Leisure Studies Commons^™

Strengthening The Foundations Of Outdoor Education, Anderson B. Young, Leo H. Mcavoy

Research in Outdoor Education

A preface to the journal "Research in Outdoor Education," volume 3 is presented by the authors on behalf of the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors (CEO) Research Committee.

Front Matter, Coalition For Education In The Outdoors (Ceo)

Research in Outdoor Education

The Coalition for Education in the Outdoors initiated a Research Task Force in 1990 with the purpose of supporting the conduct of research in the field and the dissemination of the results. The symposium at Bradford Woods and these proceedings offer evidence of the success of this task force. At the first symposium in 1992, there was general agreement that the symposium be a regular occurrence. The 1994 and 1996 Symposia and these Proceedings are indicators of the Coalition's continued support of research in outdoor education. Information on future events will be available through the Coalition office.

This article includes …

Outdoor Education And Spirituality, Tom Smith

Research in Outdoor Education

The question at hand is that of researching the impact of outdoor recreational and educa­tional experiences on the spiritual development of the individual. I approach that question from the perspective of a facilitator of personal growth who has long advocated the methodolo­gies considered as experiential outdoor/chal­lenge/adventure education.

Outdoor Education And The Schools, Bert Horwood

Research in Outdoor Education

The research reported to gatherings spon­sored by the Coalition for Education in the Out­doors has had relatively little connection with school-based outdoor education. In this paper, I will explore the potentially fruitful interface between education in the outdoors and the schools. The exploration is influenced by the uncertainty of our times, and I have organized this report to reflect two views. One is that the social ferment of the mid-1990s is normal and that we can continue to conduct research in the way that Kuhn (1974) characterized as "normal science." The second view is that the social fab­ric of the …

Person-Place Engagement Among Recreation Visitors, Iris B. Wilson

Research in Outdoor Education

Leaders of groups participating in experien­tial programs in the outdoors, particularly in backcountry expeditions, can increase group management effectiveness and enhance personal benefit to participants by taking into account the various modes in which individuals engage themselves with the physical setting.

Responsible Environmental Behavior: Metaphoric Transference Of Minimum-Impact Ideology, J. Porter Hammitt, Wayne A. Freimund

Research in Outdoor Education

This abstract represents a thesis research project that studied changes in National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) students' attitudes, intentions, and behavior, as they pertain to the environment, resulting from participation in NOLS' Wind River Wilderness course. It was hypothesized that an increase in these concerns would result from the metaphoric transference of minimum-impact ideology to daily life. Prominent theories from the fields of social psychology and environmental education relating attitudes, intentions, behavior, and other considerations were incorporated into the theo­retical framework of the study.

Providing An Authentic Wilderness Experience? Thinking Beyond The Wilderness Act Of 1964, William T. Borrie, Joseph W. Roggenbuck

Research in Outdoor Education

Six facets of a wilderness experience are suggested (oneness, humility, primitiveness, timelessness, soli­tude, and care) based on the writings of wilderness philosophers such as Henry David Thoreau and John Muir. In structuring our lessons in wilderness, we could do well to broaden our notion of wilderness be- yond the Wilderness Act.

Ethical Frameworks, Moral Practices And Outdoor Education, Karen M. Fox, Mick Lautt

Research in Outdoor Education

Discoveries and insights from quantum physics and chaos theory help create new metaphors about. ethical frameworks and moral practices in outdoor education. Using concepts such as fractals, fields, and strange attractors, we explore new ways to view research results, scholarly writings, and creative endeavors related to outdoor education. In addition, we evaluate four themes related to the present ethical discourse in outdoor education and sketch new directions for moral practice.

Group Development And Group Dynamics In Outdoor Education, Leo H. Mcavoy, Denise S. Mitten, L. Allison Stringer, James P. Steckhart, Kraig Sproles

Research in Outdoor Education

This paper presents an update of the research on group development and group dynamics in out­door education since the 1992 edition of these Proceedings. The research is presented within the six categories of individual and personal dimensions: group process and structure, group functions and tasks, leadership and power, environmental influences, and the impact of the group on the in­dividual. The paper includes a discussion of pertinent research in the fields of social work, com­munications, and management Specific recommendations are made for future research in outdoor education focusing on group development and dynamics.

Research In Outdoor Education: Our Place On The Porch, Alan Ewert

Research in Outdoor Education

This article is an edited version of the transcript from Dr. Ewert's videotaped presentation at the Symposium.

A Research Summary For Corporate Adventure Training (Cat) And Experience-Based Training And Development(Ebtd), Simon Priest

Research in Outdoor Education

This paper is a review of research in Corporate Adventure Training (CAT) and Experience-Based Training and Development (EBTD); a summary of a number of research studies in CAT and EBTD conducted through the Corporate Adventure Training Institute and other researchers; and, recommendations for future research in this growing field of outdoor education. The research results indicate corporate adventure training programs can be effective means of team building and other group development outcomes. The author gives a number of recommendations for future research including the need to investigate the pro­gram elements that contn'bute to overall program effectiveness.

Integrating Outdoor Leadership Education Into The Academic Setting, Pamela E. Foti

Research in Outdoor Education

To integrate outdoor leadership education effectively within university academic programs, innovative curricula need to be developed that combine field and classroom work. The goal must be to enable students to understand and assimilate the knowledge base within the classroom and to be able to.apply and show judgment and competence in the field.

A Research Update Of Adventure Therapy (1992-1995): Challenge Activities And Ropes Courses, Wilderness Expeditions, And Residential Camping Programs, H. Lee Gillis, Donna Thomsen

Research in Outdoor Education

n 1992 a review of research in adventure therapy offered a perspective that utilized work in psy­chotherapy as a lens to view the current state of the field. From that review, several recommenda­tions were made to gain respect within the field of traditional mental health. This update examines the recommendations made in 1992 and updates them utilizing research that has taken place in adventure therapy and borrowing liberally from suggestions made for enhancing the field of psy­chotherapy. The article makes the following points. First, the field of adventure therapy must cre­ate a collective document that addresses its accomplishments and effectiveness. …

Interactive Behaviors Between Students And Instructors In The Outdoors, Christine Cashel

Research in Outdoor Education

Research investigating the instructional pro­cess has been conducted in many settings but is still a young science (Rink, 1985). The relation­ships between variables that affect the teaching-­learning process and student achievement have been studied in contemporary educational re­search. Few, if any, studies have focused on the interactive behaviors of instructors and students in the outdoor environment.

The Current Status Of Women's Employment In Outdoor Leadership, T. A. Loeffler

Research in Outdoor Education

The study analyzed women's employment rates from 62 outdoor organizations to determine women's rep­resentation in the outdoor field. Statistical analysis revealed that women were under-represented in outdoor organizations at the executive and management levels using a proportionality standard. Additionally, women reported lower salaries and higher gender-based discrimination occurrences than their male coun­terparts.

"Kind Of In The Middle": The Gendered Meanings Of The Outdoors For Women Students, Karla A. Henderson, Sherry Winn, Nina S. Roberts

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this study was to examine the links between past, present, and future involvement for females and perceptions about whether the outdoors was perceived as a gendered environment Data were collected using five focus group interviews. Several aspects of grounded theory emerged from this study including aspects of exposure to outdoor opportunities as a child, in­volvement in the outdoors as a result of an4 resistance to a gendered society, and contradictions between idealized attitudes and the realities of women's involvement in the outdoors.

The Permanency Of A Specific Self-Concept, Alan N. Wright

Research in Outdoor Education

The Adjective Check List was used to measure a global and a specific self-concept. The results indicate differentiation between the global self and a specific adventure self as mountaineer and a high degree of permanency was found in the specific self at the follow-up thirteen years later.

Evaluating The Impact Of Environmental Interpretation: A Review Of Three Research Studies, Doug Knapp

Research in Outdoor Education

This paper reviews three research studies that looked at the impact an intexpreti;e experience has on kno􀀟ledge, atti_ 􀀠de, and/or behavior of a park visitor. research methodologies, limitations, and conclusions were discussed for all three studies.

Teaching And Evaluating Outdoor Ethics Programs: Setting A Research Agenda, Bruce E. Matthews

Research in Outdoor Education

No abstract provided.

Personality Preferences Of Outdoor Participants, Christine Cashel, Diane Montgomery, Suzie Lane

Research in Outdoor Education

There remains some question about how to link what is known about individuals to the planning and implementation of group struc­tured outdoor programs. One theory that may illuminate the program planning and imple­mentation processes in terms of collective dif­ferences is Jungian personality theory.

Coe Fliers From Proceedings, Coalition For Education In The Outdoors (Ceo)

Research in Outdoor Education

Information on joining COE or subscribing to Taproot are included here. They were originally included at the end of the Proceedings.

The 1996 Outlook For Travel And Tourism In Montana, Norma P. Nickerson, Neal A. Christensen

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Summarizes Montana's 1995 performance and offers projections for 1996 in travel, tourism, and recreation. Produced for the annual Economic Outlook Seminar series sponsored by The University of Montana Bureau of Business and Economic Research.

Protecting Your Back: Weight Room Management, Peter J. Titlebaum, Gordon Rackley

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Weight room supervision can be a formidable undertaking without the necessary preparations and precautions. Weight room supervisors are much like the Secret Service; that is, no matter what happens, if bad, it is the supervisor's fault. Risk management is more important now than at any point in history. The keys to preventing problems and creating an efficient weight room facility include a highly trained staff and a thoroughly detailed employee manual designed specifically for the weight room.

Opinions About Tourism Development In The Bitterroot Valley: A Survey Of Residents, Nancy Lee Menning

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Presents the results of a resident attitude survey administered as part of a large Community Tourism Assessment Process for the Bitterroot Valley conducted during 1995.

Opinions About Tourism Development On The Fort Belknap, Nancy Lee Menning

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Presents the results of a resident attitude survey administered as part of a large Community Tourism Assessment Process for the Fort Belknap conducted during 1995.

Wildlife Viewing In Montana: An Overview, Nancy Lee Menning

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Summarizes information on wildlife viewing in Montana by residents and nonresidents, drawing from three studies conducted by the ITRR as well as the 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. The report displays national trends in wildlife viewing, resident and nonresident viewer characteristics and participation patterns in Montana, and resident preferences for viewing area enhancements and for program funding sources.

Jobs & Wages: The Tourism Industry Dilemma, Neal A. Christensen, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Designed to provide background information for the debate about the merits of tourism-related employment. This report utilizes a combination of primary and secondary data along with IMPLAN analysis to describe the structure of tourism jobs throughout the Montana economy and to make some comparisons with other industries.

Adolescents' Use Of Discretionary Time: A Time Use Study Of The Central Utah Area, Rebecca Hirschi

Theses and Dissertations

This study provides Central Utah school and recreation leaders with local data on which to base their program development by collecting and analyzing data on adolescents' use of time, and to compare local statistics with national data. The research included participants from Nephi, Spanish Fork, and Provo schools. Each participant completed 7 days of a leisure time diary, which detailed daily activities. Single sample t-tests on the data revealed that Central Utah adolescents' time use is significantly different from national statistics. The differences in the statistics indicate that school and recreation leaders need local data on which to base adolescent …

A Study Of The Relationships Of Tourism And Potential Impacts On Montana Counties , Neal Christensen

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Preliminary exploration of potential relationships between levels of tourism and measures of community infrastructure and quality-of-life. Most data is presented at the county level. This report was prepared for a working group including tourism leaders and city and county representatives who met together to discuss the research over a six-month period; as such, the report does not fully inform the reader of the full background and methodology of the reported study. ITRR recommends caution in interpreting results.

The Montana Trail Users Study, Stephen F. Mccool, Justin Harris

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Presents participation rates by Montana residents for various activities on Montana trails. Motorized and non-motorized, winter and summer activities are included. Participant preferences as well as perceptions of conflict with other trail users and barriers to participation are summarized.