushing processes also can conceivably employ the data obtained from this study.