Maternal and Child Health Commons^™

Effect Of Screening And Management Of Diabetes During Pregnancy On Stillbirths, Madiha Syed, Hasan Javed, Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Woman and Child Health

Background:Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with significant risk of complications to the mother, fetus and newborn. We reviewed the potential impact of early detection and control of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy on stillbirths for possible inclusion in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST).

Methods:

A systematic literature search up to July 2010 was done to identify all published randomized controlled trials and observational studies. A standardized data abstraction sheet was employed and data were abstracted by two independent authors. Meta-analyses were performed with different sub-group analyses. The analyses were graded according to the CHERG rules using the adapted GRADE criteria …

Neonatal Resuscitation And Immediate Newborn Assessment And Stimulation For The Prevention Of Neonatal Deaths: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis And Delphi Estimation Of Mortality Effect, Anne C. C. Lee, Simon Cousens, Stephen N. Wall, Susan Niermeyer, Gary L. Darmstadt, Waldemar A. Carlo, William J. Keenan, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Christopher Gill, Joy E. Lawn

Woman and Child Health

Background: Of 136 million babies born annually, around 10 million require assistance to breathe. Each year 814,000 neonatal deaths result from intrapartum-related events in term babies (previously "birth asphyxia") and 1.03 million from complications of prematurity. No systematic assessment of mortality reduction from tactile stimulation or resuscitation has been published. Objective:To estimate the mortality effect of immediate newborn assessment and stimulation, and basic resuscitation on neonatal deaths due to term intrapartum-related events or preterm birth, for facility and home births.

Methods:

We conducted systematic reviews for studies reporting relevant mortality or morbidity outcomes. Evidence was assessed using GRADE criteria …

Role Of Calcium Supplementation During Pregnancy In Reducing Risk Of Developing Gestational Hypertensive Disorders: A Meta-Analysis Of Studies From Developing Countries, Aamer Imdad, Afshan Jabeen, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Woman and Child Health

Background:Hypertension in pregnancy stand alone or with proteinuria is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in the world. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that an inverse relationship exists between calcium intake and development of hypertension in pregnancy though the effect varies based on baseline calcium intake and pre-existing risk factors. The Purpose of this review was to evaluate preventive effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on gestational hypertensive disorders and related maternal and neonatal mortality in developing countries.
Methods: A literature search was carried out on PubMed, Cochrane Library and WHO regional databases. Data …

Screening And Triage Of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (Iugr) In General Population And High Risk Pregnancies: A Systematic Review With A Focus On Reduction Of Iugr Related Stillbirths, Aamer Imdad, Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Saad Siddiqui, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Woman and Child Health

Background:There is a strong association between stillbirth and fetal growth restriction. Early detection and management of IUGR can lead to reduce related morbidity and mortality. In this paper we have reviewed effectiveness of fetal movement monitoring and Doppler velocimetry for the detection and surveillance of high risk pregnancies and the effect of this on prevention of stillbirths. We have also reviewed effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) screening, symphysial-fundal height measurement and targeted ultrasound in detection and triage of IUGR in the community.

Methods:

We systematically reviewed all published literature to identify studies related to our interventions. We …

The Effect Of Folic Acid, Protein Energy And Multiple Micronutrient Supplements In Pregnancy On Stillbirths, Aamer Imdad, Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Woman and Child Health

Background:Pregnancy is a state of increased requirement of macro-and micronutrients, and malnourishment or inadequate dietary intake before and during pregnancy, can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes including stillbirths. Many nutritional interventions have been proposed during pregnancy according to the nutritional status of the mother and baseline risk factors for different gestational disorders. In this paper, we have reviewed three nutritional interventions including peri-conceptional folic acid supplementation, balanced protein energy supplementation and multiple micronutrients supplementation during pregnancy. This paper is a part of a series to estimate the effect of interventions on stillbirths for input to Live Saved Tool (LiST) …

The Effect Of Providing Skilled Birth Attendance And Emergency Obstetric Care In Preventing Stillbirths, Mohammad Yawar Yakoob, Mahrukh Ayesha Ali, Mohammad Usman Ali, Aamer Imdad, Joy E. Lawn, Nynke Van Den Broek, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Woman and Child Health

Background:Of the global burden of 2.6 million stillbirths, around 1.2 million occur during labour i.e. are intrapartum deaths. In low-/middle-income countries, a significant proportion of women give birth at home, usually in the absence of a skilled birth attendant. This review discusses the impact of skilled birth attendance (SBA) and the provision of Emergency Obstetric Care (EOC) on stillbirths and perinatal mortality.

Methods:

A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Database and the WHO regional libraries. Data of all eligible studies were extracted into a standardized Excel sheet containing variables such as participants' characteristics, sample size, location, …

Food For Thought: Eathing For The Baby & You, Cassandra Fernandes Faria

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

No abstract provided.

Complementary Feeding: A Global Network Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial, Nancy F. Krebs, K. Michael Hambidge, Manolo Mazariegos, Jamie Westcott, Norman Goco, Linda L. Wright, Marion Koso-Thomas, Antoinette Tshefu, Carl Bose, Omrana Pasha, Robert Goldenberg, Elwyn Chomba, Waldemar Carlo, Mark Kindem, Abhik Das, Ty Hartwell, Elizabeth Mcclure

Community Health Sciences

Background: Inadequate and inappropriate complementary feeding are major factors contributing to excess morbidity and mortality in young children in low resource settings. Animal source foods in particular are cited as essential to achieve micronutrient requirements. The efficacy of the recommendation for regular meat consumption, however, has not been systematically evaluated. Methods/Design: A cluster randomized efficacy trial was designed to test the hypothesis that 12 months of daily intake of beef added as a complementary food would result in greater linear growth velocity than a micronutrient fortified equi-caloric rice-soy cereal supplement. The study is being conducted in 4 sites of the …

Fetal Erap2 Variation Is Associated With Preeclampsia In African Americans In A Case-Control Study, Lori D. Hill, Dashaunda D. Hilliard, Timothy P. York, Sindhu Srinivas, Juan P. Kusanovic, Ricardo Gomez, Michal A. Elovitz, Roberto Romero, Jerome F. Strauss Iii

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Background

Preeclampsia affects 3-8% of pregnancies and is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This complex disorder is characterized by alterations in the immune and vascular systems and involves multiple organs. There is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to preeclampsia. Two different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) gene were recently reported to be associated with increased risk for preeclampsia in two different populations. ERAP2 is expressed in placental tissue and it is involved in immune responses, inflammation, and blood pressure regulation; making it is an attractive preeclampsia …

Δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Single Nucleotide Polymorphism 2 And Peptide Transporter 2*2 Haplotype May Differentially Mediate Lead Exposure In Male Children, Christina Sobin, Natali Parisi, Tanner Schaub, Marisela Gutierrez, Alma Ortega

Selected Works Temporary Series

Child low-level lead (Pb) exposure is an unresolved public health problem and an unaddressed child health disparity. Particularly in cases of low-level exposure, source removal can be impossible to accomplish, and the only practical strategy for reducing risk may be primary prevention. Genetic biomarkers of increased neurotoxic risk could help to identify small subgroups of children for early intervention. Previous studies have suggested that, by way of a distinct mechanism, d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (ALAD2) and/or peptide transporter 2*2 haplotype (hPEPT2*2) increase Pb blood burden in children. Studies have not yet examined whether sex mediates the effects …

Maine Pediatric And Family Practice Survey Chartbook: Improving Health Outcomes For Children, Martha Elbaum Williamson Mpa, Kimberley S. Fox Mpa, Al Leighton Ba, Stuart Bratesman Mpp

Population Health & Health Policy

As part of the IHOC initiative, the Muskie School of Public Service at the University of Southern Maine surveyed pediatric and family practices about how they use data, clinical guidelines and office systems to monitor and improve children’s healthcare quality. The purpose of the survey is to provide baseline information about quality improvement activities in primary care practices serving children in Maine. Survey data will be used to inform IHOC activities and to monitor changes over time. The web-based survey was conducted in the winter of 2011-2012 and sent to practice managers at a sample of 168 practice sites, of …

Tanning Predicts Bone Mass But Not Structure In Adolescent Females Living In Hawaii, Daniel L. Osborne, Connie M. Weaver, Linda D. Mccabe, George P. Mccabe, Rachel Novotny, Carol Boushey, Dennis A. Savaiano

Department of Anthropology: Faculty Publications

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between facultative skin pigmentation, which predicts circulating levels of plasma 25-hydroxymitamin D, and several measures of bone mass and structure in a cross sectional sample of adolescent females living in Hawaii.

Methods: Our sample was composed of adolescent females (n = 94) living in Hawaii where seasonal sun exposure is minimal, and who self-identified as either white (n = 16) or Asian (n = 78). Bone mineral content (BMC) of the total body, the lumbar spine and the hip, and cross sectional area (CSA) and section modulus (Z) at the …

Strengthening The Delivery Of Comprehensive Reproductive Health Services At The Community Level In Kenya, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The Population Council APHIA II Operations Research Project collaborated with the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation to improve the quality of services offered by community-based midwives in two districts in Western Kenya, to prepare them to offer more comprehensive maternal services through antenatal, obstetric, postpartum, and newborn care. The study found that community midwives can tremendously increase clients’ access to essential maternal health services and other reproductive health services. Therefore Ministry of Health and its partners should scale up community midwives’ activities to enable more women access these services. Furthermore, information campaigns are needed to promote the range of …

Provider-Related Barriers To Accessing Emergency Contraception In Developing Countries: A Literature Review, Katherine Williams

Reproductive Health

This systematic literature review aims to identify and describe existing provider-related barriers to accessing emergency contraception (EC) in developing countries, as well as the prevalence of these barriers and documented research programs to address them. Findings from this review will contribute to specific recommendations on provider attitudes and behaviors related to emergency contraception and inform the development of a global advocacy strategy to increase access to the method.

Setting Research Priorities To Reduce Almost One Million Deaths From Birth Asphyxia By 2015, Joy E. Lawn, Rajiv Bahl, Staffan Bergstrom, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Gary L. Darmstadt, Matthew Ellis, Mike English, Jennifer J. Kurinczuk, Anne C. C. Lee, Mario Merialdi, Mohamed Mohamed, David Osrin, Robert Pattinson, Vinod Paul, Siddarth Ramji, Ola D. Saugstad, Lyn Sibley, Nalini Singhal, Steven N. Wall, Dave Woods, John Wyatt, Kit Yee Chan, Igor Rudan

Woman and Child Health

No abstract provided.

Implementing The Janani Suraksha Yojana: Perspectives And Experiences Of Accredited Social Health Activists In Rajasthan, K.G. Santhya, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, A.J. Francis Zavier

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report is the result of an explanatory study of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) conducted as part of a large-scale evaluation of the Janani Suraksha Yojana in rural and urban settings in Rajasthan. The findings of the study suggest training ASHAs more comprehensively about their rights and responsibilities, raising awareness of lesser known best practices regarding maternal and newborn care, emphasizing ASHA’s engagement in promoting postpartum care, and making special efforts to increase the credibility of ASHAs in the community.

2011 Legislative Briefing Book, Nevada Institute For Children’S Research And Policy, Unlv, School Of Community Health Sciences, Denise Tanata Ashby, Amanda Haboush, Stefanie Molicki, Tara Phebus, Kari Wolkwitz, Amie Fender

Nevada Institute for Children's Research and Policy Reports

The purpose of this Legislative Briefing Book is to provide a quick snapshot of some of the most pressing issues facing Nevada’s children in order to provide advocates and policymakers with a stepping stone in creating positive changes to improve the lives of Nevada’s children. While this book will not cover every issue facing our children, it is intended to highlight some of those where state policy may have an impact, covering issues in education, health, safety and security, and the juvenile justice system. Diligent efforts need to be made during the 2013 Legislative Session to improve policies, procedures and …

Summary Of Findings From The 2011 Child Death Review Annual Report, Nevada Institute For Children's Research And Policy Reports

Nevada Institute for Children's Research and Policy Reports

The 2011 Annual Report of Child Deaths in Clark County, Nevada provides data regarding all infant, child, and fetal (over 20 weeks gestation) deaths occurring in Clark County in 2011. This represents the second year that the Child Death Review Team in Clark County reviewed 100% of the child deaths referred to the team by the Clark County Office of the Coroner/Medical Examiner; this includes all natural deaths, as well as all accidents, homicides, suicides, and undetermined cases. The team also reviewed all fetal deaths over 20 weeks gestation.

Effects Of The Janani Suraksha Yojana On Maternal And Newborn Care Practices: Women's Experiences In Rajasthan, K.G. Santhya, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Rajib Acharya, A.J. Francis Zavier

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Report on an evaluation of Janani Suraksha Yojana, a program to encourage institutional delivery and provide access to care during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

First Generation Of Gender And Hiv Programs: Seeking Clarity And Synergy, Judith Bruce, Nicole Haberland, Amy Joyce, Eva Roca, Tobey Nelson Sapiano

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

In the past decade, there have been expanding resources to address the underlying gender dimensions of HIV. This has been particularly urgent in sub-Saharan Africa as the female-to-male infection ratios in young populations has reached 3 to 1 and sometimes above. The phrase “gender and HIV” has become commonplace yet does not provide any specific guidance as to target audiences, content, or measurable results. It can include everything from microcredit programs for HIV-positive women, to workplace programs seeking to change negative male norms, to efforts to increase respect for diverse sexual and gender identities. This review, conducted by the Population …