Leisure Studies Commons^™

Expenditure Profiles And Marketing Responsiveness Of Nonresident Visitor Groups To Montana, Kim Mcmahon, Kristin Aldred Cheek

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Provides expenditure characteristics of nonresident visitors in Montana during the summer, winter, and shoulder seasons. Examines total expenditures by groups as well as distribution of expenditures by sector of spending. Travel groups are characterized by season of visit, primary reason for trip to Montana, area of travel groups residence, and primary recreation attraction to Montana. Also explores the issue of marketing responsiveness and provides a discussion on which groups are most likely to respond to promotional marketing and why.

Expenditure Profiles And Marketing Responsiveness Of Nonresident Visitor Groups To Montana, Kim Mcmahon, Kristin Aldred Cheek

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Provides expenditure characteristics of nonresident visitors in Montana during the summer, winter, and shoulder seasons. Examines total expenditures by groups as well as distribution of expenditures by sector of spending. Travel groups are characterized by season of visit, primary reason for trip to Montana, area of travel groups residence, and primary recreation attraction to Montana. Also explores the issue of marketing responsiveness and provides a discussion on which groups are most likely to respond to promotional marketing and why.

Winter Nonresident Travelers To Montana: Profiles And Characteristics, Kim Mcmahon, Kristin Aldred Cheek, Rita Black

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Provides characteristics of winter travel groups to Montana during winter 1997-98 in terms of purposes of trip, attractions to the state, activity participation, expenditures, information sources, and other valuable information. The last section of the report contains winter travel marketing suggestions for the state.

Nonresident Winter Visitor: Comments About Montana, Paul Grant

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Presents written comments of winter visitors to Montana. Use frequency of comment categories as well as summer comments vs. winter comments are examined.

Resident's Opinions About Montana, Their Community, And Tourism, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Excerpts from the 1997 CTAP Report 53. Montana residents provided opinions about how the state and their community is currently affected by tourism as well as perceived effects of tourism development. Results in this report address only the responses and comments provided by respondents to the statewide survey.

Economic Impacts Of Going-To-The-Sun Road Reconstruction: Montana And "Glacier Area" Impacts, Norma P. Nickerson, Ross E. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Estimates the potential economic impact of various reconstruction alternatives of the Going-to-the-Sun road in Glacier National Park. This study provides the information needed to make an informed decision about the alternative choices. Analysis of secondary data on Glacier National Park, vehicle movement in the park, and other travel statistics.

Nonresident Travel In Montana: Putting The Numbers Into Context, Kristin Aldred Cheek, Rita Black

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Provides nonresident travel's contribution to state taxes, as well as the role of nonresident travel in the state's economy. Also provides impacts of a hypothetical 15 percent decrease in nonresident visitor expenditures.

Preliminary Study Of Resident-Nonresident Proportions In Montana Accommodations: Methodological Attempts, Kim Mcmahon, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Describes methodological attempts to establish portions of statewide Accommodation Facility Use Taxes paid by residents and nonresidents.

A National Study Of Domestic Travel: Results For Montana, Rita J. Black

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Analysis of Secondary Data from the American Travel Survey Conducted by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Washington, DC A nationwide survey of approximately 80,000 households was conducted to document domestic travel patterns of Americans for an entire year. The survey was designed to record travel involving only the travelers' destinations. The data for each state were classified into three areas: nonresidents traveling to each state, each state's residents traveling within their state, and each state's residents traveling out-of-state. The results for Montana are presented in this report, and comparisons to ITRR nonresident data are made.

Chouteau County Community Tourism Assessment Process: Visitor Profile And Resident Attitudes, Neal Christensen

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

As part of the Community Tourism Assessment Process (CTAP), the residents of Chouteau County were surveyed to determine opinions toward tourism development in their communities. The results were compared to a sample of statewide respondents.

Nonresident Summer Travelers To Montana: Tourism Region Report, Josie Parrish, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Analysis of nonresident summer travelers to Montana. Examines travel on statewide and regional highway segments, points of entry into Montana, activity participation and number of nights spent by travelers in each region. Appendix B provides regional comparisons.

Montana Resident Attitudes Toward Tourism - Update: 1992-1997 , Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Presents results of three questions pertaining to resident attitudes toward tourism included in annual surveys since 1991.

Toward A Sustainable Tourism And Recreation Industry In Montana: An Examination Of Concepts And Industry Perceptions , Stephen F. Mccool, Chuck Burgess, Norma P. Nickerson

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Addresses the issue of sustainable tourism in Montana in terms of what sustainable tourism means, how to make tourism sustainable, and what tourism should sustain. Literature addresses these questions as well as perceptions by the industry.

Montana Vision Travel Research: 1998, Norma P. Nickerson, Kim Mcmahon

Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research Publications

Outlook for 1998 and Review of 1997.

Leisure And Delinquency: A Comparative Study Of The Link Between Leisure Activities And Delinquency, Patricia L. Brougham

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

For decades policymakers, among others, have assumed that involving juveniles in leisure/recreation somehow prevents them from engaging in misbehavior and/or leisure/recreation has rehabilitative value for delinquents. The belief seems to be that involvement in leisure/recreation changes juveniles so they will be less likely to engage in delinquent behavior in the future. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between delinquency and leisure/recreation by comparing samples of high school students with juveniles who were on probation for delinquent behavior.

There were three statistical comparisons made. First, statistical analyses were used to determine whether there were gender differences. …

Building The Research Foundations Of Outdoor Education, Karen M. Fox, Leo H. Mcavoy, Anderson B. Young

Research in Outdoor Education

A preface to the journal "Research in Outdoor Education," volume 4 is presented by the authors on behalf of the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors (CEO) Research Committee.

An Integrative Review Of The Literature On Women In The Outdoors, Karla Henderson, Nina Roberts

Research in Outdoor Education

The intent of this integrative re­view was to examine approaches used in the existing literature about women and the outdoors, to determine the status of current research, and to suggest implica­tions for the future.

Front Matter, Coalition For Education In The Outdoors (Ceo)

Research in Outdoor Education

The Coalition for Education in the Outdoors initiated a Research Task Force in 1990 with the purpose of supporting the conduct of research in the field and the dissemination of the results. The symposium at Bradford Woods and these proceedings offer evidence of the success of this task force. At the first symposium in 1992, there was general agreement that the symposium be a regular occurrence. The 1994, 1996 and 1998 Symposia and these Proceedings are indicators of the Coalition's continued support of research in outdoor education. Information on future events will be available through the Coalition office.

This article …

"A Sense Of Competence." Re-Conceptualizing Issues Of Competence For Women In Outdoor Education, T. A. Loeffler

Research in Outdoor Education

Competence development in outdoor education is a complex process that is shaped by gender-role socialization, learning environments, and by individual differences. Outdoor educators need to further their un­derstanding of this process so they can fully empower themselves and their students. Outdoor programs need to be designed to support the development of both compe­tence in outdoor skills and a sense of com­petence in these skills so program partici­pants will be able to fully participate in out­door activities. This abstract provides an introduction to the issue of competence de­velopment and further discussion of this topic is available in Loeffler (1997).

Self-Efficacy And Adventure Programs: Transferring Outcomes To Everyday Life, Todd Paxton, Leo H. Mcavoy

Research in Outdoor Education

In the field of outdoor education, the be­lief that outdoor adventure programs have the ability to increase the participants' self-efficacy has long been. used to defend program existence and to give more credi­bility to the discipline (Berman & Ber­man, 1994; Cockrell, 1991; Ewert, 1989; Miles & Priest, 1990). Although outdoor adventure programs are based on the as­sumption that a positive effect on indi­viduals' self-efficacy will carry over into the participants' lives after the course, there is little empirical research on this topic. In Hattie, Marsh, Neill, & Richards' (1997) meta-analysis of research on adventure programs, they point out the need …

Factors Affecting The Personal And Social Outcomes Of Organized Camping, Marta K. Moorman

Research in Outdoor Education

Summer camp holds a special place in the minds of children. thoughts of camp bring images of swimming, hiking, laughing and making new friends. According to Dustiri (1989), the secret of organized camping is that camp is on a finite, human scale. Anyone can make a difference in their own comer of the world. Another important aspect of camp (Dustin, 1994) is creating a place for children to be children, not ''minia­ture adults" (p.28). Chenery (1984) sees the essential contribution of camp as. providing children with a space for spiritual development. Many factors could influence what sort of experiences campers …

Outdoor Leader Self Awareness And Its Relationship To Co-Leaders' Perceptions Of Influence, Mark C. Wagstaff

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this study was to ex­amine the relationship between outdoor leader self-awareness and co-leaders' per­ceptions of leader influence. Self­-awareness was based on the concept of self-actualization (Maslow, 1968, 1970, 1971). The construct of influence was operationalized as power (French & Ra­ven, 1959).

Validity And Reliability Of The Outdoor Education Practicum Questionnaire, Thomas J. Quinn

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this study was to de­sign a reliable and valid instrument to measure perceived levels of anxiety of students en­rolled in a resident outdoor adventure educa­tion course, and to support a four factor model of perceived levels of anxiety of students in such programs. The four proposed factors or latent variables include: 1) Level of Control, 2) Program Inadequacies, 3) Personal Inade­quacies, and 4) Level of Comfort.

Validating Predictors To Determine Optimal Adventure In Whitewater Kayaking, Chris D. Jones, Steven J. Hollenhurst

Research in Outdoor Education

This study attempts to validate predictors of optimal adventure within an on-site whitewater kayaking setting using a modification of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Based on the flow theory and Martin and Priest's (1986) Adventure Experience Paradigm, it was expected that measures of challenge-skill and risk-competence would be correlated and predict indicators of an optimal or peak adventure experience. Additionally, it was expected that differences would be found in the levels of perceived challenge and risk according to the difficulty of river stages.

Pitfalls To Avoid In Adventure Education Outcome Research, Jim Sibthorp

Research in Outdoor Education

There has been much consensus that adventure education needs more theory building and theory testing, yet the meth­odological problems associated with much of the empirical and quantitative research are making this a daunting task. Future . research endeavors should (a) make com­parisons t}lat make sense, (b) use random assignment to experimental and con­trol/comparison groups, (c) use and report appropriate statistical procedures, ( d) take care to assess validity of research instru­ments for populations under study, (e) be willing to openly discuss project biases and limitations.

Efficacy Of A Tr Self-Esteem Program For Adolescents With Emotional Disturbances In A Treatment Setting, Ramon B. Zabriskie

Research in Outdoor Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a modularized therapeutic recreation self-esteem program (that included outdoor adventure based components) provided for adolescents in a residential treatment center. Data were also collected on demographic variables including age, gender, and ethnicity. Subjects consisted of 112 adolescent patients ranging from ages 12 to 17, with an average length of stay of nine months to one year.

Learning Outdoor Recreation Skills In A Safe Place: Lessons From A Single Sex Program, Deb Jordan

Research in Outdoor Education

The primary intent of this study was to ascertain the reasons women participate in single-sex outdoor recreation workshops to learn outdoor recreation skills. A secondary issue was to identify reasons for participation in outdoor recreation activities.

Evaluating Short Term And Long Term Retention Of Experiences Associated With An Interpretive School Field Trip, Jim Sibthorp, Doug Knapp

Research in Outdoor Education

The strong evidence that an interpre­tive experience can promote initial knowl­edge retention sets up a more difficult ques­tion: how long do these students hold on to . this information? More precisely, what do the students remember one month or more after the initial treatment? Are these memo­ries associated with interpreter-derived pro­gram objectives or tertiary variables such as social or environmental factors? Can the memories from this experience impact a stu­dent's attitude toward the resource site? These are questions that are looked at through this pilot study evaluating short term and long term retention of experiences associated with an interpretive school …

The Future Of Research In Outdoor Education, Simon Priest

Research in Outdoor Education

Editor's Note: The CEO research sym­posia have always included working ses­sions on topics and issues of concern to participants. At the fourth symposium, the topic was no less than "the future of research in our field." Masterfully fa­cilitated by Simon Priest, symposium participants alternated between plenary sessions and smaller working groups and sought to develop agendas and strategies that might advance our field in important ways. Pleased with the re­sults, everyone asked Simon to prepare a summary, which he promptly did and distributed by e-mail. For- the record, we conclude these proceedings by printing Simon Priest's outline-style summary of this …

Controversial Issues In Adventure Education, Tom Potter, Scott Wurdinger

Research in Outdoor Education

The book, Controversial Issues in Adventure Education, will address some of the most controversial topics in the field of adventure education. It will consist of 15 questions set up in a debate format where adventure education professional will present opposing viewpoints on each issue.