Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Increasing Acceptance Of Haptic Feedback In Uav Teleoperations By Visualizing Force Fields, Victor Ho, Clark Borst, Rene Van Paassen, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

In tele-operating an UAV, human operators fully rely on cameras to control thevehicle from a distance. To increase operator situation awareness and reduce workload, haptic feedback on the control stick has been developed which acts as an automatic collision avoidance system. A virtual force field surrounding the moving vehicle interacts with obstacles surrounding it,yielding repulsive forces on the stick that leadthe vehicle away from them. Albeit successful in significantly reducing the number of collisions,thehaptic interfacereceivedlow user acceptance ratings.Operators do not always fully understand the collision avoidance automation intentions, and they experience the haptic forces as intrusive. This paper discusses thedevelopment …

Human Decision Making And Threat-Awareness Response During Emergency Aircraft Evacuations, Sarah Hubbard, Tim Ropp

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Aircraft emergencies requiring evacuation present unique safety challenges to both crew and passengers due to theconfined space and the speed at which fire, extreme heatand smoke propagate. In thisscenario, where a one or two second delay can literally determine survivability, rapid evacuation is paramount. Although evacuation capability is demonstrated through requiredand controlleddrillsfor aircraft certification, during a real emergencyhuman factorsaffect passenger decision making, in some cases resulting in the decisionto retrieve personal items during actual emergency evacuations. This may pose a significant threat to post-accident survivability. This research evaluates evacuation decision making and the associated impact on passenger exit flow, during …

Work Dynamics Of Task Work And Teamwork In Function Allocation For Manned Spaceflight Operations, Martijn Ijtsma, Lanassie M. Ma, Amy R. Pritchett, Karen M. Feigh

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

This paper proposes a methodology for human-robot function allocation for future manned space exploration missions that uses fast-time computational simulation. Dynamics of taskwork and teamwork often result in emergent work patterns that are difficult to predict from static analysis of function allocations. Wemodel thedynamics of taskwork and teamwork and demonstrate our approach through a case study that explores the function allocation design space for an on-orbit maintenancemissioninvolving humans and various robots. The case study highlightsthe method’s ability to predict possible concerns associated with limited availability of physical resources, action interdependencies, and communication requirements with possible time delays, and shows the …

Empirically Evaluating Representational Aids For Target Tracking And Sensor Management, Taleri Hammack, Jared Neely, Terry Stanard, Jason Roll, John Flach

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Today, security officers at military and civilian installations are often required to track people and vehicles (targets) movingin a remote space using a distributed array of stationary security cameras. A pervasive tracking challenge is maintaining view of the target as it moves through the restricted fields of view of different cameras. The current research explores how different displaydesigns indicating camera fields of viewimpact the operator’s situation awareness of the next best camera to continue viewing a moving target. Three different interface displays(Full North-Up Map, Peripheral Display, and Track-Up Mini-Map) wereevaluated over four experimental conditions.While having all display types available was …

Human Performance Assessment: Evaluation And Experimental Use Of Wearable Sensors For Brain Activity Measures, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Dale Richards, Lei Ding, Chen Ling, Ben Willems

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The emerging wearable human performance monitoring technologies can help evaluate the cognitive status and capacities of the crew in the cockpit as well as those operating ground control stations. Traditionally the use of behavioral measures and subjective metrics has been used to address cognitive factors associated with pilots or operators of safety critical systems. However, the advance in wearable physiologytechnologies could provide additional performance metrics directly driven from brain based measures, potentially validating subjective assessments and ultimately bringing us closer towardsmaintaining safe and effective performance. Furthermore, these techniques may also aidthe design and evaluation of new technologies that are being …

Student Perceptions On The Usefulness Of Simulation-Based Training, Andrea M. Georgiou, Megan E. Wertheimer, Megan E. Snodgrass

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The NASA Flight Operations Center Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab is a high-fidelity simulation of an airline operations center. Its purpose is to train senior aerospace students to collaborate and communicate effectively with team members in a highly interdependent environment that mirrors the airline industry. Data wascollected from the participants on their perceptions and the lessons learned from running the lab. These results were analyzed across elevensemestersover the last five years. Specifically,the quantitative data captured student perceptions about whether the lab was helpful in preparing them for their future job demands. The qualitative questions assessed their most important lessons learned, the …

Toward Identifying Risk In Operational Performance Of Atc Procedures, Paul Krois, Julia Pounds

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Managing operationalperformance to reduce risk in the execution of air traffic control (ATC) procedures depends on understanding human performance in relation to patterns established in procedures. Procedures specify performance requirements meant to minimize unintended variation that is outside expected performance criteria and tolerances.We define human performance risk as unintended variation outside theenvelope of applicable procedures.

The Effect Of Surprise On Upset Recovery Performance, Annemarie Landman, Eric L. Groen, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Introducing the element of surprise is one of the main challenges in simulator training of in-flight emergencies. In this simulator study, we investigated the differences in performance betweenpredictable and surprising circumstances, in order to obtaininsight into the transferof training between predictable training settings and surprising circumstances in operational practice. This was done bytestingtwenty airline pilots who recovered froman aerodynamic stall in two conditions: one anticipationcondition and one surprise condition. All pilots practiced beforehand using predictable, or non-surprising scenarios. The results show that pilots had significantly more difficulties in adhering to components of the FAA-commissioned recovery template in the surprise condition …

A Study Of Accidents And Incidents Of Landing On Wrong Runways And Wrong Airports, Linfeng Jin, Edmund Lo

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

This paper addresses the landings on wrong runways/ at wrong airports happened between 03/26/1992 and 05/08/2012. The visibility, intended landing runway heading, accident landing runway heading, pilots’ flight hours, and the ages of those pilots are studied to test whether they have correlationswith the number of personnel injury, the number of personneldeath, and the degrees of aircraft damage. Some significantfindings are: the most likely angular difference between the supposed landing runwayheadings and wrong runway headings among wrong runway/airport landingsis 180 degrees,and there is a weaknegative correlation between aircraft damage and pilot flight hours. All the data used in the paper …

Is Rho The Key To Hazardous Weather Avoidance?, William R. Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Current in-cockpit looping Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) is inadequate to maintain safe (20 nm) aircraft separation from heavy weather (> 40 dBZ reflectivity). This assertion issupported by mathematical information analysis and an empirical study (Knecht, 2016), as well as numerous previous empirical studies. The current work revisitsthe ecological analysis by examining the putative affordance (rho) specifying when weather-avoidance maneuver should begin, as suggested by General Tau Theory (Lee, 2009).With“gapdefined as the distance between the on-screen aircraft icon and the weather hazard, is specified by the ratio ((dg/dt)/g)(t), the instantaneous gap contraction rate divided by the instantaneous gap size. In current …

A Case Study Using The Human Factors Analysis And Classification System Framework, Flavio A.C. Mendonca Ph.D., Chenyu Huang Ph.D., Julius Keller Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Aircraft accidents are generally the end result of a number of latent conditions arising in the organizational and managerial sectors. These conditions frequently permit or even motivatethe unsafe acts by the flight crew. The Human Factors Analysis and ClassificationSystem (HFACS) is a system safety tool for the investigation and analysis of underlying human causal factors in aircraft accidents. Using the HFACS framework, four researchers classified the human factors identified by the Brazilian Aeronautical AccidentsInvestigation and Prevention Center (CENIPA) during the investigation of a mishap(PR-AFA) that happened in Brazil in 2014. CENIPA argued that errors and violations by both pilots contributed …

Usaf Spatial Disorientation Prevention: A Meta-Analytical Human Systems Integration Perspective, Patrick O'Neil, Booz Allen Hamilton, Michael Miller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Human Systems Integration involvesthe systematic consideration of tradeoffs in system structure or behavior, which affect sevenhuman-centered domains to optimize total system performance and life cycle cost.All too often, HSI is overlooked or poorly practiced, despite the specific directive within DoDI 5000.02 for program managers to plan for and conduct HSI. In the worst of cases, poor consideration of human capabilitiesandlimitations leads to errors, mishaps, and death or serious injury. One such human limitation in aviation is the inability of the pilot to maintain proper spatial orientationduring flight,asmismatches between the stimuli present during flight create an erroneous perception of aircraft attitude …

Understanding Pilots’ Explanations Of Automation Surprises, Robert Mauro, Loukia Loukopoulou, Julia Trippe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Automation surprise may result from inadequate or mistaken “mental models” of the automation (Sarter and Woods, 1995). To study pilots’ mental models of their automation, 202 airline pilots were asked to explain five different events involving unexpected behaviors of aircraft automation. Pilots’ abilities to correctly explain the behavior of the automation differed systematically across the scenarios. The number of complete and correct responses varied from 19% to 86%, depending on the scenario. As the complexity of the automation increased, understanding decreased. Performance on the scenarios was not related to flight experience, automation experience, or source of automation training. But pilots’ …

Operationalizing The Definition Of Risk As Variability, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois, Barry C. Davis, Melissa Wishy

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Maintaining safety requires acknowledgingrisk. However, one’s definition of risk can depend on whether the word is being used in everyday conversation or by safety practitioners or by domain experts. Not having a commonly agreed-upon definition poses problems for those charged with identifying, reducing, and communicating about risk. In an effort to standardize the definition, the International Organization for Standardization defined risk simply as the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Still, this general definition lacks enough specificity to describe uncertainty’s positive or negative effects. Relevant information can reduce uncertainty’s potential effects if it’s not ambiguous, unreliable, incomplete, or unavailable.

Taking A Closer Look At Flight Crew Handling Of Complex Failures – Ten Case Studies, J. P. Reitsma, L. Fucke, C. Borst, M.M. Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Non-normalevents,inparticularsystemfailureswithseriousoperationalimpact arerareinflightoperations.Theseeventsarenotalwayseasytohandle by flight crews.Theaimoftheperformedstudyisto determine whereinthisprocess potential issuesmaylie.Tenincidentreportsarestudied using a newly developed operationalissueanalysisframework.Theframeworkisusedtodetermine whetherandhowthecurrentinterfacescommunicatetheinitialfunctionalimpact andfunctionalimpactdelayedintime.Additionally, resultsfrompilotinterviews arepresentedwhichidentifiedthreephasesofnon-normaleventhandling:fault detection,faultmanagementandstrategic planning. Analysisofthetencases showsthatcurrentalertsystemsaremainly supporting thefirsttwophaseswhile thestrategic planning phase, requiring higherlevelfunctionalinformation integratedintotheoperationalcontextaswellasfailureimpactlaterintime,is relyingalmostentirelyonpilot knowledge andreasoning.

Investigating Pilot’S Decision Making When Facing An Unstabilized Approach: An Eye-Tracking Study, Maxime Reynal, Frank Rister, Sebastien Scannella, Christopher Wickens, Frederic Hehais

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Unstabilized approach has been identified to be a major causal factor of approach-and-landing accidents (e.g. off-runway touchdowns, hard landing, tail-strikes, etc).We conducted an experimentin order to analyze pilots’ performance during such approaches. Ten type-rated, commercial pilots flew each in a B737 full-flight simulator during anunstabilizedapproach at Hamburg airport. The Pilot Flyings’ (PF) eye gazes were collected. The results revealed that half of the pilots persisted in an erroneous landing decision. These latter pilots had higher dwell time on the attitude indicator/flight director whereas the group of pilots who perfomed the go-around exhibited more fixations on the navigation display prior to …

A Trend Analysis Of Human Factors Issues In Uk Military Aviation, Sarah Weedon, Victoria Cutler, Saskia Revell

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Human factors issues in UK military aviation are identified and mitigated through a combination of proactive support and reactive investigations, both of which employ qualitativedata collection and analysis methods. Each piece of work to identify human factors issues is performed on a standalone basis, but a regular review is undertaken to identify common trends. In the most recent review of trends, thematic analysis was used within the framework of the Accident Route Matrix to determine the most prevalent and qualitatively important human factors issues. The thematic analysis identified a wide range of human factors issues, including resource availability, training, documentation, …

Nextgen Human Factors Accomplishments And Challenges In The Future, Edmundo A. Sierra Jr.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), under the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) program, made significant progress in terms of infrastructure modernization of the National Airspace System (NAS). Development of infrastructure incorporated a broad scope of human performance considerations which this paper discussesat a high level. Sincethe FAA completed much of the infrastructure modernization, focus shiftedto NextGen Transformation so that benefits can be realized. NextGen Transformation involves insuring that FAA systems are seamlessly integrated; that integrated pilot and controller procedures are in place; new roles and responsibilities are defined; and that stakeholders are informed, trained, and adapted to the NextGen …

Alerts On The Nextgen Flight Deck, Angelia Sebok, Christopher D. Wickens, Brett Walters, Karl Fennell

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The future generation of cockpit may substantially change the nature of displays, automation, and their implications for alerting systems. Flight deck automation and information systems imposed by NextGen will create system states that may need to be alerted. New concepts of providing continuous flight information can benefit pilot awareness. Ecological interface displayskeep the operator aware of the system status and constraints, informing the pilot of emerging concerns before an alert is triggered. Continuous auditory and tactile displays support pilot awareness without requiring focused operatorattention. Both approaches improve awareness of system state, but suffer poor operator acceptance. Automation can support pilots …

Effects Of Simulator Training For Unmanned Aerial Systems In Undergraduate Education, William Weldon, Dr. Brian Kozak

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are being added to the national airspace (NAS) in very large numbers. Many universities have seen this demand for UAS operators and begun to create programs in order to train undergraduate students in their use. The UAS industry currently lacks adequatetraining requirements for beginning operators. This fact makes university training important, because universities are oneof the few places that offer structured training. While the UAS industry in the US is in its infancy it is possible to draw parallelismsthe training history of manned flight in order to avoid pitfalls and offer training in the most efficient …

Preclinical Assessment Of Immunocal® As A Preventative Treatment For Traumatic Brain Injury (Tbi) In A Mouse Model Of Closed Head Injury, Elizabeth Eugenia Ignowski

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Over the past three decades, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been considered a "silent epidemic" and recognized as an emergent public health problem by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). TBI is defined as a bump, blow, or jolt to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain. Due to the debilitating effects and prevalence of TBI, novel preventative treatment regimens are highly desirable in at risk populations. According to the CDC groups disproportionately affected by TBI include athletes, people aged 75+, and service men and women, among others. Here, we investigated a unique whey protein …

A Comparison Of Parameter Covariance Estimation Methods For Item Response Models In An Expectation-Maximization Framework, Joshua N. Pritikin

Psychiatry Publications

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a method for finding the maximum likelihood estimate of a model in the presence of missing data. Unfortunately, EM does not produce a parameter covariance matrix for standard errors. Both Oakes and Supplemented EM are methods for obtaining the parameter covariance matrix. SEM was discovered in 1991 and is implemented in both opensource and commercial item response model estimation software. Oakes, a more recent method discovered in 1999, had not been implemented in item response model software until now. Convergence properties, accuracy, and elapsed time of Oakes and Supplemental EM family algorithms are compared for …

Symptom Domain Groups Of The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Tools Independently Predict Hospitalizations And Re-Hospitalizations In Cirrhosis, Kavish R. Patidar, Leroy R. Thacker, James B. Wade, Melanie B. White, Edith A. Gavis, Andrew Fagan, Richard K. Sterling, Michael Fuchs, Mohammad S. Siddiqui, Scott Matherly, Richard T. Stravitz, Arun J. Sanyal, Puneet Puri, Velimir A. Luketic, Jasmohan S. Bajaj

Psychiatry Publications

Background

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) tools can identify health-related quality of life (HRQOL) domains that could differentially affect disease progression. Cirrhotics are highly prone to hospitalizations and re-hospitalizations, but the current clinical prognostic models may be insufficient, and thus studying the contribution of individual HRQOL domains could improve prognostication.

Aim

Analyze the impact of individual HRQOL PROMIS domains in predicting time to all non-elective hospitalizations and re-hospitalizations in cirrhosis.

Methods

Outpatient cirrhotics were administered PROMIS computerized tools. The first non-elective hospitalization and subsequent re-hospitalizations after enrollment were recorded. Individual PROMIS domains significantly contributing toward these outcomes were generated …

A Power Calculator For The Classical Twin Design, Brad Verhulst

Psychiatry Publications

Power is a ubiquitous, though often overlooked, component of any statistical analyses. Almost every funding agency and institutional review board requires that some sort of power analysis is conducted prior to data collection. While there are several excellent on line power calculators for independent observations, twin studies pose unique challenges that are not incorporated into these algorithms. The goal of the current manuscript is to outline a general method for calculating power in twin studies, and to provide functions to allow researchers to easily conduct power analyses for a range of common twin models. Several scenarios are discussed to demonstrate …

Somatic Symptom Disorder In Dermatology, James L. Levenson, Aditi A. Sharma, Alex G. Ortega-Loayza

Psychiatry Publications

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is defined by the prominence of somatic symptoms associated with abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the symptoms, resulting in significant distress and impairment. Individuals with these disorders are more commonly encountered in primary care and other medical settings, including dermatology practice, than in psychiatric and other mental health settings. What defines the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as abnormal is that they are excessive, that is, out of proportion to other patients with similar somatic symptoms, and that they result in significant distress and impairment. SSD may occur with or without the presence of a …

Molecular Genetic Influences On Normative And Problematic Alcohol Use In A Population-Based Sample Of College Students, Bradley T. Webb, Alexis C. Edwards, Aaron R. Wolen, Jessica E. Salvatore, Fazil Aliev, Brien P. Riley, Cuie Sun, Vernell S. Williamson, James N. Kitchens, Kimberly Pedersen, Amy Adkins, Megan E. Cooke, Jeanne E. Savage, Zoe Neale, Seung B. Cho, Danielle M. Dick, Kenneth S. Kendler

Psychiatry Publications

Background: Genetic factors impact alcohol use behaviors and these factors may become increasingly evident during emerging adulthood. Examination of the effects of individual variants as well as aggregate genetic variation can clarify mechanisms underlying risk.

Methods: We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in an ethnically diverse sample of college students for three quantitative outcomes including typical monthly alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, and maximum number of drinks in 24 h. Heritability based on common genetic variants (h2SNP) was assessed. We also evaluated whether risk variants in aggregate were associated with alcohol use outcomes in an independent sample of young …

Electroconvulsive Therapy In Geriatric Patients: A Literature Review And Program Report From Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, Usa, Andrew D. Snyder, Vasu Venkatachalam, Ananda Pandurangi

Psychiatry Publications

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective therapeutic intervention in the elderly patients with major depression, especially those with psychosis, suicidality, catatonia, nutritional compromise, and resistance to medications. Response rates can be as high as 80%. We present an extensive review of the relevant literature, provide a description of the ECT program at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, USA, and present results of our experience with ECT in fifty elderly patients. The treatments were safe, well tolerated, and produced high response rates, variably between 68% and 84%. Patients in the long‑term maintenance ECT program continue to show sustained benefits from …

Improving Aviation Students’ Teamwork, Problem Solving, Coordination, And Communications Skills During A High-Fidelity Simulation, Evan Lester, Andrea Georgiou, Michael Hein, Glenn Littlepage, Richard Moffett Iii, Paul Craig

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Flight Operations Center – Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab at Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) is a high-fidelity simulation of a regional airline’s flight operations center. During a simulation, a team of senior undergraduate aerospace students mustwork together across disciplines to manage 24 simulated Canadair Regional Jet– 200 aircraft and resolve real-world scenarios. After thesimulation, the lab’s staffevaluates the team’s performance, which is discussed during itsAfter Action Review (AAR). The AAR allows the team to establish strategies and an action plan to improve its performanceand skillsduring subsequent simulations. Overall,as the lab continuously increases in …

Fatiguing The Force: Using Operational Data To Improve The United States Air Force’S Mission Effectiveness Model, Kelly M. Amaddio, Jennifer P. Howland

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Air mobility pilots routinely fly multiple missions spanning several time zones, thereby disrupting their circadian rhythm. As a result, they consistently operate at a sub-optimal performance level. After several fatigue-related accidents, the Air Mobility Command (AMC) Safety Office incorporated the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) model into its Aviation Operational Risk Management (AvORM) program to inform aircrew members of their fatigue levels during critical phases of flight. Further analysis indicated that aircrew members experience higher fatigue levels than predicted, which directly reduces flight safety. This study seeks to improve the underlying assumptions within the sleep model to more …

“Final Results Of Multimethodology Application At Civilian Air Navigation Complex Environments”, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Marcos Pereira

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The paper addresses the final results of a brazilian doctoral research developed at civilian Air Navigation environments (2011-2014), withpartial results already presented at past ISAPs (2011-2015). The study adopted a qualitative, systemic and anticipatory approach to increase metacognition about Team Resource Management (TRM) Training abilities, focused to Threat and Error Management (TEM) practice, with the main purpose of reinforcingoperational safety as a whole. It used Multimethodology, aiming at identifying, structuring, analyzing and monitoring problems upon participants´ different perspectives - operators and heads of distinct sectors. Multimethodology embraced four phases, yearly, coveringmultiple instrumentsand Theoretic Base, as Conceptual Map, System Thinking and …