Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Alternatives To Aversive Procedures With Animals In The Psychology Teaching Setting, Jeffrey A. Kelly

Experimentation Collection

In this paper, we will consider the treatment of laboratory animals in psychology instruction and will focus on practical alternatives to traditional practices that cause pain and distress to animals. While the discussion will draw on psychology for examples, many of the issues apply equally to the instruction of students in other courses of study, including medicine, veterinary medicine, biology, and physiology.

Three Blind Mice, See How They Run: A Critique Of Behavioral Research With Animals, Michael A. Giannelli

Experimentation Collection

Animal research has been a traditionally accepted and respected part of modern psychology from its earliest days. The prevalent view of animals in contemporary psychology has origins far more basic than the scientific method. Its roots are deeply imbedded in Judaeo-Christian culture, a tradition which postulates a wide gulf between humankind and the animal world. The Darwinian revolution and the ethological outlook it fostered, while of immense biological significance, has for the most part been neglected by modern American comparative psychologists in favor of a positivistic-behaviorist orientation with a heavy reliance upon laboratory experimentation.

In recent years, opposition to animal …

Anthropomorphism Is Not A Four-Letter Word, Randall Lockwood

Experimentation Collection

Most animal scientists are directly or indirectly instructed to avoid any hint of anthropomorphism, yet it is an approach that is invariably applied by scientists and lay people alike. Science may have gained some objectivity in discarding this common view of animals, but it has gone overboard in its rejection of the concept of the continuity of human and animal experiences. I hope to outline how an anthropomorphic perspective can be applied in ways that are a service to science and the animals themselves.

Ua35/11 Student Honors Research Bulletin, Wku Honors Program

WKU Administration Documents

The WKU Student Honors Research Bulletin is dedicated to scholarly involvement and student research. These papers are representative of work done by students from throughout the university.

• Whicker, Garth. Agriculture and the Development of Malaysia
• McGaha. Rape, Passion, Lechery, Usury, Incest, Murder and other Matters in The Ravenger's Tragedy
• Harrison, Robert. It was a Day of Very General Awakening . . : Reformation and Revival in Russellville, Kentucky
• King, Betty. An Affirmative Decision for James's Isabel Archer
• Sutton, Joyce. Sex Bias in Performance of Women
• Logsdon, Doug. Poe's Women
• Yoder, Nate. Emily Dickinson and Her Puritan Heritage
• Davis, Aleen. Jay …

Introduction To Debate (Between N. Morris And R. Bonnie): Should The Insanity Defense Be Abolished?, Joel J. Finer

Law Faculty Articles and Essays

The author introduces a debate between Professor Norval Morris and Professor Richard Bonnie on the insanity defense.

Effects Of Interpersonal Problem-Solving Training With Chronic Aftercare Patients On Problem-Solving Component Skills And Effectiveness Of Solutions, David J. Hansen, Janet S. St. Lawrence, Karen A. Christoff

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Seven chronic psychiatric patients who were enrolled in a partial-hospitalization program and had difficulty solving interpersonal problems received group skills training. A multiple-baseline design was used to demonstrate training effectiveness through improved problem solving on trained situations and through skill generalization to novel, untrained situations. Maintenance of the training was evaluated after 1 month and 4 months. Social validation was accomplished by comparing the problem-solving competency of the patient sample with skills demonstrated by “normal” nonpsychiatric persons in their community.

Retrieval From Semantic Memory An Analysis Of Facilitory And Inhibitory Priming Effects, Cynthia L. Imhoff

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The purpose of the present study was to replication Blaxton and Neely’s (1982) findings of facilitation from one semantically related prime and inhibition from four semantically related primes in a generation task, and 2) to determine if facilitation and/or inhibition are a function of the level to which the prime and the target are processed. Using Blaxton and Neely’s generation paradigm, subjects generated both primes and targets from the first two letters of words in response to a rhyme cue (nonsemantic task) and/or a category cue (semantic task). For the within-subject manipulations, subjects either generated one or four primes prior …

Semantic Priming Effects The Roles Of Generation Processes And Association, Ellen Platonow

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Four groups of participants were tested in order to assess Blaxton and Neely’s (1983) suggestion that the nature of the processing (reading or generating) carried out on the primes and targets determines the degree of priming (facilitation or inhibition). Reading and generating were directly manipulated by the inclusion of a semantic adequacy check (Donaldson & Bass, 1980) designed to augment the “automatic” process of reading, and a speeded generation task designed to limit this check, thus equating generating to reading. Associate items were included to assess Lupker’s (1984) suggestion that the association between primes and targets (not their semantic relatedness) …

Individual Differences In Lateralization Of Cognitive Processes: Type I And Type Ii Processors, Walter Berry Branch

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations (1964–2006)

Recent research indicates that the two hemispheres of the human brain serve different functions when processing visual information. Specifically the left hemisphere, for most individuals, is specialized for an analytic or sequential type of processing and the right hemisphere is specialized for a holistic or gestalt type of processing. However this dichotomy is not always found, and it is hypothesized that individual subject differences may partially account for the somewhat inconsistent results in the research literature. The present study attempts to examine the effect of one individual difference dimension upon process lateralization . Subjects were classified into two types, Type …

Obesity Of Mentally Retarded Individuals: Prevalence, Characteristics, And Intervention, Jennifer E. Burkhart, Robert A. Fox, Anthony F. Rotatori

College of Education Faculty Research and Publications

Research on the prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of obesity of mentally retarded individuals within the context of research findings with the obese nonretarded population was selectively reviewed. According to the available literature, obesity is a prevalent problem in the retarded population, and there is a greater incidence among females than males. The literature also suggests that obese retarded subjects as a group can be distinguished from their nonobese peers by their physical condition, but not by their eating style or personality characteristics. Behavioral self-control strategies have been found to be effective in producing weight loss in obese retarded children and …

How Does Familiarity Affect Visual Search For Letter Strings?, John H. Flowers, Doris J. Lohr

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Subjects visually searched for letter string targets consisting of either familiar English three-letter words (e.g., SEX) or featurally similar nonword trigrams (e.g., SFX). Distractor items were either words or nonwords and had varying degrees of feature overlap with the target among different blocks of trials. Search was facilitated by a word-nonword category distinction between target and distractors, particularly when target-noise feature overlap was high, but such facilitation consisted of slope reductions in an apparently serial, self-terminating search pattern as opposed to a "pop-out" effect.

The Sex Variable And Reactions To A Peer With An Orthopedic Disability By First- And Second Graders, Virginia Lynn Ruark

Dissertations and Theses @ UNI

Prior research has indicated that people react differently to a person with a physical disability than to a person without a disability, and that these different reactions vary with age and sex. While paper-and-pencil measures of reactions to persons with a disability have questionable validity, actual face-to-face interaction studies have yielded inconsistent results on measures of interaction time, eye contact, physical distance, and impression formation. Moreover, few studies have been conducted in which children were used as subjects. The purpose of the present study was to assess the behaviors of first- and second-grade children when reacting to peers of the …

The Effects Of Three Fixed Ratio Schedules Of Reinforcement On Stimulus Generalization, Michelle L. Gordon

Graduate Theses

The effects of three different schedules of reinforcement on generalization in rats were investigated. The rats were trained to bar press in the presence of a 2000 hz tone and then participated in tone/no tone discrimination training. Upon completion of discrimination training, the rats were assigned randomly to one of three groups, a FR 10 group, a FR 25 group or a FR 50 group. After seven days on these schedules, generalization testing was started. Six days of generalization testing were done with a 31.5 minute tape of 7 tones in a random sequence. The tones for which the subjects' …

Using Group Psychotherapy For Enhancing Late Adolescent Selfconcept: Comparing The Effects Of Hypnosis And Rational-Emotive Therapy, James J. Buldas

Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine whether university students, classified as late adolescents, could enhance their self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) Total Positive Score. Seven hypotheses which stated the null relationship between self-concept enhancement and the treatment modalities of hypnosis and rational-emotive therapy, when compared over an eight week period of time were derived. A review of the literature showed that the belief that low self-concept is etiologic in psychopathology is widespread in the clinical literature.

A sample of university students enrolled in Psychology 100 (N = 54) were pre, post and follow-up tested …

The Effect Of Discrimination Training On Salt And Sugar Taste Thresholds Of Preschool Children, Susan M. Castine

Masters Theses

Using a single-subject A-B-C-D design, this study examined NaCl and sucrose taste thresholds in water, tomato juice, and milk with four 4-year-old children. Taste thresholds were determined by presenting several concentrations of an adulterant (i.e. NaCl, sucrose) in each vehicle, in blocks of ten trials. Subjects evaluated each taste sample by pressing one of two levers (Yes/No response). Detection threshold was defined as the level at which there was 50% correct responding. During Baseline, subjects received no feedback regarding the accuracy of their response. During the differential reinforcement phase, subjects received reinforcement following each correct response. Results suggested that detection …

Adult Age Differences In Recall And Reading Times For Prose, Dee Rene Ramsel

Theses and Dissertations

One strategy used by good college-age readers is to spend additional time viewing or reading information which is relevant to their goals or purpose in reading. Additional viewing time of goal-relevant information then presumably leads to superior retention of this information, at the expense of information which is irrelevant to the reader's goals. One way to detect different strategies used by younger and older readers is to measure how much viewing time readers allot to goal-relevant information and how much of this information is recalled. Relevant information can be designated as that material which contains answers to previously-memorized questions or …

The Hsus Condemns Psychological Experimentation On Animals

Close Up Reports

For almost a century, millions of cats, dogs, monkeys, and other laboratory animals have fallen victim to the misguided notion that by torturing animals we may someday find the golden key that unlocks the dark corners and passageways of human psychology. Heedless of any relevance the experiments may have to the human condition or of the differences between humans and other animals, experimental psychologists are exercising unbridled on animals the whole range of suffering, from emotional trauma, like that experienced by the doomed infant monkey, to outright physical torture. Animals have been blinded and returned to the wild to test …

Adolescent Egocentrism And Its Relationship To Parenting Styles And The Development Of Formal Operational Thought, Theo A. Riley

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A predicted association between family relations and cognitive development and the emergence of adolescent egocentrism was explored in this study. A sample of seventh grade boys (n=131) and girls (n=120) completed Elkind and Bowen's Imaginary Audience Scale (a measure of egocentrism) and selected items from Heilbrun's Parent-Child Interaction Rating Scale and Schaefer's Parent-Behavior Inventory. A modified version of Lawson's Classroom Test of Formal Operations was used to measure cognitive development. Contrary to a theoretical based hypothesis a negative rather than positive relationship was found between level of formal operational thought egocentrism. For parenting style, perceived rejection/control …

The Problem Of Reductionism In Theories Of Hemispheric Specialization And Recovery Of Functions, Grant Jackson Butterbaugh

Masters Theses

A selective review of functional and anatomical hemispheric asymmetries in humans confirms the doctrine of hemispheric specialization. However, the post-insult phenomenon of recovery of functions challenges theories that posit too strict a correspondence between anatomical structures and functions. Follow-up studies on hemispherectomized and hemidecorticated patients, who later recovered language, support a hypothesis of hemispheric redundancy, rather than "invariant" hemispheric specialization for language. Thus, through an evolutionary selection process, the brain may have developed as two potentially similar organs. Neuropsychological research on recovery phenomena is criticized as neglecting environmental contributions to recovery. Several models of hemispheric specialization are compared with recovery …

The Role Of Emotion In Moral Socialization, Richard A. Dienstbier

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The major aim of this chapter is to discuss a research program designed to assess emotion-cognition-behavior relationships in moral decision making. While pursuing that aim, I will discuss the relationship of that research to some of the more enduring theoretical issues in emotion.

Theories of emotion wax and wane across a more extended time frame than is typical for theoretical approaches in many other areas in psychology. Perhaps these extended cycles of emotion theory result from the relative difficulty in the recent past in doing definitive research within the area of human emotion. The field was thereby insulated from sudden …

Local Norms Of Personality Assessment For Rosebud Sioux, Richard H. Dana, Rodger Hornby, Tom Hoffmann

Regional Research Institute for Human Services

Measures of life stress, locus of control, world view, and values were administered to 91 Rosebud Sioux. The results provide some limited norms for local use of these measures and descriptive data for this tribe. These measures provide examples of culturally relevant, non-discriminatory instruments for assessment of Native Americans

Mental Hospital Drugging - Atomistic And Structural Remedies, Sheldon Gelman

Law Faculty Articles and Essays

Thirty years have passed since the discovery of Thorazine, a neuroleptic drug, and the drugging of American state mental patients has become commonplace. Part I distinguishes between two approaches to remedy--"structural" and "atomistic"--and, as a basis for testing the two, describes a state hospital's handling of the most serious drug side effect. This account also provides a sense of the dimensions of the drugging problems in state hospitals. Part II explores a family of atomistic remedies. These would address drugging problems by seeking to ensure that state doctors are knowledgeable about drugs and/or reasonably careful in administering them. I reject …

Organization In Memory For Familiar Songs, Andrea R. Halpern

Faculty Journal Articles

Investigated the organizing principles in memory for familiar songs in 2 experiments. It was hypothesized that individuals do not store and remember each song in isolation. Rather, there exists a rich system of relationships among tunes that can be revealed through similarity rating studies and memory tasks. One initial assumption was the division of relations among tunes into musical (e.g., tempo, rhythm) and nonmusical similarity. In Exp I, 20 undergraduates were asked to sort 60 familiar tunes into groups according to both musical and nonmusical criteria. Clustering analyses showed clear patterns of nonmusical similarity but few instances of musical similarity. …

Critical Note On The Usefulness Of Attention Deficit As A Clinical Syndrome, David Shaffer, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

Parental ratings of overactivity are unrelated to teachers' ratings of overactivity or to laboratory measures of inattention. Teachers' ratings of overactivity correlate strongly with teachers' ratings of inattention as well as to laboratory measures of inattention. Teachers' ratings of inattention, however, are unrelated to laboratory measures of inattention when IQ is controlled. There are considerable definitional problems relating to the symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention, making it difficult create a behavioral definition of the psychiatric syndrome of attention deficit disorder.

Intelligence Testing Of American Indian Children: Sidesteps In Quest Of Ethical Practice, Richard H. Dana

Regional Research Institute for Human Services

Previous literature reviews are updated. Recent findings impugn the WISC-R internal consistency and document item bias for American Indian children. A pattern of Spatial > Sequential > Conceptual > Acquired Knowledge holds across ages, tribes, and heterogeneous referral sources, except for acculturated children. Kaufman's three factors are replaced by Verbal and Performance factors for Papago and Navajo children. A culturally-learned basis for intellectual functioning among traditional children supports alternative assessment functions for traditional reservation lifestyle and for acculturation and entree into mainstream society. Performance measures, SOMPA, Piagetian and Luria-derived tasks may ultimately provide less biased intelligence estimates. Recent legislation outlines ethical practice although …

On The Memory Code In Serial Feature-Positive Discriminations, Robert S. Mccann

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The aim of the present research was to examine the nature of the memory code that contributes to performance in a serial feature-positive discrimination. In order to test the hypothesis that a reinforce expectancy based on the first-order association between feature element and reinforce defines the content of the code, different groups of rats received various forms of pretraining involving either the feature element or the common element, or both. For some groups the feature element was trained as a CS+, while for others it was trained as a CS-. In addition, some groups received training establishing the common element …

Dance Therapy And Self-Concept Change In Psychiatric Patients, Cheryl Jeanne Hall

Dissertations and Theses

This study investigated the effects of various forms of therapy (individual, occupational, and dance) on self-concept. Subjects were 29 psychiatric patients at Providence Medical Center who volunteered to participate in this study. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) was used to measure self-concept both at time of admission and prior to discharge. The data were analyzed in a step-wise multiple regression to determine which of the various forms of therapy are the best predictors of self-concept at second TSCS application. The results of the step-wise multiple regression did not support the hypothesis that exposure to dance therapy would be a significant …

The Effects Of Three Schedules Of Reinforcement On Stimulus Generalization, John L. Sanders

Graduate Theses

The effects of three schedules of reinforcement on stimulus generalization in rats were investigated. In the presence of a 2000 hz tone the subjects were trained to bar press on one of three schedules: CRF, VR 25, or VR 50. Three animals started in each condition. After tone/no-tone discrimination training they were tested for generalization. Generalization took.place over six,31.5 minute sessions. This tested the subjects* response rate to each of seven tones: 250 hz, 500 hz, 1000, hz, 2000 hz, 4000 hz, 8000 hz, and 16000 hz. During a 31.5 minute generalization test every tone was presented randomly nine times …

The Effect Of Interpolated Continuous Reinforcement Following Variable Ratio Reinforcement On Resistance To Extinction, Christine Miara

Graduate Theses

The effect on response rates during extinction of interpolating seven continuous reinforcement sessions after varying numbers of VR-25 sessions was investigated. Rats received either seven, fourteen, or twenty-one sessions of a VR-25 schedule followed by seven sessions of continuous reinforcement. There were three rats in each group. The rats then experienced seven sessions of extinction. All sessions were 30 minutes long." The results showed that rats that received the VR-25 schedule for 21 sessions made the roost responses over the seven extinction sessions. * Rats that received seven sessions of VR-25 made the least number of responses during extinction. The …

Psychiatric Clinical Experience For Law Students, Phillip Resnick

Journal of Legal Education

No abstract provided.