Sports Sciences Commons^™

Acute Effects Of Accentuated Eccentric Loading On Mean Concentric Velocity During Resistance Training: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Jiahao Yang, Tsuyoshi Nagatani, Paul Comfort, Kristina L. Kendall, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) may acutely enhance the concentric (CON) barbell velocity after the additional eccentric (ECC) load is removed, however there are inconsistent results regarding the effectiveness of this practice within the scientific literature. Objective: The aims of the present study were to: (1) examine the acute effects of applying AEL, only on the first repetition of a set, on mean barbell velocity during the CON phase of the first 3 repetitions of the set and (2) investigate the influence of the magnitude of ECC load, loading differential and exercise selection on the acute effects of AEL. Methods: …

Rethinking Existing Extension Programming: A Foundation For Healthy Aging?, Nicholas J. Spokely, Sloane A. Montgomery, Kelsey J. Weitzel, Kristin A. Miller, Marta Novaes Oliveira, Stephen D. Ball, Breanne S. Baker

Journal of Extension

Muscle declines are becoming more prevalent in younger adults, driving the need for accessible exercise programs. The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy (SSSH) Extension program was developed for adults 60 years old or older, but for this study, we enrolled 135 participants aged less than 60 years old in rural and urban counties to assess if it could improve their muscle performance. We analyzed data with time and group comparisons using paired t-tests and 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVAs. Younger adults significantly improved muscle performance after SSSH, and the results were similar between rural and urban counties. This study …

Basketball Players Jump And Maximal Strength Performance Improvements After French Contrast Training, Yiqing Xie, Yemin Han, Qing Du, Zhen Zhang, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Kai Xu

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

(1) Background: French contrast training (FCT) enhances sports performance, but its long-term efficacy in elite basketball players remains unclear. This study compared FCT and traditional strength training (TST) on jump performance and lower-limb strength.

(2) Methods: Sixteen elite basketball players (age 22.4 ± 1.4 years; 14 male, 2 female) were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of FCT (n = 8) or TST (n = 8). The TST protocol consisted of barbell back squat, barbell Bulgarian split squat, conventional deadlift, and barbell hip thrust (4 sets of 8, 6, 4, 4 repetitions at 80%, 95%, 90%, 90% of one-repetition maximum [1RM]; …

Influence Of Intended Slow And Fast Eccentric Back Squat Velocity On Subsequent Countermovement Jump Performance, Artemis Zarkadoula, Themistoklis Tsatalas, Anthony D. Kay, Anthony J. Blazevich, Christos Kokkotis, Spyridon Plakias, Brett Anthony Baxter, Alex J. Van Enis, Giannis Giakas, Minas A. Mina

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: The back squat is a key strength and conditioning exercise used to develop lower-limb strength and power, yet little is known about how movement velocity influences its acute performance-enhancing effects, such as improvements in countermovement jump height and power. The present study examined the acute effects of slow (vslow) versus fast (vfast) eccentric-phase velocity during back squats performed withmaximal concentric velocity on subsequent countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, using a randomized, crossover design. Methods: Fourteen male subjects (age = 22.9 ± 1.9 years; height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m; mass = 76.4 ± 8.3 kg) visited the laboratory on two …

Exploring The Fidelity Of Resistance Training Interventions In Regional, Rural, And Remote Cancer Care: A Systematic Scoping Review, Christopher W. Rowe, Nicolas H. Hart, Julia Carlino, James Murray

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Resistance-based exercise interventions are an integral part of supportive cancer care, though their high quality and high-fidelity implementation with people with cancer living in non-metropolitan locations is challenging. This systematic scoping review aimed to identify how exercise prescription principles and measures of fidelity are reported in resistance-based exercise interventions delivered to people with cancer living in regional, rural and remote areas. A systematic scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched (MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SCOPUS and SportDiscus) for peer-reviewed studies published in English, that delivered a resistance-based exercise intervention to adult cancer survivors …

Skeletal Muscle Mass Estimation By Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry And Bioimpedance Techniques In Muscular, Resistance-Trained Adults, John R. Alexander, Christian Rodriguez, Christine M. Florez, Ethan G. Tinoco, Julia Whitson, Carina M. Velasquez, Grant M. Tinsley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) is an important body composition metric in clinical and research settings. However, criterion methods such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are largely inaccessible, so surrogate methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance are used to estimate SMM. The agreement of these surrogate estimates may be impacted by physiological characteristics of the specific populations being evaluated. PURPOSE: To compare SMM estimates derived from DXA and bioimpedance methods using differing prediction equations within a sample of muscular, resistance-trained adults. METHODS: Forty participants (23 M, 17 F; [mean ± SD] age: 28.1 …

Preliminary Findings: Evaluating The Effects Of Palmar Cooling On Upper Body Resistance Training Performance, Jake J. Heydon, Bailey Mclagan, E Todd Schroeder

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Fatigue can impair single-session performance, thereby limiting long-term adaptations in resistance training. Palmar cooling (PC) may improve thermoregulation by targeting arteriovenous anastomoses in the hands, potentially delaying fatigue and increasing work capacity. This study aims to assess whether PC during rest intervals can delay the onset of fatigue and improve work capacity during upper-body resistance training.

METHODS: Three male NCAA Division I throwers (age 21.3 ± 1.2 yrs; BMI 32.1 ± 0.017) participated in this randomized crossover pilot study. Participants completed two experimental sessions following an initial 10RM test for the seated barbell overhead press. Participants performed four sets …

The Knowledge Gap In Secondary Physical Education Teachers In Resistance Training Implementation, Erin K. Furtak

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The previous opinion has been that resistance training can have adverse effects on youth and adolescents. In many physical education classes, resistance training is not taught to students. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the education history, current teaching practices, and knowledge of secondary physical education teachers in resistance training principles. The results of this study can be used to determine the gaps in knowledge and create further training for in-service teachers and update curricula within credential programs. METHODS: A 35-item survey and a 35-item knowledge assessment were sent to teachers across the state of California via …

Post Activation Performance Enhancement Effects On Countermovement Jumps In Men And Women, Gabriel Felipe Arantes Bertochi, Márcio Fernando Tasinafo Júnior, Leonardo Lima, Kazunori Nosaka, Enrico Fuini Puggina

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The present study investigated the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of six different conditioning activities on countermovement jump (CMJ) height and compared the PAPE effects between sexes. We recruited 18 male and 17 female participants (age: 24.6 ± 3.7 y, height: 1.71 ± 0.10 m, body mass: 75.7 ± 16.1 kg) with at least one year of resistance exercise experience. They performed a familiarization session in which the one-repetition maximum back squat (1-repetition maximum back squat: 134 ± 32 kg; 1- repetition maximum back squat/body mass: 1.8 ± 0.4) was assessed. This was followed by six visits for six different …

The Perceptions And Applications Of Cluster Sets In Strength And Conditioning, Tsuyoshi Nagatani, Shayne Vial, Kristina L. Kendall, Paul Comfort, Jiahao Yang, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

It is well documented that cluster sets, a modified set structure with additional rest between individual repetitions or groups of repetitions, can be used to modulate exercise-induced fatigue during resistance training. While practical guidelines exist, it remains unclear to what extent strength and conditioning (S&C) professionals utilise this programming tactic. The aim of this study was to examine S&C professionals’ perceptions of cluster sets and their application in practice. A secondary aim was to assess the alignment between cluster set programming tactics used in the field and evidence-based recommendations from the scientific and coaching literature. Forty-six S&C professionals (age: 40.0 …

What Is Resistance Exercise? A Review Of Current Uses And Potential Ways Forward, Lars H. Lohmann, José Afonso, David G. Behm, Stanislaw D. Siegel, Michael Keiner, Klaus Wirth, Anthony J. Blazevich, Eric R. Helms, Alyssa Joy Spence, Konstantin Warneke

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The resistance exercise (RE) literature highlights the importance and impact of RE in sports performance, daily life, and clinical outcomes. While RE research dates back to the 19th century, current definitions of what constitutes RE are varied and give rise to questions about the requisites of RE. For example, some definitions refer to movements or muscle contractions against external resistance whereas others consider all repeated actions against one’s bodyweight. Taken to the limit, this could introduce confusion between RE and endurance exercise, for example. Without a clear definition, systematic reviews (with meta-analysis) discuss outcomes of studies examining the effects of …

Optimal Two-Point Loading Strategy For Accurate Leg Press Force–Velocity Assessment, Takuya Nishioka, Shota Yamaguchi, Ayumi Yoshikawa, Naoki Ikeda, Daiki Hajima, Naoko Yabuno, Yasuhiro Kunita, Yuta Hashimoto, Anna Aoki, Miina Takahashi, Kazunori Nosaka, Takayuki Inami

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Accurate assessment of an individual force–velocity (F–V) profile is essential for prescribing targeted resistance training; however, F–V outcomes depend strongly on the testing method used. This study examined the concurrent validity of the F–V relationship in a horizontal leg press exercise by comparing two-point methods, which use pairs of different loads relative to body weight, with a multiple-point method using a wider range of loads. Sixteen men (mean ± SD, age: 20.0 ± 1.4 years, height: 172.4 ± 6.3 cm, body mass: 69.2 ± 7.6 kg) performed maximal-effort horizontal dynamic leg press actions on a device equipped with pneumatic artificial …

A Comparison Of Muscular Strength And Power Development In Unilateral And Bilateral Lower Body Exercises, Natalie M. Pickeral, Duann Kremer, Jill M. Lucas

Lynchburg Journal of Medical Science

The purpose of this study was to compare muscle strength and power development following training programs that involved unilateral and bilateral lower-body exercises. A randomized between-groups research design was used in which results from a pretest and posttest were compared across the unilateral and bilateral groups. Sled machine one repetition maximum (1-RM) testing was used as a measure of strength, and countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) testing was used as a measure of absolute power. Total body bioelectrical impedance analysis testing was used to predict lean body mass in both the left and right legs. Six college-aged female students who were …

Effects Of Exercise On Inflammation In Female Survivors Of Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Francesco Bettariga, Dennis R. Taaffe, Anita Borsati, Alice Avancini, Sara Pilotto, Stefano G. Lazzarini, Pedro Lopez, Luca Maestroni, Umberto Crainich, John P. Campbell, Timothy D. Clay, Daniel A. Galvão, Robert U. Newton

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Despite advances in breast cancer treatment, recurrence remains common and contributes to higher mortality risk. Among the potential mechanisms, inflammation plays a key role in recurrence by promoting tumor progression. Exercise provides a wide array of health benefits and may reduce inflammation, potentially reducing mortality risk. However, the effects of exercise, including mode (ie, resistance training [RT], aerobic training [AT], and combined RT and AT) and program duration, on inflammatory biomarkers in breast cancer survivors remain to be elucidated. Methods: A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and CENTRAL in August 2024. Randomized controlled trials examining …

A Systematic Review Using A Multi-Layered Criteria Framework For Assessing The Validity And Reliability Of Velocity Monitoring Devices In Resistance Training, Youssef J. Wannouch, Samuel R. Leahey, Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, Harry G. Banyard, Harry S. Dorrell, Steven Stern, Gordon J. Ross, Jason C. Laffer, Kelvin Y.H. Chua, Paul Comfort

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background Velocity-Based Training (VBT) is an emerging method in resistance training for objectively prescribing and monitoring training intensity and neuromuscular function. Given its growing popularity, assessing the validity and reliability of VBT devices is critical for strength and conditioning coaches. Objective The primary purpose of this review was twofold: (1) to identify and address methodological gaps in current assessments of VBT device validity and reliability, and (2) to propose and apply a novel, multi-layered, criterion-based framework—developed in collaboration with statisticians and domain experts—for evaluating these devices. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus following PRISMA guidelines, …

Intrapersonal And Interpersonal Factors Of Participation In Physical Activity And Resistance Training In Adolescent Girls: A Narrative Review, Ben Banse-Fay

University Honors Theses

Low rates of participation in physical activity and resistance training among adolescent girls are a concern due to increased health and injury risks. Adolescent girls participate in physical activity and resistance training at a lower rate than boys, which may explain higher rates of injury. Research examining physical activity of adolescent girls often utilizes an ecological framework, identifying intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors. Of these ecological levels, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors are modifiable without large costs.

Therefore, this review aimed to identify and summarize recent research that explores the intrapersonal and interpersonal factors associated with participation in physical activity and …

Acute Metabolic, Physiological, And Perceptual Responses To Different Set And Rep Schemes In The Back Squat, Shawn Wayland

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of ecologically valid schemes of sets and repetitions in the back squat during the bout and into recovery. Such understanding is expected to contribute to knowledge of the strength-endurance continuum and differential responses to various training emphases in practical settings. Eleven participants completed back squat protocols consisting of a warm-up followed by either 3 x 2 at 90% of 1RM, 3 x 5 at 82.5% of 1RM, and 3 x 10 at 62.5% of 1RM in a randomized and counterbalanced design. VO2, heart rate (HR), lactate, and RPE were …

Triathlete’S Preferences For Adding Strength Training To Triathlon Training Programming, Brannon Deugan

Doctorate in Kinesiology

This dissertation examined triathletes’ preferences and behaviors related to strength training integration within triathlon training programs, and despite growing evidence supporting the benefits of resistance training for injury prevention and performance enhancement, many endurance athletes remain hesitant to adopt strength training. The purpose of this study was to expand the current understanding of how age, gender, and experience influence strength training decisions and to translate those insights into practical strategies for coaching and athletic programming. A total of 210 triathletes completed an online survey assessing training behaviors, preferred strength modalities, session frequency, and load estimation methods. Quantitative data were analyzed …

Effects On Force, Velocity, Power, And Muscle Activation Of Resistances With Variable Inertia Generated By Programmable Electromechanical Motors During Explosive Chest Press Exercises, Luca Zoffoli, Silvano Zanuso, Andrea Biscarini

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Strength training machines incorporating advanced electro-mechanical technologies can produce hybrid resistances with variable inertia, such as a resistance that progressively changes from gravitational (inertial) to pneumatic (non-inertial) across the range of motion (ROM). To explore the biomechanical effects of these innovative resistances, a robotic chest press machine was programmed to offer three distinct inertial profiles: gravitational-type constant inertia throughout the ROM (IFULL); no inertia (IZERO); and linearly descending inertia across the ROM (IVAR). Ten healthy adults performed five maximal-effort, explosive chest press movements under each inertial profile at 30, 50 and 70% of their one-repetition maximum. During each trial, muscle …

Exercise Pressor Reflex And Acute Vascular Response To Isometric Exercise With Or Without Blood Flow Restriction, Lin-Sheng Chen, Kazumasa Manabe, Yanbing Zhou, Jide Adebiyi, Tianyu Wang, Takanobu Okamoto, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Low-intensity exercise combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) is effective in improving muscle strength and hypertrophy. However, exaggerated exercise pressor reflex due to restricted venous outflow and metabolite accumulation triggering metaboreflex has been raised as a concern during BFR training. Additionally, the impact of BFR training on arterial vascular function remains highly controversial. PURPOSE: To evaluate hemodynamic responses to isometric exercise with and without BFR using the post-exercise ischemia (PEI) protocol and examine the acute changes in vascular function before and after BFR isometric exercise. METHODS: Nine apparently healthy young adults (5 females, 28±4 years) completed three sets …

Practices And Perceptions In Hamstring Training For Injury Risk Mitigation: A Survey-Based Mixed-Methods Analysis, Steven Ross, Nicholas J. Ripley, John J. Mcmahon, Paul Comfort

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

In this study, the practices and perceptions of sport and exercise practitioners regarding hamstring training for injury risk mitigation were investigated. Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) remain a prevalent issue across sports, despite extensive research. An anonymous survey was conducted to assess how practitioners integrate evidence-based strategies, such as the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) and high-speed running (HSR), into their training programmes. The survey included both fixed-response and open-ended questions, enabling a mixed-methods analysis of training approaches. A total of 47 practitioners responded, revealing that most incorporate the NHE and HSR into both in-season and off-season training. However, there were notable …

Associations Between Serum And Skeletal Muscle Androgens And Androgen Receptor-Associated Biomarkers, Lean Body Mass, And Muscular Strength, Derek Flores, Thomas D. Cardaci, Dillon Harris, Steven B. Machek, Darryn Willoughby

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The relationships between lean body mass (LBM), muscular strength, androgens, and several androgen receptor (AR)-associated biomarkers are sparsely described. PURPOSE: To examine any potential correlations linking these aforementioned factors. METHODS: 10 resistance-trained males were recruited for this crossover study, each assessing their leg and bench press one-repetition maximums (1RM) and body composition before completing two volume- and intensity-equated resistance training sessions separated by 7-10 days. Serum and skeletal muscle tissue samples were acquired in each session at baseline, 3-hours, and 24-hours post-exercise to assess circulating and muscle androgens (testosterone [TST] and dihydrotestosterone [DHT]), AR protein content and gene …

Bloodflow Restriction Training Effects On Blood Pressure, Sofia Lovesy, Kolane Gemeda, Grace Piantek, Todd Shoepe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Bloodflow restriction training (B2RT) is linked to musculoskeletal health improvements and vascular adaptations including blood pressure (BP). B2RT involves restricting arterial blood flow and diminished venous drainage restricted in working muscles which affects metabolic waste removal and vascular plasticity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if B2RT alters BP.METHODS: Recreationally fit college-aged participants (n=42, 20±1.7 years, 25±4 BMI, upper SBP 117/±11mmHg, DBP 72±7mmHg; lower SBP 126±15mmHg, DBP 75±7mmHg) were recruited through campus announcements and word of mouth. Participants in the B2RT group completed 7-weeks of training with squats, Romanian deadlifts, bench rows, and bench presses …

Does Resistance Exercise Induce Differential Relationships Between Muscle And Brain Oxygenation In Trained Versus Untrained Individuals?, Amelia Ybarra, Aqueen Lenon, Stefan Keslacy

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While the benefits of resistance training for muscles are well-documented, its effects on brain activity are less known. PURPOSE: to investigate the changes in oxygenation levels in the brain and muscles during resistance training, comparing these effects between trained and sedentary individuals. METHODS: Eight participants were recruited, four untrained and four athletes. The bench press protocol included one set of twelve repetitions at a weight corresponding to a Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) of 6. Oxygenation levels in cortex and the right triceps muscle were continuously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Oxymon). Blood pressure was measured continuously using a finger …

Changes In Blood Lactate And High Intensity Exercise Endurance During A Strength - Endurance Accumulation Training Using Accentuated Eccentric Loading, Nicholas Goode

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of accentuated eccentric load (AEL) resistance training and changes in work capacity, high-intensity exercise endurance (HIEE) and lactate metabolism. Seventeen recreationally trained subjects (11 males and 6 females) (mean ± SD: age = 23.2 ± 4.2 yrs, BM = 81.3 ± 22.2 kg, height = 172.1 ± 10 cm, male relative back squat (BS) [MD1] strength (1RM*BM^-1) = 1.64 ± 0.32 kg*kg^-1, female relative BS strength = 1.39 ± 0.32 kg*kg^-1) participated in the study. Subjects completed a week of familiarization to participate in …

Strength And Endocrine Adaptations From The Combined Use Of Accentuated Eccentric Loading And Cluster Sets During A Strength Endurance Training Block, Kurt Mcdowell

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) paired with cluster sets (CS) on dynamic and maximal strength, the endocrine system, and body composition. Seventeen recreationally active subjects (male = 11, females = 6, age = 23.05 ± 4.07, height = 172.09 ± 9.98, body mass = 81.29 ± 22.18, back squat to body mass ratio = 1.55 ± 0.33, bench press to body mass ratio = 1.06 ± 0.28) participated in one familiarization week, 2 weeks of testing, and 4 weeks of training. A strength-endurance block (4 wks) was used for …

Suppressive Effects Of Exercise-Conditioned Serum On Cancer Cells: A Narrative Review Of The Influence Of Exercise Mode, Volume, And Intensity, Francesco Bettariga, Dennis R. Taaffe, Daniel A. Galvão, Chris Bishop, Jin Soo Kim, Robert U. Newton

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the incidence is increasing, highlighting the need for effective strategies to treat this disease. Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer, associated with a lower risk of recurrence and increased survival. Several avenues of research demonstrate reduction in growth, proliferation, and increased apoptosis of cancer cells, including breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, when cultured by serum collected after exercise in vitro (i.e., the cultivation of cancer cell lines in an experimental setting, which simplifies the biological system and provides mechanistic insight into cell …

An Analysis Of Strength Training Implementation In Ballet, Claire Hoover

Senior Honors Theses

Ballet, a style of dance that is known for its 180-degree external rotation, extreme precision, discipline, and aesthetics, is an athletic activity that is undertaken by many young people, particularly females. Although ballet has many athletic components, recent studies have shown there are a variety of weaknesses that impact its participants, including the female athlete triad, lack of lower extremity muscular strength, risk of injury, and overtraining. According to recent research, strength training, although not historically paired with ballet, could minimize ballet dancers’ deficiencies by increasing muscular strength and reducing risk of injury and incidence of the female athlete triad. …

The Effects Of Complex Elastic Band Training On Physical Fitness Components In Junior Female Handball Players, Mehrez Hammami, Ryland Morgans, Piotr Zmijewski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 10-week complex elastic band training (CEBT) program on athletic performance in junior female handball players. Methods: Participants (16.2 ± 0.5 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG; n = 16) or control group (CG; n = 14). The IG group performed CEBT twice a week during the 10-week intervention, which included eight 35-minute sessions, progressing in number of sets and band resistance for each specific exercise. The CG maintained regular in-season training. The modified T-test (T-half), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump …

The Use Of Free Weight Squats In Sports: A Narrative Review—Terminology And Biomechanics, Michael H. Stone, W. Guy Hornsby, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Kimitake Sato, Daniel Gahreman, Marco Duca, Kevin M. Carroll, Michael W. Ramsey, Margaret E. Stone, Kyle C. Pierce, G. Gregory Haff

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

There is substantial evidence indicating that increased maximum strength as a result of training with squats, particularly full and parallel squats, is associated with superior athletic capabilities, such as sprinting, jumping and agility. Although full and parallel squats have been strongly associated with sport performance, there is also some evidence that the use of partial squats may provide angle specific adaptations that are likely advantageous for specific sporting activities. Partial squats may be particularly advantageous when trained in conjunction with full or parallel squats, as this practice results in a greater training effect. There is a paucity of evidence that …