Environmental Public Health Commons^™

Transport And Health: A Look At Three Latin American Cities, Janeth Mosquera Becerra, Rodrigo S. Reis, Lawrence D. Frank, Farah A. Ramirez-Marrero, Benjamin Welle, Eugenio Arriaga Cordero, Fabian Mendez Paz, Carlos J. Crespo, Veronica Dujon, Enrique Jacoby, Jennifer Dill, Lynn Weigand, Carlos M. Padin

Community Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Transport is associated with environmental problems, economic losses, health and social inequalities. A number of European and US cities have implemented initiatives to promote multimodal modes of transport. In Latin America changes are occurring in public transport systems and a number of projects aimed at stimulating non-motorized modes of transport (walking and cycling) have already been implemented. Based on articles from peer-reviewed academic journals, this paper examines experiences in Bogota (Colombia), Curitiba (Brazil), and Santiago (Chile), and identifies how changes to the transport system contribute to encourage active transportation. Bus rapid transit, ciclovias, bike paths/lanes, and car use restriction are …

Adding Injustice To Injury - Health Perceptions, Plurality, And Power In The Ongoing Bhopal Disaster, Ruth Markwardt

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

Standards of health, human rights, and development are typically defined and dictated by policymakers instead of the populations directly affected by so-called development efforts. This paper seeks to contextualize global development efforts by highlighting specific local realities among the community of Bhopal Disaster survivors in Madhya Pradesh, India. As the site of the world’s largest industrial disaster, a disaster which is not over but ongoing, Bhopal represents an important population to highlight as the disaster continues. The Political Ecology of Health model was used to highlight political and environmental influences on community health. Within Political Ecology, this study takes a …

La Contaminación De La Cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo: Análisis De La Respuesta Institucional Con Respecto A La Salud De La Población Del Barrio De La Boca., Ishaira Nieto Rosas

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

La intención de esta investigación fue presentar un panorama de la respuesta de diferentes organizaciones del barrio de La Boca a los riegos de salud ambiental con respecto a la contaminación histórica y continua de la Cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo. Basado en el entendimiento que la salud es el completo bienestar físico, mental y social, este proyecto abordó el tema de contaminación ambiental a través de la participación en un taller de monitoreo social de la Cuenca y entrevistas con miembros del Equipo Local de Salud Ambiental del CESAC 41, el Presidente de la Asociación de Vecinos de La Boca y comerciantes …

Access To Chemical Data Used In Regulatory Decision Making, Lynn R. Goldman, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Randall Lutter, Craig Barrow, Christopher J. Borgert, James W. Conrad Jr., Debra Edwards, Allan Felsot

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Pit Latrines And Their Impacts On Groundwater Quality: A Systematic Review, Jay P. Graham, Matthew L. Polizzotto

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background: Pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, and their use is on the rise as countries aim to meet the sanitation-related target of the Millennium Development Goals. There is concern, however, that discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants from pit latrines to groundwater may negatively affect human health.

Objectives: Our goals were to a) calculate global pit latrine coverage, b) systematically review empirical studies of the impacts of pit latrines on groundwater quality, c) evaluate latrine siting standards, and d) identify knowledge gaps regarding the potential for …

Open-Source Collaboration For Global Health: Science And Practice, Ariel Pablos-Méndez, Michael Klag, Lynn R. Goldman

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Work Environment Disability-Adjusted Life Year For Use With Life Cycle Assessment: A Methodological Approach, Kelly A. Scanlon, George M. Gray, Royce A. Francis, Shannon M. Lloyd, Peter Lapuma

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a systems-based method used to determine potential impacts to the environment associated with a product throughout its life cycle. Conclusions from LCA studies can be applied to support decisions regarding product design or public policy, therefore, all relevant inputs (e.g., raw materials, energy) and outputs (e.g., emissions, waste) to the product system should be evaluated to estimate impacts. Currently, work-related impacts are not routinely considered in LCA. The objectives of this paper are: 1) introduce the work environment disability-adjusted life year (WE-DALY), one portion of a characterization factor used to express the magnitude of …

Foodborne Urinary Tract Infections: A New Paradigm For Antimicrobial-Resistant Foodborne Illness, Lora Nordstrom, Cindy M. Liu, Lance B. Price

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Disproportionately affecting women, UTIs exact a substantial public burden each year in terms of direct medical expenses, decreased quality of life, and lost productivity. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among strains of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia colichallenges successful treatment of UTIs. Community-acquired UTIs were long considered sporadic infections, typically caused by the patients’ native gastrointestinal microbiota; however, the recent recognition of UTI outbreaks with probable foodborne origins has shifted our understanding of UTI epidemiology. Along with this paradigm shift come new opportunities to disrupt the infection process and possibly quell …

Impact Of Water And Sanitation And Health Education Interventions On Health And Hygiene Behaviors: A Study From A Northern Pakistani Village, Aysha Zahidie, Fauziah Rabbani

Community Health Sciences

Introduction: Water and sanitation interventions were delivered in the northern areas of Pakistan as a joint venture of the Aga Khan University and the Aga Khan Health Systems Oshikhandass Diarrhea and Dysentery Project (1989-96) followed by the Aga Khan Water, Sanitation, Health and Hygiene Studies Program (WSHHSP). Through these interventions water treatment plants, new pit latrines along with a component of health education were introduced. Objectives: To explore perceptions, knowledge and practices of inhabitants of Oshikhandass village in Gilgit related to water quality, latrine use and hand washing following the intervention. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study during June-July 2012, six …

Tingkat Keamanan Konsumsi Residu Karbamat Dalam Buah Dan Sayur Menurut Analisis Pascakolom Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi, Bambang Wispriyono, Arry Yanuar, Laila Fitria

Kesmas

Karbamat merupakan salah satu jenis pestisida yang banyak digunakan untuk membasmi hama buah dan sayur. Untuk menentukan bahwa residu karbamat dalam sayuran masih aman dikonsumsi manusia, telah dilakukan analisis beberapa residu karbamat seperti metomil, karbaril, karbofuran, dan propoksur. Sampel-sampel tomat, apel, selada air, kubis, dan sawi hijau dikumpulkan dari tiga supermarket dan satu pasar tradisional di Depok, Jawa Barat. Analisis dilakukan serempak untuk ke empat residu karbamat menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi denganpereaksi o-ftalaldehida dan 2-merkaptoetanol dalam reaktor pascakolom dengan detektor fluoresensi. Dari sampel-sampel buah dan sayur yang dianalisis, hanya sawi hijau asal pasar tradisional yang positif mengandung propoksur dengan …

Kondisi Sanitasi Lingkungan Perumahan Dan Kontaminasi Escherichia Coli Pada Penyajian Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu Lokal, Aria Kusuma, Haryoto Kusnoputranto, I Made Djaja, Rizal Syarief

Kesmas

Bayi sangat rentan terhadap penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu lokal (MP-ASI lokal). Sampai saat ini belum diketahui keamanan penyajiannya dari kontaminasi mikrobiologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kontaminasi Escherichia coli (E. coli) pada penyajian MP-ASI lokal dan mengamati hubungan antara kondisi sanitasi rumah, seperti Sarana Air Bersih (SAB), tempat mencuci peralatan makan bayi, kondisi Saluran Pembuangan Air Limbah (S PAL), kondisi tempat sampah dan keberadaan hewan berkeliaran di dalam rumah terhadap kontaminasi E. coli pada penyajian. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang yang mengamati penyajian MP-ASI lokal bagi bayi usia 6-12 bulan pada 138 rumah. Lokasi penelitian …

Effects Of Temperature, Relative Humidity, And Den-2 Virus Transovarial Infection On Viability Of Aedes Aegypti, Tri Baskoro T. Satoto, Sitti Umniyati, Adi Suardipa, Margareta Sintorini

Kesmas

Perubahan lingkungan memengaruhi hidup dan transmisi virus dengue dalam tubuh nyamuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh suhu, kelembaban udara(RH), terhadap transmisi virus DEN-2 pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Studi eksperimental dengan desain pre dan post tes control group dilakukan di laboratorium pusat kedokteran tropis, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada kelompok Ae. aegypti betina umur 7 hari (F0). Virus DEN-2 diinfeksikan secara transovarial cara membran oral sampai generasi F2. Kelompok lain sebagai kontrol di inkubator temperatur dan suhu tertentu, waktu tertentu, jumlah telur yang dihasilkan, yang menetas dan mengandung virus dicatat. Hasil penelitian menemukan indeks transmisi …

Environmental Health News, Georgia Southern University

Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences: News & Publications (2011-2018)

• A Merged Model for Quality Improvement

Impact Of The Tohoku Earthquake And Tsunami On Pneumonia Hospitalisations And Mortality Among Adults In Northern Miyagi, Japan: A Multicentre Observational Study, Hisayoshi Daito, Motoi Suzuki, Jun Shiihara, Paul E. Kilgore, Hitoshi Ohtomo, Konosuke Morimoto, Masayuki Ishida, Taro Kamigaki, Hitoshi Oshitani, Masahiro Hashizume, Wataru Endo, Koichi Hagiwara, Koya Ariyoshi, Shoji Okinaga

Department of Pharmacy Practice

Background On 11 March 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami struck off the coast of northeastern Japan. Within 3 weeks, an increased number of pneumonia admissions and deaths occurred in local hospitals.

Methods A multicentre survey was conducted at three hospitals in Kesennuma City (population 74000), northern Miyagi Prefecture. All adults aged ≥18 years hospitalised between March 2010 and June 2011 with community-acquired pneumonia were identified using hospital databases and medical records. Segmented regression analyses were used to quantify changes in the incidence of pneumonia.

Results A total of 550 pneumonia hospitalisations were identified, including 325 during the pre-disaster period …

Environmental And Occupational Interventions For Primary Prevention Of Cancer: A Cross-Sectorial Policy Framework, Carolina Espina, Miquel Porta, Joachim Schüz, Ildefonso Hernández Aguado, Robert V. Percival, Carlos Dora, Terry Slevin, Julietta Rodriguez Guzman, Tim Meredith, Philip J. Landrigan, Maria Neira

Faculty Scholarship

Nearly 13 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur worldwide each year; 63% of cancer deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. A substantial portion of all cancers are attributable to carcinogenic exposures in the environment and the workplace.

The objective of this study was to develop an evidence-based global vision and strategy for the primary prevention of environmental and occupational cancer.

The study concluded that opportunities exist to revitalize comprehensive global cancer control policies by incorporating primary interventions against environmental and occupational carcinogens.

Associations Between Cadmium Exposure And Neurocognitive Test Scores In A Cross-Sectional Study Of Us Adults, Timothy Ciesielski, David C. Bellinger, Joel Schwartz, Russ Hauser, Robert O. Wright

Dartmouth Scholarship

Background: Low-level environmental cadmium exposure and neurotoxicity has not been well studied in adults. Our goal was to evaluate associations between neurocognitive exam scores and a biomarker of cumulative cadmium exposure among adults in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Methods: NHANES III is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the U.S. population conducted between 1988 and 1994. We analyzed data from a subset of participants, age 20–59, who participated in a computer-based neurocognitive evaluation. There were four outcome measures: the Simple Reaction Time Test (SRTT: visual motor speed), the Symbol Digit Substitution Test (SDST: attention/perception), …

Assuring Access To Data For Chemical Evaluations, Lynn R. Goldman, Ellen K. Silbergeld

Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty Publications

Background: A database for studies used for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pesticide and chemical reviews would be an excellent resource for increasing transparency and improving systematic assessments of pesticides and chemicals. There is increased demand for disclosure of raw data from studies used by the U.S. EPA in these reviews.

Objectives: Because the Information Quality Act (IQA) of 2001 provides an avenue for request of raw data, we reviewed all IQA requests to the U.S. EPA in 2002–2012 and the U.S. EPA’s responses. We identified other mechanisms to access such data: public access databases, the Freedom of Information Act …

Faktor Lingkungan Dan Perilaku Masyarakat Tentang Malaria Di Kecamatan Kupang Timur Kabupaten Kupang, Karolus Ngambut, Oktafianus Sila

Kesmas

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan faktor lingkungan dan perilaku masyarakat tentang malaria di Kecamatan Kupang Timur Kabupaten Kupang. Dengan desain studi potong lintang, populasi penelitian adalah seluruh rumah tangga di Kecamatan Kupang Timur dengan metode simple random sampling dan diperoleh 185 rumah tangga yang dijadikan sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalens malaria klinis adalah 108 (14,4%) pada satu tahun terakhir. Gambaran faktor lingkungan rumah penderita malaria yaitu dinding rumah terbuat dari bebak dan papan masing-masing 43,6% dan 7,9%. Selain itu, atap rumah terbuat dari alang-alang atau daun lontar (21,1%). Sementara letak rumah dekat dengan breding places nyamuk anopheles, yaitu sawah dan …

Evaluasi Program Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis Paru Di Kabupaten Boyolali, Wiwit Aditama, Zulfikar Zulfikar, Baning R.

Kesmas

Penanggulangan tuberkulosis di Indonesia mengalami banyak kemajuan, bahkan hampir mendekati target Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), yakni 222 per 100.000 penduduk. Namun, angka penemuan kasus tuberkulosis (TB) di Jawa Tengah hingga 2008 mencapai 48%, kurang 22% dari standar yang ditetapkan WHO (70%). Angka penemuan kasus terendah adalah di Kabupaten Boyolali yang pada periode 2004 – 2008 mengalami penurunan dari 24,60% menjadi 20,0%. Angka kesembuhan TB paru 66,67% belum mencapai target (85%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan kegiatan program penanggulangan TB paru dari aspek input, proses, dan output di Kabupaten Boyolali Provinsi Jawa Tengah tahun 2009. Penelitian observasional ini dilakukan di …

Pengendalian Malaria Dalam Upaya Percepatan Pencapaian Target Millennium Development Goals, Tri Rini Puji Lestari

Kesmas

Di Provinsi Maluku Utara, malaria berada pada level endemi tinggi dengan total Annual Parasite Incidence (API) > 5‰ dan masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembanganpengendalian penyakit malaria di Provinsi Maluku Utara dalam upaya percepatan pencapaian target 6C Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Penelitian menggunakan metode studi kualitatif yang dilakukan pada informan terpilih meliputi petugas kesehatan Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Maluku Utara, petugas kesehatan Malaria Center, dan tokoh masyarakat pemerhati malaria. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada tanggal 10 - 16 April 2011 dengan menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam. Ditemukan bahwa program pengendalian malaria telah dilaksanakan oleh Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Maluku Utara, …