Finance and Financial Management Commons^™

Malaysia: Pengurusan Danaharta Nasional Berhad, Mallory Dreyer

Journal of Financial Crises

After the devaluation of the Thai baht in 1997, the Malaysian economy experienced turmoil and a financial crisis. As part of the government’s response to the financial crisis, it established Danaharta, a national asset management company, alongside a recapitalization agency, Danamodal, and a debt restructuring body, the CDRC, to address instability in the financial system. The government established Danaharta with the purpose of removing nonperforming loans from the financial system and maximizing their recovery. The Danaharta Act granted the agency special legal authority to more efficiently resolve NPLs. Danaharta received funding from the government and issued zero-coupon, government guaranteed bonds …

The Resolution And Collection Corporation Of Japan, Mallory Dreyer

Journal of Financial Crises

Though the Japanese real estate and stock market bubble burst in the early 1990s, the ensuing financial crisis in Japan did not reach a systemic level until 1997, when four large financial institutions failed in a single month. Because of their heavy exposure to real estate and equity markets, Japanese banks had a nonperforming loan (NPL) problem, which was prolonged, and private sector estimates of the scale of the NPL problem differed significantly from the official estimates. In response, the Japanese government created multiple asset management companies; the Resolution and Collection Corporation (RCC) was the result of the merger of …

Indonesia: Ibra’S Asset Management Unit/ Asset Management Of Credits, Ariel Smith, Sharon M. Nunn

Journal of Financial Crises

In 1998, Indonesia’s banking sector was undercapitalized, under regulated, and suffering from an excess of nonperforming loans (NPLs). In response, the Indonesian government devised the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) and its Asset Management Unit/Asset Management of Credits (AMU/AMC) as part of a three-pronged government emergency plan, along with a blanket guarantee of the debts of all domestic banks and a framework for corporate restructuring. The AMU/AMC acquired and managed nonperforming loans from a variety of Indonesian banks and attempted to dispose of them. The AMU/AMC had acquired nearly IDR 400 trillion (approximately $86 billion) in face value of loans …

Korea Asset Management Corporation (Kamco): Resolution Of Nonperforming Loans In South Korea, Pascal Ungersboeck, Sharon M. Nunn

Journal of Financial Crises

During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, international capital outflows created a liquidity crisis for Korean financial institutions that had relied on foreign short-term borrowing. Korean financial institutions also faced high levels of nonperforming loans (NPLs) following years of rapid credit growth. The government mandated that the Korea Asset Management Corporation (KAMCO) purchase NPLs from banks over a five-year period starting in November 1997. By November 2002, the agency had acquired NPLs with a total face value of KRW 110.2 trillion ($88.2 billion) for KRW 39.8 trillion. Using innovative asset resolution methods, KAMCO was able to recover at a profit a …

Jamaica Financial Sector Adjustment Company (Finsac)—Loan Recovery And Asset Disposal Units, Corey N. Runkel

Journal of Financial Crises

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Jamaican financial sector’s share of GDP more than doubled following an aggressive market liberalization undertaken without corresponding increases in regulation or supervision. When one of the largest financial-industrial conglomerates failed in 1995, the government created an asset management company with special powers to resolve the institution. In 1997, after another significant failure, the government established the Financial Sector Adjustment Company (FINSAC). FINSAC carried a broader mandate to both recapitalize and restructure troubled financial institutions and to take over and manage their nonperforming assets (NPAs). The organization possessed no special powers to compel …

Kyrgyz Republic’S Debt Resolution Agency, Debra, Sharon M. Nunn

Journal of Financial Crises

In the mid-1990s, the largest state-owned banks in the Kyrgyz Republic faced insolvency and a concomitant large stock of nonperforming loans, a problem stemming from the former Soviet Union’s policy of directed credit to loss-making institutions. The government established DEBRA, a debt resolution agency and asset management company. DEBRA could liquidate or restructure a bank and take on its assets in the process, or just take on a bank’s nonperforming assets. DEBRA received the assets in exchange for government securities. Staff attempted to resolve the debt by collection, restructuring, writing off, or liquidating the assets. Officials initially established DEBRA with …

Mongolian Asset Recovery Agency, Sean Fulmer

Journal of Financial Crises

Mongolia’s transition away from the monobank system in the 1990s did not occur smoothly, with inherited, non-performing loans from the monobank period causing significant instability and insolvency in the banking sector. These inherited portfolios, in conjunction with risky lending by the newly formed banking sector, led to the insolvency of People’s Bank (also known as Ardyn Bank), and Insurance Bank, which together held approximately 35% of total assets in the banking system. From 1996 to 1997, the Mongolian government, with the technical and financial support of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, formed the Mongolian Asset Recovery Agency …

Mexico: Fobaproa Capitalization And Loan Purchase Of Bank Portfolio Program (Clpp), Manuel León Hoyos, Alexander Nye

Journal of Financial Crises

In December 1994, Mexico entered a financial crisis after a year of political turmoil, assassinations of high-level politicians, and a substantial depreciation of the peso. In 1995, following the economic contraction, the recently privatized banking sector experienced difficulties in meeting regulatory minimum capital requirements. The Mexican government received a $52 billion international financial package and enacted multiple programs to support the banking system. In the spring of 1995, through the Bank Fund for Savings Protection (FOBAPROA), the Capitalization and Loan Purchase of Bank Portfolio Program (CLPP) was introduced to provide new, permanent capital to Mexican banks. For banks that were …

Kazakhstan’S Rehabilitation Bank, Sharon M. Nunn

Journal of Financial Crises

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kazakhstan officials made market-oriented stabilization reforms to its previously Soviet-planned economy, including removing most price constraints, privatizing various state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and taking steps to prevent the collapse of its banking system. As part of its efforts, Kazakhstan created the Rehabilitation Bank (RB) in 1995 to absorb the large number of non-performing assets from state-owned banks while also assuming a corresponding amount of the institutions’ liabilities, essentially “shrinking their portfolios” (Implementation Completion Report 1998). The RB, established with a four-year mandate, either liquidated the debtors or required the firms to restructure. …

Finland: Arsenal, Kaleb B. Nygaard

Journal of Financial Crises

Following a large-scale deregulation of the financial sector during the 1980s and the subsequent massive credit expansion, a banking crisis in Finland caused a sharp contraction in the economy in the early 1990s. One of the key policy responses to the crisis was the creation of an asset management company called Arsenal in 1992. The original purpose of Arsenal was to absorb, manage, and liquidate the bad assets of the Savings Bank of Finland (an entity created by the government-forced merger of 41 of the country’s 81 savings banks). During the following years, Arsenal expanded to become a group of …

Swedish Amcs: Securum And Retriva, Mallory Dreyer

Journal of Financial Crises

With the liberalization of the Swedish banking system in the 1980s, there was a rapid credit expansion, and real estate prices soared. When the Swedish economy began to weaken, real estate prices began to decline, and finance companies faced difficulties. Swedish banks were not insulated from financial pressures, and Nordbanken, a majority state-owned bank, declared large credit losses in 1990. The Swedish government’s response was initially ad hoc and targeted to specific banks, but in 1992, the government announced an open-ended guarantee of all bank liabilities. The crisis response also included a bank restructuring program and the establishment of targeted …

The Hungarian Loan Consolidation Program, Mallory Dreyer

Journal of Financial Crises

After spinning off the commercial banking functions that the central bank had performed for many years into three new banks, post-Communist Hungary faced a severe recession in 1992. The recession led to a high level of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the banking system. In 1992, the Hungarian government announced a Loan Consolidation Program (LCP) to remove bad debt from the balance sheets of banks on a voluntary basis. Depending on the date when a loan was classified as “bad,” the government paid 50%, 80%, or 100% of book value. In 1992, banks transferred bad debt with a book value of …

Czech And Slovak Federative Republic: Consolidation Bank (Kob), Lily S. Engbith

Journal of Financial Crises

Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union and subsequent Velvet Revolution in 1989, the former Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (CSFR) began the complex transition from a centrally controlled command economy to a market-based economy. The transition necessitated the removal of non-performing loans from state-owned banks’ balance sheets, a task assigned by the Ministry of Finance to the newly formed Consolidation Bank (Konsolidační Banka, hereafter “KOB”). Established on February 25, 1991, the KOB was specifically mandated to acquire and restructure what were known as “TOZ” loans, unsecured debt with no amortization schedules and unsustainably high interest rates. The …

Bureau De Recouvrement Des Crédits Du Burkina (Brcb), Mallory Dreyer

Journal of Financial Crises

In Burkina Faso, the pre-1990s banking system was characterized by a high level of government involvement and ownership, which led to government-induced lending rather than lending based on creditworthiness. Nonperforming loans in the Burkinabe banking system grew to 10 percent of total loans in 1991. In order to address the banking crisis in 1991, the Burkinabe government entered into a Structural Adjustment Facility with the IMF and other multilateral organizations which prioritized the privatization of government-owned enterprises and included rehabilitation of the financial system. As part of this restructuring, the government established the Bureau de Recouvrement des Crédits du Burkina …

Us Resolution Trust Corporation, Aidan Lawson, Lily S. Engbith

Journal of Financial Crises

The savings and loan (S&L) industry experienced a period of turbulence at the end of the 1970s as sharply increasing interest rates caused much of the value of the industry’s net worth to evaporate due to its focus on long-term, fixed-rate mortgages. As a result, a period of rapid deregulation followed, and S&Ls, also called thrifts, engaged in increasingly risky behavior despite many being clearly insolvent. This trend of yield-seeking growth on the part of zombie thrifts forced the government’s hand as huge losses rendered the insurance fund backing the industry, called the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), …

Senegal Société Nationale De Recouvrement (Snr), Corey N. Runkel

Journal of Financial Crises

In the late 1980s, Senegal embarked on a comprehensive set of reforms to its banking sector. The reforms comprised changes to management, supervision, and lending standards after loose central bank refinancing standards had let the nonperforming loans (NPLs) caused by drought and public enterprise mismanagement linger on bank balance sheets. In the process, the country attempted to recover NPLs worth hundreds of billions of francs. Senegal closed several state-controlled banks, transferring bad assets and certain liabilities to a new asset management company, the Société Nationale de Recouvrement (SNR). The SNR’s debt recoveries would reimburse depositors in the liquidated banks and …

Uruguayan Non-Performing Portfolio Purchase Scheme, Sean Fulmer

Journal of Financial Crises

As the Latin American sovereign debt crisis spread through the continent during the early 1980s, foreign investors began to abandon Uruguay out of fear that it would devalue its currency like Argentina did in March 1981. Five small- to medium-sized commercial banks in Uruguay faced solvency crises as a result. Although the Central Bank of Uruguay (CBU) decided that a full, direct intervention into the failed banks was not necessary due to their size, the CBU arranged for the sale of the banks to foreign financial institutions, while assuming the non-performing portfolios of the failed banks to facilitate the transaction. …

Spain: Deposit Guarantee Fund Asset Management, Manuel León Hoyos

Journal of Financial Crises

The global oil shock in 1973-74 occurred at a time when Spain was embarking on a liberalization of its financial system that resulted in many new entrants, particularly small- and medium-sized institutions. The banking crisis that followed from 1977-85 affected 52 of the country’s 110 banks, most of them of small- and medium-sized, that comprised over 20% of bank deposits. Spain established the Deposit Guarantee Fund in November 1977 to provide limited deposit insurance, and, in March 1978, established a Banking Corporation to take control of and reorganize troubled banks. However, because the Banking Corporation lacked the legal authority to …

Broad-Based Asset Management Programs, Christian M. Mcnamara, Greg Feldberg, Mallory Dreyer, Andrew Metrick

Journal of Financial Crises

Dealing with high levels of nonperforming assets (NPAs) on bank balance sheets is one of the most challenging aspects of financial crisis management. High levels of NPAs can interfere with both bank profitability and general economic growth by increasing uncertainty about bank solvency and therefore funding costs, tying up resources and attention, and inhibiting new lending. One potential solution to the NPA problem is a centralized, government-driven effort to remove these assets from troubled institutions and then manage and sell them. Though such broad-based asset management (BBAM) programs existed even earlier in history, they appear to have become more common …

أثر القدرة على استقطاب مختلف أشكال التمويل على ريادة المشروعات الصغيرة, زياد جلال الدماغ استاذ مساعد

Journal of Al-Azhar University – Gaza (Humanities)

الملخص:

يسعى البحث إلى دراسة أثر القدرة على استقطاب مختلف أشكال التمويل على ريادة المشروعات الصغيرة، وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في إجراء البحث، وتم تطبيق الاستبانة كأداة لجمع المعلومات على عينة عشوائية مكونة من (128) مفردة موزعة على ملاك المشروعات الصغيرة، وقد توصل الباحث إلى نتائج وتوصيات من أهمها : ضرورة العمل على توجيه رواد الأعمال نحو بناء التنظيمي السليم للمشروع، وتأهيل وتدريب الموارد البشرية في التعامل مع أساليب التكنولوجيا بهدف توظيفهم في الأساليب التمويل التقنية الحديثة مثل حاضنات الأعمال ومنصات التمويل الجماعي، وتعزيز التوصل والتشبيك مع المؤسسات المانحة من أجل الحصول على التمويل اللازم، وتيسير ضمانات الممولين …

Ten Years Of Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia: A Bibliometric Study, Irman Firmansyah

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study aims to map articles in the Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia (JAKI) published by the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, for ten years (2011 to 2020). This study deployed a bibliometric analysis as an investigative method. The data were analyzed with R biblioshiny analytical framework. The findings revealed that JAKI was considerably consistent in publishing articles every period. JAKI publishes six articles each number and two publication numbers annually. In particular, there were 120 articles gained from 2011 to 2020. Based on the analysed articles, the most frequently emerging word from unigrams was …

The Impact Of Management Control On Public Sector Organizations In Indonesia, Reny Maharani

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

Using motivation crowding and self-determination theories, this study examines the relationship between elements of management control, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and the performance of public sector organizations in Indonesia. We used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with a survey method on 187 employees of district/city governments in Indonesia to see if results, action, personnel, and cultural controls have an effect on employee motivation. Our study provides empirical evidence that motivation is influenced not only by results control, but also by other control elements such as action control and personnel control. This study also provides empirical evidence that intrinsic and extrinsic …

The Digital Banking Profitability Challenges: Are They Different Between Conventional And Islamic Banks?, Patria Yunita

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the digital banking industry in uncertain global financial conditions. This analysis used binary logistic regression models, to predict the Indonesia commercial digital banking profitability performances in new normal life based on the analysis of digital banking performances in the second wave of global financial crisis 2017. The probability of bank profitability improvement as dependent variable. The Liquidity Risk, Bank Size, Bank Portfolio Risk, and E-Money transactions as independent variables. Fintech and Bank Type are used as control variables. The analysis period is 2015-2019, based on the time when the rapid progress of digital banking technology …

Do Sharia And Non-Sharia Listing Securities Investors Respond Differently To Tax Avoidance?, Puspita Ghaniy Anggraini, Putri Werdina Ciptaning Ayu, Arfah Habib Saragih, Muhammad Try Dharsana

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study empirically tests the behavior of Sharia and non-Sharia securities investors towards corporate tax avoidance. If Sharia securities investors make investment decisions considering Sharia principles, corporate tax avoidance should be viewed as a bad practice which is contradictory to Sharia principles and it is intolerable for this type of investors. Using companies from the financial industry for the period of 2007-2018, the final sample comprises 378 observations for Sharia securities and 167 observations for non-Sharia securities. This secondary data research is conducted by applying moderated regression analysis to test the hypothesis. This study finds that the market responses regarding …

مبادئ الحوكمة وعلاقتها بتحقيق التنمية الاجتماعية المستدامة في منظمات العمل التنموي بقطاع غزة, حسن السعدوني استاذ مساعد, اياد عبد الجواد الدريملي

Journal of Al-Azhar University – Gaza (Humanities)

الملخص:

هدفت الدراسة إلى إبراز علاقة تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة على تحقيق التنمية الاجتماعية المستدامة، من وجهة نظر العاملين في منظمات العمل التنموي الأهلي في قطاع غزة. وقد استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لتحقيق اهداف الدراسة، وتم الاعتماد على أداة الاستبانة، حيث تم توزيع 150 استبانة على كل من الإدارة العليا والوسطى داخل المنظمات الاهلية العاملة في المجال التنموي، وقد تم استرداد 122 استبانة استخدمت لأغراض التحليل.

وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج منها: وجود علاقة ارتباط إيجابية قوية بين الحوكمة، والتنمية الاجتماعية المستدامة في المنظمات الأهلية العاملة في المجال التنموي بقطاع غزة، كما أظهرت النتائج أن أكثر ابعاد الحوكمة …

Trading The Days Vs. Days Of Trading: An Empirical Literature Survey On Calendar Anomalies Across Markets, Mariam Ashraf Kiryakos

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical review of over five decades of research on two of the most examined calendar anomalies: the day-of-the-week and weekend effect. The expansive literature is classified into five different phases to demonstrate and review the evolution of research on these two seasonal anomalies. It also reconciles empirically the seemingly contradicting evidence documented by prior studies by adopting the lens of Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH) and conducting a cross-market analysis on the two calendar anomalies using the headline stock market indices of the ten largest economies by GDP as of 2019. The main methodology …

Blaine Amendments And The Judiciary: An Analysis Of Government Aid To Religious Schools, Dustin A. Robinson

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

First introduced in 1875, Blaine Amendments restrict private, parochial schools from utilizing publicly acquired funds. While the federally proposed Blaine Amendment died on the Senate floor, 37 states have adopted constitutional language that limits and/or bars religious schools from receiving public funds. Fraught with bigotry and labeled as discriminatory, such measures have not gone without challenge and the judicial system has delivered numerous decisions on funding public and private schools. However, jurisprudence reveals significant shifts in court decisions over time. Through analysis of Supreme Court cases from Everson v. Board of Education (1947) to Espinoza v. Montana (2020), this work …

Learning In Serial Mergers: Evidence From A Global Sample, Vivek K. Pandey, Ninon K. Sutton, Tanja Steigner

Accounting, Finance, Information Systems, and Business-Law Faculty Publications and Presentations

Do frequent acquirers learn from their experience in serial mergers? A recent stream of literature has proposed that the generally observed declining investor response (CARs) to successive acquisitions by frequent acquirers may be evidence of learning, rather than the result of commonly attributed causes such as managerial hubris or empire-building. We examine the learning hypothesis on a global scale, using a sample of 13,326 publicly listed acquiring firms representing 72 nations conducting 27,305 acquisitions over the period 1984 through 2014. Our results provide evidence of acquirer learning on a global scale in the valuation of private targets. In contrast, we …

Should Synergy Alone Be Accepted As Justification For Premia Paid In M&A?, Sebastian Araguas

University Honors Theses

Synergy is often used by management as justification to pay, and oftentimes overpay, for acquisitions. This paper explores the phenomenon of synergy being used as justification for overpayment in various M&A transactions, and the impact it has on value for shareholders. Current methods of valuation are compiled, summarized, and examined for potential areas of conflict, challenges with post merger integration are explored, and real world examples of improper integration and overpayment are examined. We find that the current methods of valuation leave room for error based on hubris and personal interest, that the realization of synergy is often much more …

Business-Finance Pac Minutes June 15,2021, Meghan Jennings

PAC Minutes

No abstract provided.