Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Psychology (2639)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (1692)
- Public Policy (1139)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (816)
- Sociology (731)
-
- Public Administration (709)
- Education (598)
- Business (525)
- Social Work (510)
- Clinical Psychology (481)
- Arts and Humanities (428)
- Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies (300)
- Counseling Psychology (273)
- Public Health (268)
- Public Health Education and Promotion (250)
- Social Psychology (249)
- Mental and Social Health (223)
- Psychiatric and Mental Health (220)
- Criminology (213)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (212)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (203)
- Quantitative Psychology (181)
- Education Policy (174)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (167)
- Family, Life Course, and Society (159)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (154)
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (153)
- Communication (149)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (141)
- Keyword
-
- Leadership (133)
- Stress (93)
- Education (75)
- African American (74)
- Depression (73)
-
- Qualitative (71)
- Mental Health (70)
- Recidivism (68)
- Resilience (68)
- Police (60)
- Management (59)
- Women (59)
- Trauma (58)
- Retention (56)
- Burnout (55)
- Communication (54)
- Policy (54)
- Mental health (52)
- Autism (51)
- PTSD (51)
- Psychology (49)
- Self-efficacy (48)
- Motivation (47)
- Veterans (47)
- Terrorism (45)
- COVID-19 (43)
- Gender (42)
- Coping (41)
- Law Enforcement (41)
- Public Policy (41)
Articles 1921 - 1950 of 5913
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Experiences In Informal Mentoring Among African American Women In Management, Alexandria Simone Samuels-Ross
Experiences In Informal Mentoring Among African American Women In Management, Alexandria Simone Samuels-Ross
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There is a lack of African American women representing senior management and executive positions within nonprofit organizations due to organizational culture, gender stereotypes, and failure to capitalize on the talents of women in general. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the informal mentoring experiences of African American women employed as managers for over two years in nonprofit organizations. Research has suggested the need for further study of on-the-job mentoring and its impact on employees’ job satisfaction and opportunities to advance within an organization. The theoretical framework that guided the study was social exchange theory, which is …
Diabetes Self-Management Education In The Urban Low Socioeconomic Status Senior Population, Heather Santa Barbara
Diabetes Self-Management Education In The Urban Low Socioeconomic Status Senior Population, Heather Santa Barbara
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This exploratory quantitative study used a survey design to address a gap in the literature concerning primary care team perceptions about diabetes care for urban low socioeconomic status seniors with diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic health problem that is often managed in primary care offices, and primary care teams are often the first source of education and support for patients. Standards of management for seniors with diabetes has changed to eliminate tight control of glucose levels, and primary care team members may have differing perceptions about diabetes care depending upon their role in the primary care team and years of …
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 30-Day Readmission Rates In California, Illinois, And New York, Theresa Teverbaugh
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 30-Day Readmission Rates In California, Illinois, And New York, Theresa Teverbaugh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractThe Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have implemented financial penalties to reduce hospital readmissions for various conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As a result, hospital administrators explore ways to prevent financial penalties for excessive COPD 30-day hospital readmissions. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if there was a correlation between hospital Medicare reimbursement, quality-of-care measures related to patient satisfaction, and 30-day readmissions rates for COPD patients in California, Illinois, and New York. The quality-of-care measures included communication with nurses, communication with doctors, the hospital staff's responsiveness, and medicine communication. The secondary data were …
Exploring The Behavioral Health Clinician Shortage At A Rural Midwestern U.S. Agency, Tracy L. Wilson
Exploring The Behavioral Health Clinician Shortage At A Rural Midwestern U.S. Agency, Tracy L. Wilson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Behavioral health clinician shortages are a significant and ongoing problem in the United States, especially in rural areas, which have higher rates of homelessness, suicide, substance use, and violence rates than urban areas. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore factors contributing to the behavioral health clinician shortage in a rural midwestern U.S. public health department. The goal was to gain a better understanding of this shortage and explore strategies and solutions for recruiting and retaining behavioral health clinicians at the agency’s facilities. The Baldrige excellence framework undergirded the investigation. Data sources included interviews with three administrative …
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Pessimism–Optimism Scale As A Predictor In Depression Change After Medication Treatment And Placebo, Donna J. Winsor
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Pessimism–Optimism Scale As A Predictor In Depression Change After Medication Treatment And Placebo, Donna J. Winsor
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The field of positive psychology has included research on the personality traits of optimism and pessimism and how they predict depression; however, there has been limited investigation on whether these characteristics can predict treatment outcomes. This study used a quantitative nonexperimental design with archived data provided by Summit Research Network, to evaluate whether pessimism or optimism, as measured by the Pessimism–Optimism (PSM) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, had an effect on depression and somatic symptom change in 98 adults with depression who were randomized into imipramine, alprazolam, or placebo treatment. Seligman’s explanatory style theory was used to guide …
Allied Health Professionals’ Lived Experiences Concerning Organizational Justice And Inclusion, Jozette A. Wood
Allied Health Professionals’ Lived Experiences Concerning Organizational Justice And Inclusion, Jozette A. Wood
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractThe lived experiences of allied health assistants (AHAs) are not well understood regarding organizational justice (OJ) and their sense of inclusion within their workplace. Although, OJ and inclusion have been an area of study among scholars for over a decade; the amount of literature supporting AHAs perceptions of these constructs is limited. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of AHAs’ perceptions of the components of OJ (i.e., distributive, and procedural) and the potential implications for their sense of inclusion. Justice judgment theory provided the theoretical framework for this study. Three primary research questions were …
Women Veterans’ Benefit Application Experiences In South-Central Texas, Wendy B. Yeldell
Women Veterans’ Benefit Application Experiences In South-Central Texas, Wendy B. Yeldell
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Female veterans are increasing and are anticipated to make up 20% of all veterans; however, they are less likely to apply for and use their veterans’ benefits, such as medical, mental health counseling, educational, and other programs that can benefit warriors and their family. South-Central Texas Veteran Service Organization (SCTVSO) has outreach initiatives to reach female veterans and assist during the veterans’ benefits application process. The study’s overarching question centered on obtaining insights from female veterans on their familiarity with SCTVSO and experiences with the benefit application process. This study focused on the largest population of women veterans in the …
Stakeholders’ Perspectives On Social Intervention Policy To Curb Street Children Influx In Ghana, Ismaila Hansmittson Awudu
Stakeholders’ Perspectives On Social Intervention Policy To Curb Street Children Influx In Ghana, Ismaila Hansmittson Awudu
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Increasing street children influx in Accra, Ghana, is a challenge to the government, policymakers, and citizens despite the Child and Family Welfare Policy (CFWP) of the Ghana Ministry of Gender, Children, and Social Protection to address this social problem. In 2018, an estimated 90,000 children lived on the streets in the Greater Accra Region. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore stakeholders’ perspectives on social intervention policies and programs and the effectiveness of the CWFP in curbing street children influx. Policy feedback theory was the theoretical foundation for the research. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with nine …
Impact Of Legal Representation On An Unaccompanied Child’S Immigration Case Outcome, Victoria Celia Castillo
Impact Of Legal Representation On An Unaccompanied Child’S Immigration Case Outcome, Victoria Celia Castillo
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Many of the unaccompanied children entering the United States by crossing the border from Mexico remain alone without legal protections, leaving them vulnerable to detention and deportation. The problem addressed in this study is the lack of availability and accessibility to legal representation for an unaccompanied child’s immigration proceedings. The theory of intersectionality by Kimberlé Crenshaw guided the study, as this theory is used to understand how multiple social identities, such as race and gender, intersect at the micro-level of individual experience to expose interlocking systems of privilege and oppression. For this nonexperimental quantitative study, secondary data from the Transactional …
The Relationship Between Community College Instructors’ Perception Of Andragogical Orientation And Instructional Style., Renea P. Coley
The Relationship Between Community College Instructors’ Perception Of Andragogical Orientation And Instructional Style., Renea P. Coley
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Community colleges in Northern and Southeastern Virginia have struggled with enrollment and retention of adult learners. Addressing adult learners’ needs is an important focus for instructors, yet few studies have addressed how instructors can use andragogy, the art and science of adult learning, to influence their instructional practices to support adult learners. Based on self-determination theory, this quantitative, cross-sectional study examined the extent that 75 community college instructors’ perceived andragogical orientation predicted an autonomy-supportive instructional style controlling for instructor years of teaching, highest degree earned, and gender. Instructors from 10 community colleges in Northern and Southeastern Virginia teaching in the …
An Operations Manual To Replicate A Playground Program For Children With Special Needs In Global Regions, Terry Collier
An Operations Manual To Replicate A Playground Program For Children With Special Needs In Global Regions, Terry Collier
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Physical disabilities restrict children’s motor abilities, affecting their participation in physical activities and play. But play area equipment can give children a way to participate in play regardless of their disability. The purpose of the study was to explore the need for an operations manual for nonprofit organizations when designing and developing inclusive play areas for children with special needs worldwide. The research question examined what processes during the design and development of inclusive play areas could be standardized with an operations manual. Interviews were conducted with two members with historical and operational knowledge of the organization. Transcribed data were …
Social Workers’ Role In School Discipline Of Black Male Students, Teresa L. Cooper
Social Workers’ Role In School Discipline Of Black Male Students, Teresa L. Cooper
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
School administrators enforce various forms of school discipline, including office referrals, suspensions, and expulsions, as strategies to maintain safe learning environments for students and staff. Over four decades of research indicate Black male students experience more consequences and receive tougher school discipline than their peers of other races. School discipline potentially causes adverse outcomes for students. Schools employ social workers to support behavior and academic needs of students. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore lived experiences of school social workers in their role in school discipline of Black male students. The theoretical framework used for this study …
Work Engagement In A Changing Nonprofit Environment, Shukura Crevelle
Work Engagement In A Changing Nonprofit Environment, Shukura Crevelle
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Employee engagement is defined as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind and describes work team members who gain a sense of connection in what they do. This has an impact on the physical, mental, and emotional health of the employee and the health of the organization. There was a need to explore contributing factors to employee engagement in a changing remote organization because there was a current gap in the literature regarding employee engagement and organizational change. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore causes to low engagement among employees in a nonprofit organization located in the …
A Correlational Investigation Of Father Emotional Presence And Gender Role Identity In African American Women, Malika Dandridge
A Correlational Investigation Of Father Emotional Presence And Gender Role Identity In African American Women, Malika Dandridge
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The psychological well-being and gender role development of a woman is greatly affected by the emotional presence of her father growing up. Until recently, most of the research on father-daughter relationships has been done on Caucasian working-class families, and very little has been done on father-daughter relationships in the African American community. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of a father’s emotional presence (dependable, involved, engaged) and uncover whether this type of presence was correlated with a woman’s gender role identity among African American women aged 18 years of age or older. The socioeconomic status (working …
The Role Of Nonprofit Organizations Serving Vulnerable Populations During Disasters, Joy Dvornicich
The Role Of Nonprofit Organizations Serving Vulnerable Populations During Disasters, Joy Dvornicich
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Disasters can strike any population, but research has shown that poor, disabled, medically underserved people and children are more adversely affected than the general population. This qualitative descriptive case study aimed to understand better nonprofit organizations' (NPO) impact on vulnerable populations during disasters. Data was collected through semistructured interviews with representatives of NPOs from a southeastern city in Pennsylvania whose clients are vulnerable populations. This qualitative case study was based on Weisbrod’s theory of government failure. The 4Cs of communicate, collaborate, coordinate, and cooperate were investigated through semistructured interviews and a review of secondary data. The research questions were designed …
Intersectional Invisibility Of Black Lgbtqia+ Client Strategies For Bias And Discrimination Prevention, Dr. Tonya Y. Griffith
Intersectional Invisibility Of Black Lgbtqia+ Client Strategies For Bias And Discrimination Prevention, Dr. Tonya Y. Griffith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Abstract Those who identify as members of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) communities have been victims of bias and prejudicial attitudes. Because LGBTQIA+ people embody all cultures, races, religious convictions, and socioeconomic statuses, this creates additional barriers for some community members who identify as both Black and LGBTQIA+. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore social workers’ perceptions of intersectional invisibility when working with Black LGBTQIA+ clients and the strategies that social workers identify as beneficial in averting discrimination and bias when working with this community. Implicit bias theory and intersectionality theory …
Administrative Support In Student Violence Directed Toward Teachers In K–12, Urban, Southern Louisiana Schools, Paula Taylor Johnson
Administrative Support In Student Violence Directed Toward Teachers In K–12, Urban, Southern Louisiana Schools, Paula Taylor Johnson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The number of teachers working in urban educational settings who have experienced student violence has increased yearly. Despite reporting these violent incidents, many teachers leave the profession between their first 5 years of teaching, identifying the limited support from school administrators as a major reason for their departure. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to examine the perceptions of administrative support in student violence directed toward teachers in K–12, urban, southern school districts in Louisiana. Great man theory, trait theory, contingency theory, transformational leadership theory, transactional leadership theory, and laissez-faire leadership theory constituted the conceptual framework of this …
Improving Patients' Engagement And Retention In Intensive Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment, Leo W. Lavender
Improving Patients' Engagement And Retention In Intensive Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment, Leo W. Lavender
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Substance use disorder continues to be a major health crisis in the United States. Thousands of people die yearly due to substance use and related criminal activity. Substance abuse treatment is a remedy to the disorder and treatment centers admit thousands of patients yearly to address the dilemma. Throughout the years retention has been an ongoing barrier to successful treatment. This study explored significant obstacles to retention: motivation and engagement. The Baldrige Excellence Framework was utilized to assess the training, supervision, procedures, and leadership roles at an intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment center. This study utilized a qualitative approach case …
An Examination Of Small And Midsize Defense Business Corporate Lobbying, Gene Moran
An Examination Of Small And Midsize Defense Business Corporate Lobbying, Gene Moran
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Large companies lobby U.S. Congress in more significant numbers than small companies and gain a clear advantage in funding acquisitions. But little is known about what conditions influence or disincentivize small and midsize businesses, those with revenues of $5 million to $1 billion, from participating in congressional lobbying. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the gap in the research literature by focusing on small and midsize defense company executives who address the conditions surrounding congressional lobbying. The study’s theoretical framework was Benet’s polarities of democracy, emphasizing polarity relationships of participation and representation and diversity and equality. The …
Work-Life Balance And Job Satisfaction For Older (55+) African American Men, Anthony B. Redic
Work-Life Balance And Job Satisfaction For Older (55+) African American Men, Anthony B. Redic
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Corporate work-life balance (WLB) strategies help workers achieve psychological, physical, and emotional stability and contribute to organizational success. Most of the current literature centers on female workers, however, leaving the experiences of a sizable segment of workers, African American men aged 55 and older, unexplored. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether WLB predicted job satisfaction among African American men aged 55 and older. A secondary purpose was to examine whether work hours and age moderated the relationship with job satisfaction. The theoretical framework included the boundary and border theories. The sample consisted of 126 African American …
Charter School Administrators' Perceptions Of Local Policies Regarding Transgender Student Access To School Facilities, Derrick Armstead
Charter School Administrators' Perceptions Of Local Policies Regarding Transgender Student Access To School Facilities, Derrick Armstead
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Researchers have focused on the viewpoints of conventional public-school leaders regarding school policies and implementation that influence transgender pupil access to school facilities; the perceptions of charter school administrators are less known regarding this phenomenon. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of charter school administrators regarding their school policies and implementation that influence transgender student access to school facilities that correspond to their gender identity. Raffo and Gunter's combination of leadership for inclusiveness and use of local setting knowledge when implementing policies provided the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews …
Haitian American Caregivers’ Experiences Caring For Family Members Battling Substance Abuse, Bianca Chery
Haitian American Caregivers’ Experiences Caring For Family Members Battling Substance Abuse, Bianca Chery
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Immigration issues, acculturation, and identity processes are risk factors identified for the development of substance abuse among Haitian Americans. While the problem of substance abuse within the Haitian American population has been identified, little research has been conducted on Haitian American caregivers who have cared for a loved one battling substance abuse. The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was to explore how Haitian American caregivers experienced the phenomenon of caring for a family member battling substance abuse and to understand how caregivers coped with this demanding task. Carver et al.’s concepts of coping and Pargament’s theory of religious …
Executive Job Motivation: A Non-Profit Perspective, Jacques Kalume Mambo
Executive Job Motivation: A Non-Profit Perspective, Jacques Kalume Mambo
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractNonprofit organization (NPO) executives, who serve others while accepting substantial salary and benefit packages, may be motivated by extrinsic and intrinsic elements of their job satisfaction. Yet little is known about the extent to which executives are motivated by altruism alone or by financial compensation and other extrinsic rewards. The purpose of this quantitative study was to test the extent to which intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was correlated with the job satisfaction of NPO executives. The theoretical framework was Ryan and Deci’s self-determination theory, which suggest NPO executives may be solely satisfied through intrinsic motivation. A stratified random sample of …
Career Motivation In Millennials And Generation Z As Predictors Of Turnover Intention And Organizational Commitment, Valamere Sharran Mikler
Career Motivation In Millennials And Generation Z As Predictors Of Turnover Intention And Organizational Commitment, Valamere Sharran Mikler
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
By 2025, more than 50% of the U.S. labor workforce will be comprised of millennials and Generation Z as previous generational cohorts leave the workforce. The inclusion of millennials and Generation Z in the workforce has led to organizational leaders encountering a challenge in retaining and motivating millennials and Generation Z, who change jobs every 2-5 years. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine if the career motivation of millennials and Generation Z moderated the predictive relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention. The survey data used in this study had a sample size of 235 U.S. …
A Qualitative Study Exploring How Male U.S. Veterans Experience Empathy, Elda Marina Stepp
A Qualitative Study Exploring How Male U.S. Veterans Experience Empathy, Elda Marina Stepp
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractThis qualitative study explored the lived experiences of male U.S. combat veterans with empathy and how this features in their transition back into society. Davis’s cognitive and emotional empathy served as the conceptual framework to expand further on this topic. Seven male U.S. combat veterans who had deployed at least once in their military career and lived as civilians for the past 10 to 15 years were interviewed through Zoom. Recruiting methods included social media, veteran meeting places, and snowballing approaches. Results from interpretative phenomenological analysis of the interview data included six main themes: feelings of compassion before deployment, feelings …
Impact Of Leadership Style On Moral Conduct In The Ghana Air Force, Kwabena Krampah Antwi
Impact Of Leadership Style On Moral Conduct In The Ghana Air Force, Kwabena Krampah Antwi
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The conduct of personnel in the military is important in maintaining professionalism. The traditional hierarchical level of interactions in the military environment imposes on commanders a critical role to balance their authority in shaping the attitudes of subordinates to achieve objectives. This study was conducted to address the lack of awareness of how commanders’ leadership styles influence the moral conduct of personnel in the Ghana Air Force. The theoretical framework for this study was Bass and Avolio’s full range leadership model. The research question focused on subordinates’ perceptions of operational commanders’ leadership on subordinates’ moral conduct. This non-experimental correlational design …
Links Between Screen Tim, Montessori Preschool Exposure, And Working Memory, Paula Lyn Larsen Mamani
Links Between Screen Tim, Montessori Preschool Exposure, And Working Memory, Paula Lyn Larsen Mamani
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
A high-quality, foundational education offers lifelong benefits for young children. The problem is that working memory in pre-school-aged children is declining and could be impaired by the extraneous cognitive load imposed during engagement with screen media apps and/or preschool programs. Although the pedagogical practices associated with Montessori preschool programs have been found supportive of cognitive load germane to learning and improved working memory, they have not been fully considered in relation to preschoolers' screen media use. The cognitive load created by screen media apps could affect their usefulness as learning tools. The purpose of this quantitative study was to discover …
Links Between Screen Time, Montessori Preschool Exposure, And Working Memory, Paula Lyn Larsen Mamani
Links Between Screen Time, Montessori Preschool Exposure, And Working Memory, Paula Lyn Larsen Mamani
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
A high-quality, foundational education offers lifelong benefits for young children. The problem is that working memory in pre-school-aged children is declining and could be impaired by the extraneous cognitive load imposed during engagement with screen media apps and/or preschool programs. Although the pedagogical practices associated with Montessori preschool programs have been found supportive of cognitive load germane to learning and improved working memory, they have not been fully considered in relation to preschoolers' screen media use. The cognitive load created by screen media apps could affect their usefulness as learning tools. The purpose of this quantitative study was to discover …
The Effect Of Parental Socialization On The Postsecondary Plans Of Latino/Hispanic Students, Nilda Ivette Rosario
The Effect Of Parental Socialization On The Postsecondary Plans Of Latino/Hispanic Students, Nilda Ivette Rosario
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Latino/Hispanics are one of the largest ethnic minority groups in the United States, yet they are underrepresented in higher education. Grounded on the social cognitive theory and the Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler model, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parental expectations, parental involvement, parental self-efficacy, and postsecondary planning of Latino/Hispanic students. The research questions were formulated to determine whether parental factors among Latino/Hispanic parents can predict postsecondary educational outcomes among Latino/Hispanic students. A quantitative correlational research study design was used. The target population was Latino/Hispanic parents residing in the United States with at least one child …
Financial Aid Knowledge And Resources Among First-Generation College Students, Carmelitia J. Coleman
Financial Aid Knowledge And Resources Among First-Generation College Students, Carmelitia J. Coleman
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
AbstractFirst-generation, freshmen students struggle to complete the financial aid process at a 4-year private university in Louisiana, impacting their financial and academic well-being. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore first-generation, freshmen student perceptions of how they construct knowledge about the financial aid process and resources needed to help them complete the process. The conceptual framework of the study was comprised of Piaget’s theory of constructivism, which is grounded in the idea of learners constructing their own knowledge based on experience. The first research question addressed how first-generation, freshmen students constructed knowledge about the financial aid process. …