Experimental Evaluation Of A Scalable Autonomy Concept For Cognitive Agents Aboard Reconnaissance Uavs,
2017
Wright State University
Experimental Evaluation Of A Scalable Autonomy Concept For Cognitive Agents Aboard Reconnaissance Uavs, Georg Rudnick, Axel Schulte
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
The concept of scalable autonomy with a guided access to lower automation levelsallows human UAV pilots to select the level of autonomy and enables the onboard automation to understand the pilot’s intent and offer support. To evaluate this concept, we conducted flightand simulationexperiments with German military personnel performing reconnaissance missions with a small UAV. We compared threeconfigurations. The high autonomy configuration completely prevents access to low-level functions. The naive approach configuration allows unrestricted access to all lower-level functions. The guided access configuration restricts access by forcing the pilot to communicate his intent first by entering mission tasks. As dependent variables, …
Evaluating Spatial-Auditory Symbology For Improved Performance In Low-Fidelity Spatial Audio Displays,
2017
Wright State University
Evaluating Spatial-Auditory Symbology For Improved Performance In Low-Fidelity Spatial Audio Displays, Griffin D. Romigh, Jose Villa, Jason Ayers
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
For decades, spatial auditory displays have been considered to be a promising technology to help fight pilot disorientation and loss of SA. Inherently heads-up, these displays can provide time-critical spatial information to pilots about navigational targets, air and runway traffic, wingman location, and even the attitude of one’s aircraft without placing additional demands on the already over-tasked visual system. Unfortunately, currently-fielded auditory displays often suffer from poor spatial fidelity, particularly in elevation, due to their use of a one-size-fits-all (i.e., non-personalized) head-related transfer function (HRTF), the set offilters responsible for creating the spatial impression. The current study investigated the utility …
Engineering For Humans: A New Extension To Systems Theoretic Process Analysis,
2017
Wright State University
Engineering For Humans: A New Extension To Systems Theoretic Process Analysis, Megan France, John Thomas
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) is a new hazard analysis method developed at MIT to address a broad range of accident causal factors including dysfunctional interactions among components, design flaws, and requirements problems. This paper presentsa new extension for analyzing human interactions with automation and understanding why unsafe behaviors may appear appropriate in the operational context. The extension is demonstrated by applying it to pilot control of aircraft pitch control during stall recoveryusing scenarios from theAir France 447 accident
An Interdisciplinary Approach To Evaluating U.S. Army Aviation Training,
2017
Wright State University
An Interdisciplinary Approach To Evaluating U.S. Army Aviation Training, Martin S. Goodwin, Lauren Reinerman-Jones, Brian F. Goldiez, Robert A. Crapanzano
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
The U.S. Army is seeking to update and expand its use of simulation-based aviation trainingto address operational and fiscal concerns that are driving the need for more efficient training solutions.This has created a needto evaluate whether lower-cost, game-based simulations may potentially augment higher-cost, traditional simulation-based trainingfor specific aviation training tasks.However, current approaches to Training Effectiveness Evaluation (TEE) do not address the complete range of factors to adequately evaluate today’s increasingly sophisticated simulation training environments. Leveraging recent research and drawing from the tools and techniques of human performance assessment, instructional science, and phenomenology, an interdisciplinary approach to performing TEEs is introduced …
Increasing Acceptance Of Haptic Feedback In Uav Teleoperations By Visualizing Force Fields,
2017
Wright State University
Increasing Acceptance Of Haptic Feedback In Uav Teleoperations By Visualizing Force Fields, Victor Ho, Clark Borst, Rene Van Paassen, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
In tele-operating an UAV, human operators fully rely on cameras to control thevehicle from a distance. To increase operator situation awareness and reduce workload, haptic feedback on the control stick has been developed which acts as an automatic collision avoidance system. A virtual force field surrounding the moving vehicle interacts with obstacles surrounding it,yielding repulsive forces on the stick that leadthe vehicle away from them. Albeit successful in significantly reducing the number of collisions,thehaptic interfacereceivedlow user acceptance ratings.Operators do not always fully understand the collision avoidance automation intentions, and they experience the haptic forces as intrusive. This paper discusses thedevelopment …
Human Decision Making And Threat-Awareness Response During Emergency Aircraft Evacuations,
2017
Wright State University
Human Decision Making And Threat-Awareness Response During Emergency Aircraft Evacuations, Sarah Hubbard, Tim Ropp
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Aircraft emergencies requiring evacuation present unique safety challenges to both crew and passengers due to theconfined space and the speed at which fire, extreme heatand smoke propagate. In thisscenario, where a one or two second delay can literally determine survivability, rapid evacuation is paramount. Although evacuation capability is demonstrated through requiredand controlleddrillsfor aircraft certification, during a real emergencyhuman factorsaffect passenger decision making, in some cases resulting in the decisionto retrieve personal items during actual emergency evacuations. This may pose a significant threat to post-accident survivability. This research evaluates evacuation decision making and the associated impact on passenger exit flow, during …
Work Dynamics Of Task Work And Teamwork In Function Allocation For Manned Spaceflight Operations,
2017
Wright State University
Work Dynamics Of Task Work And Teamwork In Function Allocation For Manned Spaceflight Operations, Martijn Ijtsma, Lanassie M. Ma, Amy R. Pritchett, Karen M. Feigh
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
This paper proposes a methodology for human-robot function allocation for future manned space exploration missions that uses fast-time computational simulation. Dynamics of taskwork and teamwork often result in emergent work patterns that are difficult to predict from static analysis of function allocations. Wemodel thedynamics of taskwork and teamwork and demonstrate our approach through a case study that explores the function allocation design space for an on-orbit maintenancemissioninvolving humans and various robots. The case study highlightsthe method’s ability to predict possible concerns associated with limited availability of physical resources, action interdependencies, and communication requirements with possible time delays, and shows the …
Empirically Evaluating Representational Aids For Target Tracking And Sensor Management,
2017
Wright State University
Empirically Evaluating Representational Aids For Target Tracking And Sensor Management, Taleri Hammack, Jared Neely, Terry Stanard, Jason Roll, John Flach
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Today, security officers at military and civilian installations are often required to track people and vehicles (targets) movingin a remote space using a distributed array of stationary security cameras. A pervasive tracking challenge is maintaining view of the target as it moves through the restricted fields of view of different cameras. The current research explores how different displaydesigns indicating camera fields of viewimpact the operator’s situation awareness of the next best camera to continue viewing a moving target. Three different interface displays(Full North-Up Map, Peripheral Display, and Track-Up Mini-Map) wereevaluated over four experimental conditions.While having all display types available was …
Human Performance Assessment: Evaluation And Experimental Use Of Wearable Sensors For Brain Activity Measures,
2017
Wright State University
Human Performance Assessment: Evaluation And Experimental Use Of Wearable Sensors For Brain Activity Measures, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Dale Richards, Lei Ding, Chen Ling, Ben Willems
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
The emerging wearable human performance monitoring technologies can help evaluate the cognitive status and capacities of the crew in the cockpit as well as those operating ground control stations. Traditionally the use of behavioral measures and subjective metrics has been used to address cognitive factors associated with pilots or operators of safety critical systems. However, the advance in wearable physiologytechnologies could provide additional performance metrics directly driven from brain based measures, potentially validating subjective assessments and ultimately bringing us closer towardsmaintaining safe and effective performance. Furthermore, these techniques may also aidthe design and evaluation of new technologies that are being …
Student Perceptions On The Usefulness Of Simulation-Based Training,
2017
Wright State University
Student Perceptions On The Usefulness Of Simulation-Based Training, Andrea M. Georgiou, Megan E. Wertheimer, Megan E. Snodgrass
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
The NASA Flight Operations Center Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab is a high-fidelity simulation of an airline operations center. Its purpose is to train senior aerospace students to collaborate and communicate effectively with team members in a highly interdependent environment that mirrors the airline industry. Data wascollected from the participants on their perceptions and the lessons learned from running the lab. These results were analyzed across elevensemestersover the last five years. Specifically,the quantitative data captured student perceptions about whether the lab was helpful in preparing them for their future job demands. The qualitative questions assessed their most important lessons learned, the …
Toward Identifying Risk In Operational Performance Of Atc Procedures,
2017
Wright State University
Toward Identifying Risk In Operational Performance Of Atc Procedures, Paul Krois, Julia Pounds
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Managing operationalperformance to reduce risk in the execution of air traffic control (ATC) procedures depends on understanding human performance in relation to patterns established in procedures. Procedures specify performance requirements meant to minimize unintended variation that is outside expected performance criteria and tolerances.We define human performance risk as unintended variation outside theenvelope of applicable procedures.
The Effect Of Surprise On Upset Recovery Performance,
2017
Wright State University
The Effect Of Surprise On Upset Recovery Performance, Annemarie Landman, Eric L. Groen, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Introducing the element of surprise is one of the main challenges in simulator training of in-flight emergencies. In this simulator study, we investigated the differences in performance betweenpredictable and surprising circumstances, in order to obtaininsight into the transferof training between predictable training settings and surprising circumstances in operational practice. This was done bytestingtwenty airline pilots who recovered froman aerodynamic stall in two conditions: one anticipationcondition and one surprise condition. All pilots practiced beforehand using predictable, or non-surprising scenarios. The results show that pilots had significantly more difficulties in adhering to components of the FAA-commissioned recovery template in the surprise condition …
A Study Of Accidents And Incidents Of Landing On Wrong Runways And Wrong Airports,
2017
Wright State University
A Study Of Accidents And Incidents Of Landing On Wrong Runways And Wrong Airports, Linfeng Jin, Edmund Lo
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
This paper addresses the landings on wrong runways/ at wrong airports happened between 03/26/1992 and 05/08/2012. The visibility, intended landing runway heading, accident landing runway heading, pilots’ flight hours, and the ages of those pilots are studied to test whether they have correlationswith the number of personnel injury, the number of personneldeath, and the degrees of aircraft damage. Some significantfindings are: the most likely angular difference between the supposed landing runwayheadings and wrong runway headings among wrong runway/airport landingsis 180 degrees,and there is a weaknegative correlation between aircraft damage and pilot flight hours. All the data used in the paper …
Is Rho The Key To Hazardous Weather Avoidance?,
2017
Wright State University
Is Rho The Key To Hazardous Weather Avoidance?, William R. Knecht
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Current in-cockpit looping Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) is inadequate to maintain safe (20 nm) aircraft separation from heavy weather (> 40 dBZ reflectivity). This assertion issupported by mathematical information analysis and an empirical study (Knecht, 2016), as well as numerous previous empirical studies. The current work revisitsthe ecological analysis by examining the putative affordance (rho) specifying when weather-avoidance maneuver should begin, as suggested by General Tau Theory (Lee, 2009).With“gapdefined as the distance between the on-screen aircraft icon and the weather hazard, is specified by the ratio ((dg/dt)/g)(t), the instantaneous gap contraction rate divided by the instantaneous gap size. In current …
A Case Study Using The Human Factors Analysis And Classification System Framework,
2017
Wright State University
A Case Study Using The Human Factors Analysis And Classification System Framework, Flavio A.C. Mendonca Ph.D., Chenyu Huang Ph.D., Julius Keller Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Aircraft accidents are generally the end result of a number of latent conditions arising in the organizational and managerial sectors. These conditions frequently permit or even motivatethe unsafe acts by the flight crew. The Human Factors Analysis and ClassificationSystem (HFACS) is a system safety tool for the investigation and analysis of underlying human causal factors in aircraft accidents. Using the HFACS framework, four researchers classified the human factors identified by the Brazilian Aeronautical AccidentsInvestigation and Prevention Center (CENIPA) during the investigation of a mishap(PR-AFA) that happened in Brazil in 2014. CENIPA argued that errors and violations by both pilots contributed …
Usaf Spatial Disorientation Prevention: A Meta-Analytical Human Systems Integration Perspective,
2017
Wright State University
Usaf Spatial Disorientation Prevention: A Meta-Analytical Human Systems Integration Perspective, Patrick O'Neil, Booz Allen Hamilton, Michael Miller
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Human Systems Integration involvesthe systematic consideration of tradeoffs in system structure or behavior, which affect sevenhuman-centered domains to optimize total system performance and life cycle cost.All too often, HSI is overlooked or poorly practiced, despite the specific directive within DoDI 5000.02 for program managers to plan for and conduct HSI. In the worst of cases, poor consideration of human capabilitiesandlimitations leads to errors, mishaps, and death or serious injury. One such human limitation in aviation is the inability of the pilot to maintain proper spatial orientationduring flight,asmismatches between the stimuli present during flight create an erroneous perception of aircraft attitude …
Understanding Pilots’ Explanations Of Automation Surprises,
2017
Wright State University
Understanding Pilots’ Explanations Of Automation Surprises, Robert Mauro, Loukia Loukopoulou, Julia Trippe
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Automation surprise may result from inadequate or mistaken “mental models” of the automation (Sarter and Woods, 1995). To study pilots’ mental models of their automation, 202 airline pilots were asked to explain five different events involving unexpected behaviors of aircraft automation. Pilots’ abilities to correctly explain the behavior of the automation differed systematically across the scenarios. The number of complete and correct responses varied from 19% to 86%, depending on the scenario. As the complexity of the automation increased, understanding decreased. Performance on the scenarios was not related to flight experience, automation experience, or source of automation training. But pilots’ …
Operationalizing The Definition Of Risk As Variability,
2017
Wright State University
Operationalizing The Definition Of Risk As Variability, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois, Barry C. Davis, Melissa Wishy
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Maintaining safety requires acknowledgingrisk. However, one’s definition of risk can depend on whether the word is being used in everyday conversation or by safety practitioners or by domain experts. Not having a commonly agreed-upon definition poses problems for those charged with identifying, reducing, and communicating about risk. In an effort to standardize the definition, the International Organization for Standardization defined risk simply as the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Still, this general definition lacks enough specificity to describe uncertainty’s positive or negative effects. Relevant information can reduce uncertainty’s potential effects if it’s not ambiguous, unreliable, incomplete, or unavailable.
Taking A Closer Look At Flight Crew Handling Of Complex Failures – Ten Case Studies,
2017
Wright State University
Taking A Closer Look At Flight Crew Handling Of Complex Failures – Ten Case Studies, J. P. Reitsma, L. Fucke, C. Borst, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Non-normalevents,inparticularsystemfailureswithseriousoperationalimpact arerareinflightoperations.Theseeventsarenotalwayseasytohandle by flight crews.Theaimoftheperformedstudyisto determine whereinthisprocess potential issuesmaylie.Tenincidentreportsarestudied using a newly developed operationalissueanalysisframework.Theframeworkisusedtodetermine whetherandhowthecurrentinterfacescommunicatetheinitialfunctionalimpact andfunctionalimpactdelayedintime.Additionally, resultsfrompilotinterviews arepresentedwhichidentifiedthreephasesofnon-normaleventhandling:fault detection,faultmanagementandstrategic planning. Analysisofthetencases showsthatcurrentalertsystemsaremainly supporting thefirsttwophaseswhile thestrategic planning phase, requiring higherlevelfunctionalinformation integratedintotheoperationalcontextaswellasfailureimpactlaterintime,is relyingalmostentirelyonpilot knowledge andreasoning.
Investigating Pilot’S Decision Making When Facing An Unstabilized Approach: An Eye-Tracking Study,
2017
Wright State University
Investigating Pilot’S Decision Making When Facing An Unstabilized Approach: An Eye-Tracking Study, Maxime Reynal, Frank Rister, Sebastien Scannella, Christopher Wickens, Frederic Hehais
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017
Unstabilized approach has been identified to be a major causal factor of approach-and-landing accidents (e.g. off-runway touchdowns, hard landing, tail-strikes, etc).We conducted an experimentin order to analyze pilots’ performance during such approaches. Ten type-rated, commercial pilots flew each in a B737 full-flight simulator during anunstabilizedapproach at Hamburg airport. The Pilot Flyings’ (PF) eye gazes were collected. The results revealed that half of the pilots persisted in an erroneous landing decision. These latter pilots had higher dwell time on the attitude indicator/flight director whereas the group of pilots who perfomed the go-around exhibited more fixations on the navigation display prior to …
