Pharmaceutical Preparations Commons^™

November / December 2021, Cindy Brooks, Randy Curry

RURAL ROCKS

Rural Rocks, the Rural Health Network newsletter by the SWOSU College of Pharmacy.

Pharmacist-Directed Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring In Pediatric Patients: A Collaborative-Practice Model, Kashif Hussain, Rahila Ikram, Gul Ambreen, Muhammad Sohail Salat

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Background: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Vancomycin (VCM) is required to prevent inappropriate dosage-associated bacterial resistance, therapeutic failure, and toxicities in pediatrics. Anecdotal experience and studies show that many healthcare institutions confront barriers while implementing TDM services, this study aimed to assess a pharmacist-directed VCM-TDM service for optimizing patient care in our institution.
Materials and methods: Patients aged 1 month-18 years who received intravenous VCM were included in this quasi-experimental study. The pre-implementation phase (March-June 2018) consisted of retrospective assessment of pediatric patients, the interventional phase (July 2018 to February 2020) included educational programs and the post-implementation phase (March-June 2020) …

Dz-Bau2021-14n As Novel Pyrazolopyridine Nanocrystals: Appraisal Of Anticancer Activity Against Hct-116 And Ht-29 Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines, Zahra Kassem, Soumaiah Abou Staiteieh, Jamal Nasr, Amina Mneimneh, Ali Youssef, Nadine Darwiche, Doaa Issa, Raghida Bou Merhi, Mohammed Mehanna

BAU Journal - Health and Wellbeing

Mentioning DZ-BAU2021-14 (C₁₉H₁₇N₅O₂,347.370 g/mol) developed in BAU Labs, its promising preliminary antitumor effect nominated it to be selected as a lead antiproliferative compound against colorectal cancer cell lines owing to its proved Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibition (Kassem et al., 2021). Solving many problems restricting traditional cancer therapy, nanotechnology is offering safety margins and targeted delivery of poorly soluble drug. The potential effect of this compound was combined with the advantages of nanotechnology, precisely nanocrystals to achieve better antiproliferative and hopeful less cytotoxic patterns. The nanocrystals DZ-BAU2021-14N were …

Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction Of Lomustine Synthesis, Devna Grover

The Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research

No abstract provided.

Preliminary Findings Of A Study On The Practice Of Self-Medication Of Antibiotics Among The Practicing Nurses Of A Tertiary Care Hospital, Akbar Shoukat Ali, Rahim Jandani, Arwa A. Al-Qahtani, Abdulkarem A S. Alenzi

Department of Medicine

Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is indeed a global concern. It is of significant concern especially in the low-middle income countries because of the ease of accessibility, affordability, and absence of regulations pertaining to the dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics. This study aims to estimate the frequency and factors associated with the self-medication of antibiotics found among the practicing nurses.
Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from July 2016 to August 2016.
Results: Of the 48 recruited nurses, 60.4% (29/48) were practicing self-medication of antibiotics. There were slightly more male nurses (17/29) than their …

Decreasing Unintentional Pregnancies For Tennesseans, Paula M. Todd

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In 2018, 49% of all pregnancies in the United States were unintended, with women with a lower- income status being five times more likely to experience an unplanned pregnancy. Tennessee has a high rate of unintended pregnancies, particularly among the uninsured, low-income, and rural teen populations; some 22% of these unintended pregnancies end in abortion. Oral or transdermal contraceptives that are affordable and accessible for women of childbearing age can reduce unintentional pregnancies. The addressed gap in clinical practice was that contraceptives are not currently available over the counter in Tennessee pharmacies without a prescription, which necessitates a costly medical …

September / October 2021, Randy Curry, Cindy Brooks

RURAL ROCKS

Rural Rocks, the Rural Health Network newsletter by the SWOSU College of Pharmacy.

The Costs Of Developing Treatments For Alzheimer’S Disease: A Retrospective Exploration, Jeffrey L. Cummings, Dana P. Goldman, Nicholas R. Simmons-Stern, Eric Ponton

School of Medicine Faculty Research

Introduction: With the exception of the recent accelerated approval of aducanumab, in over 26 years of research and development (R&D) investment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), only five novel drugs—all for symptomatic treatment only—have reached FDA approval. Here, we estimate the costs of AD drug development during this period in the private sector. Methods: To estimate private R&D funding, we collected information on AD clinical trials (n = 1099; phases 1–4) conducted between January 1, 1995 and June 21, 2021 from various databases. Costs were derived using previously published methodologies and adjusted for inflation. Results: Since 1995, cumulative private expenditures on …

No Ordinary Proteins: Adsorption And Molecular Orientation Of Monoclonal Antibodies, Ankit D. Kanthe, Andrew Ilott, Mary Krause, Songyan Zheng, Jinjiang Li, Wei Bu, Mrinal K. Bera, Binhua Lin, Charles Maldarelli, Raymond S. Tu

Publications and Research

The interaction of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with air/water interfaces plays a crucial role in their overall stability in solution. We aim to understand this behavior using pendant bubble measurements to track the dynamic tension reduction and x-ray reflectivity to obtain the electron density profiles (EDPs) at the surface. Native immunoglobulin G mAb is a rigid molecule with a flat, “Y” shape, and simulated EDPs are obtained by rotating a homology construct at the surface. Comparing simulations with experimental EDPs, we obtain surface orientation probability maps showing mAbs transition from flat-on Y-shape configurations to side-on or end-on configurations with increasing concentration. …

Development Of Once-A-Year Injectable Formulation Of Cabotegravir For Prevention And Treatment Of Hiv Infection, Tanmay Abhay Kulkarni

Theses & Dissertations

Long-acting cabotegravir (CAB) extends antiretroviral drug (ARV) dosing to monthly for maintenance of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) suppression and to every other month for prevention of viral transmission. However, injection dose volumes, site reactions, and clinical oversights that are required remain obstacles towards broad usage. To meet these needs, surfactant coated hydrophobic and lipophilic CAB prodrugs were created with controlled prodrug dissolution, hydrolysis and drug tissue penetration. To such ends, fatty acid ester CAB nanocrystal prodrugs with 14, 18, and 22 added carbon chains were synthesized then nanoformulated as NMCAB, NM2CAB, and NM3CAB. These nanocrystal formulations were tested …

Uplc-Ms/Ms Analysis Of The Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Of Cyp3a-Mediated Midazolam 1′- And 4-Hydroxylation In Rat Brain Microsomes, Devaraj Venkatapura Chandrashekar, Barent Dubois, Reza Mehvar

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Midazolam (MDZ) is a short-acting benzodiazepine with rapid onset of action, which is metabolized by CYP3A isoenzymes to two hydroxylated metabolites, 1′-hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam. The drug is also commonly used as a marker of CYP3A activity in the liver microsomes. However, the kinetics of CYP3A-mediated hydroxylation of MDZ in the brain, which contains much lower CYP content than the liver, have not been reported. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS and metabolic incubation methods were developed and validated for simultaneous measurement of low concentrations of both hydroxylated metabolites of MDZ in brain microsomes. Different concentrations of MDZ (1–500 µM) were incubated with …

Insights Into The Mechanisms Of Brain Endothelial Erythrophagocytosis, Jiahong Sun, Prema Vyas, Samar Mann, Annlia Paganini-Hill, Ane C. F. Nunes, Wei Ling Lau, David H. Cribbs, Mark J. Fisher, Rachita K. Sumbria

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The endothelial cells which form the inner cellular lining of the vasculature can act as non-professional phagocytes to ingest and remove emboli and aged/injured red blood cells (RBCs) from circulation. We previously demonstrated an erythrophagocytic phenotype of the brain endothelium for oxidatively stressed RBCs with subsequent migration of iron-rich RBCs and RBC degradation products across the brain endothelium in vivo and in vitro, in the absence of brain endothelium disruption. However, the mechanisms contributing to brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis are not well defined, and herein we elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis. Murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3 …

Characterization Of Lamellar Liquid Crystal Emulsifiers In Topical Creams Containing A Novel Solvent, Melinda Joanna Sutton

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) is a promising solvent component in topical cream formulations due to its superior solubilizing abilities with certain active pharmaceutical ingredients. One of the goals of this study is to characterize the effects of pH on the physical and chemical stabilities of topical cream formulations containing particularly high concentrations of DEGEE by characterizing a full topical pH profile of 3.5 – 9.0. The second goal is to evaluate the presence, amount, and characteristics of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), molecularly structured in a lamellar phase, in a model cream emulsion utilizing polarized light microscopy (PLM). The presence …

July / August 2021, Randy Curry, Cindy Brooks

RURAL ROCKS

Rural Rocks, the Rural Health Network newsletter by the SWOSU College of Pharmacy.

Transversus Abdominis Plane Block: A Scoping Review, Liam Maher, Leanne Orians, Gabrielle Pappas, Lanny Coker Dnsc, Crna

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

The purpose of this project is to provide an overview of the literature on the analgesic effects of transverse abdominal plane (TAP) block and its effectiveness in reducing opioid consumption.

Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine For Reduction Of Postoperative Delirium In The Elderly: A Scoping Review, Gregory B. Harris Bsn, Rn, Srna, Brooke N. Hatchell Bsn, Rn, Srna, Davelin D. Woodard Bsn, Rn, Srna, Dwayne Accardo Dnp, Aprn, Crna

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background/Purpose: Post-operative delirium leads to significant morbidity in elderly patients, yet there is no regimen to prevent POD. Opioid use in the elderly surgical population is of the most significant risk factors for developing POD. The purpose of this scoping review is to recognize that Dexmedetomidine mitigates cognitive dysfunction secondary to acute pain and the use of narcotic analgesia by decreasing the amount of norepinephrine (an excitatory neurotransmitter) released during times of stress. This mechanism of action also provides analgesia through decreased perception and modulation of pain.

Methods: The authors developed eligibility criteria for inclusion of articles and performed a …

Pain Control: Opioid Vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During The Immediate Postoperative Period, Shamsie M. Lumpkin Bsn, Srna, Isaac W. Parrish Bsn, Srna, Austin S. Terrell Bsn, Srna, Dwayne S. Accardo Dnp, Aprn, Crna

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to …

Dexmedetomidine Vs Fentanyl In Attenuating The Sympathetic Surge During Endotracheal Intubation: A Scoping Review, Alexandra Schwieger, Kaelee Shrewsbury, Paul Shaver, Dwayne Accardo Dnp, Crna

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Purpose/Background Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation after induction of anesthesia can cause a reflex sympathetic surge of catecholamines caused by airway stimulation. This may cause hypertension, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. This reflex can be detrimental in patients with poor cardiac reserve and can be poorly tolerated and lead to adverse events such as myocardial ischemia. Fentanyl, a potent opioid, with a rapid onset and short duration of action is given during induction to block the sympathetic response. With a rise in the opioid crisis and finding ways to change the practice in medicine to use less opioids, dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 …

An Investigation Into Over The Counter Painkiller Use, Shane M. Cusack, Angeline D. Lagali, Andreia Stavrianos

International Undergraduate Journal of Health Sciences

This study comprises a survey to examine the use, risks, and awareness of over-the-counter (OTC) pain medication. The survey was a paper-based survey extended to the general public in Cork, Ireland from February 24^th 2020 to March 14^th 2020. A Microsoft Excel template (16.34 2020) was used to analyse the results of the 106 valid responses that were received. Responses showed that 105/106 individuals had taken an OTC painkiller in their lifetime. Paracetamol was the most used OTC painkiller with 98.1% of people having taken it in the past. The overall majority of individuals were aware of …

Full Issue: The International Undergraduate Journal Of Health Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 1, June 2021, Iujhs Full Issue

International Undergraduate Journal of Health Sciences

The full June 2021 issue (Volume 1, Issue 1) of the International Undergraduate Journal of Health Sciences