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Full-Text Articles in Educational Technology

The Use Of Emotional Intelligence Applications By Post Secondary Students, Terry Roxanne Beamer Apr 2024

The Use Of Emotional Intelligence Applications By Post Secondary Students, Terry Roxanne Beamer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

No abstract provided.


The Impact Of A Mobile Application (Dr. Electron) On Science Attitudes And Self-Efficacy Among Eighth-Grade Students, Sulaiman M. Al-Balushi Prof., Huda A. Al Hosni Ph.D., Zahra S. Al Shukaili, Asma H. Al Salmi Apr 2024

The Impact Of A Mobile Application (Dr. Electron) On Science Attitudes And Self-Efficacy Among Eighth-Grade Students, Sulaiman M. Al-Balushi Prof., Huda A. Al Hosni Ph.D., Zahra S. Al Shukaili, Asma H. Al Salmi

International Journal for Research in Education

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an enrichment mobile application based on the gamification approach (Dr. Electron) on the attitudes towards science and self-efficacy of eighth-grade students in the Sultanate of Oman amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A quasi-experimental design was employed, utilizing both pre-test and post-test control group designs. The study sample comprised 63 students, with 33 assigned to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. The study used Measurement instruments including a science attitude scale with a reliability coefficient of 0.86 and a self-efficacy scale with a reliability coefficient of 0.93. Results indicated statistically significant …


Chapter 05: Message Design: How To Communicate Visual Information To Learners Who Are Visually Impaired, Meaghan Mcleod Apr 2024

Chapter 05: Message Design: How To Communicate Visual Information To Learners Who Are Visually Impaired, Meaghan Mcleod

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Message design consists of signs and symbols that play a crucial role in guiding our daily lives. text, images, videos, graphics, and diagrams are essential tools for communication and education. However, individuals with visual impairments are not able to fully access this visual content that plays such a critical part of our daily lives. Therefore, there is a need to create educational material that can be accessed by all learners including those with visual impairments. This chapter explores practical strategies that instructional designers, teachers, professors, and instructors can use to provide an inclusive learning experience for learners with visual impairments. …


Take A Closer Look: Combating Ageism Through The Use Of Children's Literature, Janice Buehrer Apr 2024

Take A Closer Look: Combating Ageism Through The Use Of Children's Literature, Janice Buehrer

Honors Projects

This project was completed as my final honors project for Bowling Green State University in the spring of 2024. I wrote and illustrated the children's book, "Take a Closer Look," designed for kindergarten through second-grade children. The goal of the book is to be used as a value-socialization device to instill positive perspectives on aging within younger generations. The book itself is meant to be an intergenerational tool as adults read the book about older adults to children, reaching the entire lifespan.


Students’ Experiences When Using Real-Time Automated Captions And Subtitles In Live Online Presentations: A Phenomenological Study, Anymir Orellana Ed.D., Elda Kanzki-Veloso Ph.D., Georgina Arguello Ed.D., Katarzyna Wojnas Apr 2024

Students’ Experiences When Using Real-Time Automated Captions And Subtitles In Live Online Presentations: A Phenomenological Study, Anymir Orellana Ed.D., Elda Kanzki-Veloso Ph.D., Georgina Arguello Ed.D., Katarzyna Wojnas

The Qualitative Report

According to the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, as a text-based alternative to auditory information in videos or presentations, captions can make the content equally accessible, and multilingual subtitles can promote a cross-linguistic understanding of the content. We conducted a phenomenological study to understand the common meaning of the participants’ experiences when using real-time automated captions/subtitles during live online class presentations. Twenty-four remote student participants were placed in three study groups. All participants were fluent in spoken and written English, eight could read in one or more additional languages, and none had a hearing disability. We used Microsoft PowerPoint …


Course Discourse: Reimagining Course Evaluations And Feedback, Andrea Walker, Katja Gehr, Gracie Allen, Sara-Lou Adams, Brooke Poirier, Greyson Gainey, Haven Ladd, Katerina Tkachenko, Braxton Lazarus, Bella Marquez, Nora Jones, Chase Lowery, Paul Hanson Apr 2024

Course Discourse: Reimagining Course Evaluations And Feedback, Andrea Walker, Katja Gehr, Gracie Allen, Sara-Lou Adams, Brooke Poirier, Greyson Gainey, Haven Ladd, Katerina Tkachenko, Braxton Lazarus, Bella Marquez, Nora Jones, Chase Lowery, Paul Hanson

Belmont University Research Symposium (BURS)

Through the Honors Scholars’ Collaborative, our class, under the guidance of Dr. Heather Finch, has attempted to solve the problem of biased and potentially unhelpful course evaluations. We identified this problem through personal experience with feeling unmotivated to complete school-issued course evaluations and mistrust in other review sources. We set out to educate Belmont students on the importance of course evaluations, work towards better resources for professors regarding feedback, and create a website to better suit students’ needs to prepare for registration. To complete our goals, we executed two WELL Core events, built connections in the Teaching Center, and designed …


Exploring The Nexus Of Community College Faculty And The Actual Application Of Generative Artificial Intelligence Technologies In Courses And Syllabi, Jamie Pang Apr 2024

Exploring The Nexus Of Community College Faculty And The Actual Application Of Generative Artificial Intelligence Technologies In Courses And Syllabi, Jamie Pang

Dissertations

This study's basis was examining the specific pairing of higher education and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies. For this study, Generative AI technologies is defined as technology that is prompted by text to produce text, images, media, or other end products. A survey was conducted with community college faculty members at a research site that did not have an institutional Generative AI technology policy or mandate on how Generative AI technologies can or cannot be used in the classroom or by students. In a quantitative analysis, this study looked at the convergence and relationship between community college faculty characteristics, perceptions, …


Chapter 10: Increasing Accessibility In Educational Simulations, Meaghan Mcleod Apr 2024

Chapter 10: Increasing Accessibility In Educational Simulations, Meaghan Mcleod

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Simulations are an important aspect of education and training. They provide the learner with situations that mirror real life situations or provide access to unobservable phenomena. The simulations provide the learner with a unique opportunity to master skills through the use of and practice in a safe environment. However, many simulations are not designed with accessibility and accommodations in mind. This chapter provides a general overview of simulations and provides suggestions on how to increase accessibility and enhance the learning experience for all learners.


Chapter 09: Web Conferencing Best Practices For Online K-12 Teachers, Mitch A. Cumings Apr 2024

Chapter 09: Web Conferencing Best Practices For Online K-12 Teachers, Mitch A. Cumings

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Web conferencing - the ability to hold live meetings from a distance through an online platform - has become an integral instructional tool to make learning more accessible and flexible. Although these technologies have been accessible for decades and utilized in both professional and institutional settings with degrees of regularity, they only arrived at a large scale onto the K-12 primary and secondary education scene out of necessity as prompted by the COVID pandemic. K-12 education systems had a crash course in web conferencing through the pandemic, and its value as a meaningful instructional tool persists.


Chapter 08: Add Depth To Your Message - The Use Of 3d Printing In Instructional Message Design, Jennifer Tolley Apr 2024

Chapter 08: Add Depth To Your Message - The Use Of 3d Printing In Instructional Message Design, Jennifer Tolley

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

3D printing is an emerging technology used for the creation of physical objects. While it does not seem like a tool for instructional message design, 3D printing facilitates the development of many skills, such as creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving, as well as the development of content knowledge. It allows students to design and create real objects, or for teachers to show recreations of items from history. Tools, such as math manipulatives, can be designed and printed to help students learn abstract concepts. This chapter aims to provide a conceptual framework for 3D printing integration into instructional message design, …


Chapter 07: What Can Instructional Designers Learn From Graphic Designers?, Mark Richard Parsons Apr 2024

Chapter 07: What Can Instructional Designers Learn From Graphic Designers?, Mark Richard Parsons

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Instructional message design uses learning theories to effectively communicate information using technology. The instructional designer identifies the main objectives and skills to be learned to devise and deliver a strategy for the learner. The graphic designer plays a role by helping guide the learner through the material without distraction. Graphic design plays a vital role with visual learners. Using instructional and graphic design principles is important for effective instructional message design. This chapter looks at the importance of graphic design in the instructional design process. It will explore what skills and strategies instructional designers can utilize from a graphic design …


Chapter 06. Instructional Message Design For Adult Learners, Pamela J. Smith-Downing Apr 2024

Chapter 06. Instructional Message Design For Adult Learners, Pamela J. Smith-Downing

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

As stated in Chapter 1, message design is all around us, from the presentations we see in meetings and classes, to the instructions that come with our latest tech gadgets, to multi-million-dollar training simulations. The instructional message design field of study pulls from many applied sciences, including cognitive psychology, industrial design, graphic design, instructional design, information technology, and human performance technology, to name just a few. In this chapter, we will visit several adult learning theories and examples that guide our research into adult learning, look at different real-world instructional message designs for adult learners, and discuss directions for future …


Chapter 04: Cultural Sensitivity, Inclusion, And Social Presence In Instructional Message Design, Cheryl Cook-Posley Apr 2024

Chapter 04: Cultural Sensitivity, Inclusion, And Social Presence In Instructional Message Design, Cheryl Cook-Posley

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

It is critical for Instructional Designers (IDs) and Human Performance Technologists (HPTs) to consider the backgrounds of the learner to help them plan, develop, and design relevant and appropriate content for the audience of focus. The interests, assets, and needs of the learner must be researched and studied so the designer is able to fully know, empathize, understand, and design. Applying an audience centric approach equips designers to design culturally inclusive and sensitive instructional messages, as well as content that aligns with, are responsive to, and are respectful of diverse groups. In this way, IDs and HPTs can be able …


Chapter 03: Message Design For Instructional Designers – Audio And Video Best Practices, Shelby Taylor Apr 2024

Chapter 03: Message Design For Instructional Designers – Audio And Video Best Practices, Shelby Taylor

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Instructional message design is the way that information is delivered to users or the learners. Learners have short-term and long-term memory. Cognitive load theory and multimedia learning theory are two theories that can be applied to best practices in audio and video. Audio and video can range from speeches, podcasts, DVDs, and streaming videos. Both can enhance learning but should not drive the instruction. Segmenting video and audio is one of the many best practices as it allows learners to chunk the information and process it in small bits. There are learners who have auditory and visual deficits and instructional …


Chapter 02: Multimedia Learning Theory And Instructional Message Design, Miguel Ramlatchan Apr 2024

Chapter 02: Multimedia Learning Theory And Instructional Message Design, Miguel Ramlatchan

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Multimedia learning theory describes how the designers of instructional messages, systems and learning environments can optimize learning. The principles and heuristics of multimedia learning theory have application in traditional and online environments, with young and adult learners, in K-12, higher education, military, corporate, government, and informal learning environments. This diversity of application is based on the foundational premise that all learners can independently process auditory and visual information, have limited working memory resources, and require cognitive resources to process new information and to learn. This chapter describes the basic tenets of multimedia learning theory, best practices that can improve our …


Chapter 01: Message Design For Instructional Designers - An Introduction, Miguel Ramlatchan Apr 2024

Chapter 01: Message Design For Instructional Designers - An Introduction, Miguel Ramlatchan

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Instructional message design is the use of learning theories to effectively communicate information using technology. Design is guided by theories including gestalt, cognitive load, multimedia learning, media selection, media attributes, and general communication systems. Our communication designs can be based on a wide variety of technologies or a combination of technologies. Technology in the form of tools and techniques includes, among others, the study and the use of typography, color, illustrations, photographs, modeled graphics, augmented reality, animation, video, video games, simulations, and virtual reality. This introduction serves as a brief overview of these theories, tools, and techniques, while subsequent chapters …


Leading Horses To Water During A Pandemic: Assuring Communication Learning For "Quants", Thomas Hall Mar 2024

Leading Horses To Water During A Pandemic: Assuring Communication Learning For "Quants", Thomas Hall

International Journal for Business Education

Students who are attracted to quantitative disciplines of study can be reluctant to devote much attention to the important task of communicating, and previous research (Hostager, 2018) has identified statistically significant differences in learning approaches by major among undergraduate business students. This paper presents results of learning assurance for writing skills (direct measures) even when the content of the course relates to the highly quantitative topics of data analytics and finance. The approach combines various pedagogical methods in an undergraduate, writing-intensive setting: traditional testing but in an iterative framework, “flipped classroom” intensive work using spreadsheet software, repeated submission of brief …


The Effectiveness Of Employing The Ring House Shape Strategy In Acquiring The Scientific Concepts In Chemistry In The Tenth Grade Female Students In The Light Of Their Motivation Towards Learning Science. أثر استخدام إستراتيجية شكل البيت الدائري في اكتساب طالبات الصف العاشر الأساسي المفاهيم العلميّة في مادة الكيمياء في ضوء دافعيتهم نحو تعلّم العلوم, Ali Moqbel Al-Alimat Mar 2024

The Effectiveness Of Employing The Ring House Shape Strategy In Acquiring The Scientific Concepts In Chemistry In The Tenth Grade Female Students In The Light Of Their Motivation Towards Learning Science. أثر استخدام إستراتيجية شكل البيت الدائري في اكتساب طالبات الصف العاشر الأساسي المفاهيم العلميّة في مادة الكيمياء في ضوء دافعيتهم نحو تعلّم العلوم, Ali Moqbel Al-Alimat

Association of Arab Universities Journal for Education and Psychology

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using ring house shape strategy on tenth grade Female students’ acquisition of scientific concepts. To achieve the objectives of the study, aquasi- experimental design was used. Two instruments were used: a test to measure the acquisition of scientific concepts and a scale to measure students’ motivation towards learning science. The subjects of the study consisted of (67) tenth grade students. They were chosen purposefully from a school for girls in Mafraq Educational Directorate. They were divided randomly into two groups: experimental group (n=33) who were taught by using ring house shape strategy …


Undergraduate Nursing Education Simulation Training Using Virtual Reality Goggles And Teamstepps Methodology, Jennifer Koalenz Mar 2024

Undergraduate Nursing Education Simulation Training Using Virtual Reality Goggles And Teamstepps Methodology, Jennifer Koalenz

SACAD: John Heinrichs Scholarly and Creative Activity Days

Abstract

Due to changes in educational processes during global pandemic restrictions and the rapid pace of innovation and developments in virtual reality technology, this modality of education is expected to become a common presence in healthcare education. Immersive simulation activities can be an effective way to facilitate collaboration and communication skills in a constructivist-based classroom. Evidence shows that virtual simulation improves critical thinking skills, psychomotor skills, and decision making (Padilha et al., 2019). In addition, the availability of an on-demand, customizable scenario is highly useful to supplement clinical learning when necessary. But many caution that virtual simulation, just like any …


Theoretical Foundations For Archaeological Pedagogy With Digital 3d, Virtual, Augmented, And Mixed Reality Technologies, Peter J. Cobb, Elvan Cobb, Jiafang Liang, Ryushi Kiyama, Jeremy Ng Mar 2024

Theoretical Foundations For Archaeological Pedagogy With Digital 3d, Virtual, Augmented, And Mixed Reality Technologies, Peter J. Cobb, Elvan Cobb, Jiafang Liang, Ryushi Kiyama, Jeremy Ng

Journal of Archaeology and Education

Archaeology is inherently a visual and spatial discipline and thus we should strive to center student learning within visual and spatial media. Apart from museum work, site visits, and fieldtrips, the traditional tools of the classroom, however, tend to only convey textual or two-dimensional abstractions of primary archaeological data. The latest digital 3D and eXtended Reality (XR) technologies (Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed) hold the potential for engagement with information in ways that more closely represent the true three-dimensional and visual nature of archaeological objects, spaces, and landscapes. This should allow for an embodied mode of interaction that significantly improves understandings …


أثر تقنيتي الواقع المعزز والرحلات المعرفية على التحصيل وتنمية مهارات التفكير التأملي لطلبة الصف الثامن في مادة العلوم في الأردن, Haneen E. Alshalabi, Moh’D Mahmoud Hileh, Fatima A. Wahba Mar 2024

أثر تقنيتي الواقع المعزز والرحلات المعرفية على التحصيل وتنمية مهارات التفكير التأملي لطلبة الصف الثامن في مادة العلوم في الأردن, Haneen E. Alshalabi, Moh’D Mahmoud Hileh, Fatima A. Wahba

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education (مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية (للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدف المقال استقصاء أثر تقنيتي الواقع المعزز والرحلات المعرفية على التحصيل وتنمية مهارات التفكير التأملي لطلبة الصف الثامن في مادة العلوم في الأردن. وتم اختيار عينة الدراسة بالطريقة العشوائية من طالبات مدرسة الحصاد التربوي، حيث تكونت من (60) طالبة، تم تقسيمهن إلى مجموعتين تجريبيتين الأولى درست بتقنية الواقع المعزز وعددهن (30) طالبة، والثانية درست بتقنية الرحلات المعرفية وعددهن (30) طالبة، وتمثلت أدوات الدراسة باختبار تحصيلي تكون من (25) فقرة (اختيار من متعدد) واختبار للتفكير التأملي تكون من (20) فقرة (اختيار من متعدد)، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة اعتمد المنهج شبه التجريبي. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود فرق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى الدلالة …


Suggested Ethical Standards For Employing Artificial Intelligence In Scientific Research: An Analytical Study, هبة أبو عيادة, أنس عضيبات Mar 2024

Suggested Ethical Standards For Employing Artificial Intelligence In Scientific Research: An Analytical Study, هبة أبو عيادة, أنس عضيبات

Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات

This study aimed to build suggested ethical standards to employ artificial intelligence in scientific research, to achieve ethical use efficiently and effectively, manage current ethical crises, and solve problems in creative scientific ways, through analysis and review of previous research and studies, and educational literature during the current year (2022/2023) to ensure a therapeutic vision integrated according to clear steps to achieve ethical employment of effective artificial intelligence applications and sustainable development. The current study differs from previous studies in the methodology of the study, as it adopts the analytical approach and in the light of the results of previous …


Digital Culture And Its Role In Promoting Distance Education Among The Students Of The University Of Jordan: A Case Study, هلا الصلاحات, روان سليحات Mar 2024

Digital Culture And Its Role In Promoting Distance Education Among The Students Of The University Of Jordan: A Case Study, هلا الصلاحات, روان سليحات

Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات

The study aimed to reveal the role of digital culture in enhancing distance education among students at the University of Jordan. To achieve the goal of the study, the two researchers followed the qualitative analytical survey descriptive approach through the use of restricted interviews, which depend on specific and fixed questions in each interview, as a tool for collecting study information with a sample of Community of doctoral students. The sample consisted of (20) male and female students from the University of Jordan. Interviews were conducted with them during the second semester of the academic year (2023 - 2024 AD), …


The Compatibility Degree Of The Developed Science Curriculum For The Lower Basic Stage With The Requirements Of Educational Technology From The Teachers’ Point Of View, زايد عكور Mar 2024

The Compatibility Degree Of The Developed Science Curriculum For The Lower Basic Stage With The Requirements Of Educational Technology From The Teachers’ Point Of View, زايد عكور

Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات

The aim of the research is to identify the compatibility of the science curriculum for the lower basic stage with the requirements of educational technology from the point of view of teachers in Jordan, and to achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach, through the application of the study tool, which was a questionnaire consisting of (34) items distributed on each of the compatibility of the science curriculum developed for the lower basic stage with the requirements of educational technology, on the study sample of (196) teachers, The study found that the compatibility of …


Attitudes Of High School Students In The Schools Of Bani Kenana District Towards The Distance Learning Platform (Darsak) Used In Light Of The Outbreak Of The Novel Coronavirus, زينب الذياب Mar 2024

Attitudes Of High School Students In The Schools Of Bani Kenana District Towards The Distance Learning Platform (Darsak) Used In Light Of The Outbreak Of The Novel Coronavirus, زينب الذياب

Jerash for Research and Studies Journal مجلة جرش للبحوث والدراسات

The study aimed to identify the attitudes of high school students of the schools of Bani Kenana District towards the distance learning platform (Darsak) used in light of the outbreak of the new Coronavirus. The study used the descriptive survey method, The study sample consisted of (300) students from the literary and scientific streams during the second semester of the academic year (2021/2022). To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire consisting of (30) items was developed. The results of the study showed that the attitudes of high school students of the schools of Bani Kenana District towards the …


Determining Students’ Personality Traits According To Parental Perspectives: A Scale Development Study, Cengiz Aglar, Tuncay Dilci Mar 2024

Determining Students’ Personality Traits According To Parental Perspectives: A Scale Development Study, Cengiz Aglar, Tuncay Dilci

Journal of Global Education and Research

The educational community recognizes individual differences, but it is important to fully address them in educational settings. While there are existing studies on personality traits, none focus on the personality traits of students aged 6-18. This study aims to fill this gap, as personality traits significantly influence personal, academic, and professional life. Understanding student personalities allows for the development of more effective educational programs, facilitating their full potential. The study included parents of 2,229 students from a population of 16,505,271 aged 6-18 in Turkiye. Through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a reliable 61-item 5-point Likert scale (α = .942) was …


Instructional Message Design: Theory, Research, And Practice (Volume 3), Miguel Ramlatchan (Editor) Mar 2024

Instructional Message Design: Theory, Research, And Practice (Volume 3), Miguel Ramlatchan (Editor)

Instructional Message Design, Volume 3

Message design is all around us, from the presentations we see in meetings and classes to the instructions that come with our latest tech gadgets to multi-million-dollar training simulations. In short, instructional message design is the real-world application of instructional and learning theories to design the tools and technologies used to communicate and effectively convey information. This field of study pulls from many applied sciences, including cognitive psychology, industrial design, graphic design, instructional design, information technology, and human performance technology, to name just a few. In this book, we will visit several foundational theories that guide our research, look at …


A Study On Ethical Hacking In Cybersecurity Education Within The United States, Jordan Chew Mar 2024

A Study On Ethical Hacking In Cybersecurity Education Within The United States, Jordan Chew

Master's Theses

As the field of computer security continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to educate the next generation of security professionals. However, much of the current education landscape primarily focuses on teaching defensive skills. Teaching offensive security, otherwise known as ethical hacking, is an important component in the education of all students who hope to contribute to the field of cybersecurity. Doing so requires a careful consideration of what ethical, legal, and practical issues arise from teaching students skills that can be used to cause harm. In this thesis, we first examine the current state of cybersecurity education in the …


Leveraging The Dual Role Of The Oer Practitioner/Administrator: 'Making It Count' At An Individual And Institutional Level, Cailean Cooney Mar 2024

Leveraging The Dual Role Of The Oer Practitioner/Administrator: 'Making It Count' At An Individual And Institutional Level, Cailean Cooney

Publications and Research

This case shares activities the author has engaged in through their dual role as faculty member and administrator of the college’s OER initiative. Topics will include how the author has leveraged their OER work to amplify the documents and activities required in their own tenure and promotion process and how they have approached this subject in faculty development programming. Practical models will be offered for faculty, librarians, and OER coordinators to adapt to their own contexts.


Software Developers’ Experiences With Call In The Context Of The Four Language Competencies (Reading, Writing, Listening, And Speaking) And Teacher And Learner Fit: A Qualitative Descriptive Study, Artem Kalyanov Feb 2024

Software Developers’ Experiences With Call In The Context Of The Four Language Competencies (Reading, Writing, Listening, And Speaking) And Teacher And Learner Fit: A Qualitative Descriptive Study, Artem Kalyanov

Dissertations

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore how CALL software developers identify and describe their experiences with developing CALL software in the context of the four language competencies: reading, writing, listening, and speaking, along with teacher and learner fit.

Findings: The analysis of the collected data revealed six key findings that shed light on the developers’ experiences. The findings related to how CALL software developers combine different language competencies; how they implement continuous testing and evaluating of key elements of the language competencies; and how they ensure the development of a CALL program that is both …