Medical Sciences Commons^™

Molecular, Histologic, And Clinical Characterization Of Methylation Class Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma: An Analysis Of 469 Tumors, Christopher H Dampier, Niharika Shah, Kristyn Galbraith, Azadeh Ebrahimi, Osorio Lopes Abath Neto, Zied Abdullaev, Sanda Alexandrescu, Felipe Andreiuolo, Terri Armstrong, Tiffany Baker, Sahara Cathcart, Hye-Jung Chung, Patrick J Cimino, Kyle S Conway, Jennifer Cotter, Felipe D'Almeida Costa, Karen Dazelle, Nima Etminam, Sima Esther Ferman, Igor Fernandes, Christina K Ferrone, Ahmed Gilani, Mark Gilbert, Jason Gregory, Courtney Ketchum, Han Sung Lee, Ina Lee, Maria Beatriz S Lopes, Qinwen Mao, Michael S Marshall, Matthew Mccord, Stewart G Neill, Jeffrey J Nirschl, Byram H Ozer, Werner Paulus, Marta Penas-Prado, Marco Prinz, Peter Pytel, Martha Quezado, Mark Raffeld, Sharika Rajan, Miriam Ratliff, Guido Reifenberger, Lorraina Robinson, Jens Schittenhelm, Daniel Schrimpf, Omkar Singh, Christian Thomas, Diana Thomas, Jaiyeola Thomas-Ogunniyi, Angus Toland, Rust Turakulov, Rachael Vaubel, Nitin Wadhwani, Jing Wu, Caterina Giannini, Matija Snuderl, Sebastian Brandner, Andreas Von Deimling, Kenneth Aldape

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Methylation class pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (mcPXA) comprises tumors with the DNA methylation signature of classical PXA but with a wider histologic spectrum, including overlap with glioblastoma (GBM).

Methods: To clarify the histologic and molecular scope of mcPXA and characterize its clinical behavior, a cohort of 469 tumor samples from 458 patients matching to mcPXA by the DKFZ classifier (v12.6 score ≥0.85) was interrogated.

Results: Patient median age was 23 years (range 1-73 years) with a female predominance (259 female/199 male). CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion was observed in 406 of 469 (87%) samples. In samples tested for BRAF p.V600E mutations (n …

Advancing Randomized Clinical Trials In Surgery: Role Of Exception From Informed Consent, Central Institutional Review Board, And Bayesian Approaches, Amelia W Maiga, Rebecca A Snyder, Lillian S Kao, Mehul V Raval, Mayur B Patel, Martin L Blakely

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

Reducing Computed Tomography Use For Appendicitis Evaluation In A Pediatric Emergency Department: A Multidisciplinary Quality Improvement Initiative, Jennifer Hockenbury, Monica E Lopez, Caroline M Godfrey, Martin L Blakely, Melissa Danko, Marta Hernanz-Schulman, S Barron Frazier

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: Appendicitis is the most common pediatric surgical emergency, and computed tomography (CT) remains an overused diagnostic test for appendicitis. Our institutional rate of CT utilization for suspected appendicitis was higher than in peer children's hospitals, so we aimed to reduce CT utilization during the evaluation of pediatric appendicitis from 31.3% to 15% within 12 months.

Methods: From September 2021 to October 2022, we conducted a multidisciplinary quality improvement initiative among patients evaluated for appendicitis in the pediatric emergency department (PED). Interventions included standardizing evaluation with a clinical practice guideline, an order set in the electronic medical record for clinical …

Decline In Attrition Rates In United States Pediatric Residency And Fellowship Programs, 2007–2020: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study, Emma Omoruyi, Greg Russell, Kimberly Montez

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: Declining fill rates in US pediatric residency and subspecialty programs requires trainee retention. Attrition, defined as transfers, withdrawals, dismissals, unsuccessful completions, or deaths, disrupts program function and impacts the pediatric workforce pipeline. It aims to evaluate attrition trends among pediatric residents and fellows in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited programs from 2007 to 2020.

Methods: This repeated cross-sectional study analyzed publicly available ACGME Data Resource Book records. Attrition rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated overall and by subspecialty. Logistic regression assessed temporal changes; odds ratios (ORs) compared 2020 to 2007.

Results: From 2007-2020, pediatric residents …

National Landscape Of Underrepresented In Medicine Visiting Medical Student Programs In Pediatrics, Tyler K Smith, Rebecca Blankenburg, Ann E Burke, Emma A Omoruyi, Wendla Sensing, Tiffany Ruan, David D Williams, Onyi Oligbo, Lahia Yemane

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: Underrepresented in medicine visiting medical student programs (UIM-VMSPs) have gained popularity across specialties as an intervention to diversify residency programs; however, no study has explored the national landscape of these programs in pediatrics. This study aimed to characterize program components, residency rank and match outcomes, benefits, challenges, and lessons learned about UIM-VMSPs in pediatrics nationally.

Methods: From September to December 2023, the authors conducted a national, cross-sectional, mixed methods study surveying program leaders of UIM-VMSPs identified on the Association of Pediatric Program Directors website. The authors used descriptive statistics to analyze the data and conventional content analysis for free-text …

Implantable Loop Recorder Identifies Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia In A Pediatric Patient Despite Negative Ep Study: A Case Report, Jia Yue Liu, Mohammed T Numan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Experience of loop recorders in pediatric patients is limited. We report using a loop recorder to detect ventricular arrhythmias in a 16-year-old female who had years of palpitations despite inconclusive noninvasive and invasive electrophysiological testing.

Case Report: Coronary Vasospasm Precipitating Stemi And Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia-A Case Of Cardiotoxicity From 5-Fu Based Chemotherapy In A 41-Year-Old Woman, Ammar Hasnie, Zachary Neace, Kristin Ellison, Aaron Hesselson, Karam Ayoub, Mohammed Al-Yafi, Amit Arbune

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Intravenous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in combination with oxaliplatin and folinic acid, makes up a chemotherapy regimen commonly referred to as FOLFOX. It is well-established for its efficacy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer; however, the benefits are accompanied by potential side effects that warrant careful consideration. Common toxicities can range from nausea and vomiting to neuropathy. Cardiotoxicities related to FOLFOX and fluoropyrimidines in general are extremely rare but can easily be fatal.

Case presentation: A 41-year-old woman who was recently diagnosed with stage IIIc colorectal cancer after she underwent a subtotal colectomy was admitted to the Oncology clinic for further …

Editorial: Surface Emg And Other Measurement Techniques In Rehabilitation Research And Practice: Are New Educational Programs Needed?, Marco Tramontano, Sheng Li, Roberto Merletti

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

Peer Support During In Vivo Exposure Homework Increases Likelihood Of Prolonged Exposure Therapy Completion, Melba A Hernandez-Tejada, Madeline J Bruce, Wendy Muzzy, Anna Birks, Giovanni Macedo E Cordeiro, Stephanie M Hart, Stephanie Hamski, Ron Acierno

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Exposure-based treatments such as prolonged exposure therapy (PE) are effective for veterans with PTSD. However, dropout rates as high as 50% are common. The Department of Veterans Affairs employs peers to increase mental health treatment engagement, however peers are not routinely used to help patients complete PE homework assignments. The present study included 109 veterans who decided to drop out from exposure-based treatment after completing seven or fewer sessions and used a randomized controlled design to compare PE treatment completion rates in response to 2 forms of peer support: (1) standard weekly telephone-based peer support vs. (2) peer-assisted in vivo …

Therapeutic Alliance In A Culturally Tailored Transition Program For Latino Young Adults With Autism And Their Families, Antonio F Pagán, Katherine A Loveland, Ron Acierno

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Latino young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face barriers to accessing culturally appropriate interventions that support adaptive functioning and family dynamics. Therapeutic alliance, the collaborative and trusting relationship between participants and providers, is a critical component of intervention success, yet its role in culturally tailored programs for Latino families remains underexplored. The present study examined therapeutic alliance in ¡Iniciando! la Adultez, a 12-week, culturally adapted intervention for Latino young adults with ASD and their Spanish-speaking parents. The program integrates Latino cultural values and language and consists of parent group therapy, young adult group therapy, and individual therapy sessions. …

Short-Term Health And Safety Outcomes Associated With Digital Hotline Use At Interpersonal Violence-Focused Agencies, Leila Wood, Elizabeth Baumler, Rachel J Voth Schrag, Aly Kramer Jacobs, Jeff R Temple, Erin Clark

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Community organizations strive to help survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), stalking, sexual assault and human trafficking address health and safety needs. Hotline, offered by local agencies, is the first line of support for survivors to address needs. Increasingly, hotline is offered in digital formats (chat and text) to meet the emergent needs of survivors. Despite the growing use of digital hotline, little is known about short-term health and safety changes associated with use. Partnering with 2 local agencies in a Southern state, we recruited first-time digital hotline participants to an online baseline and follow-up (6 weeks later) assessment (n …

A Prior-Knowledge-Guided Feature Selection Method And Its Application To Biomarker Identification Of Schizophrenia, Ying Xing, Godfrey D Pearlson, Peter Kochunov, Vince D Calhoun, Yuhui Du

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Despite considerable efforts to uncover the neural basis of psychiatric disorders using neuroimaging, few methods utilize intrinsic brain-derived knowledge, leading to limited specificity and discriminability in biomarker identification. To leverage the inherent characteristics within the brain, we propose a prior-knowledge-guided feature selection method to flexibly unveil discriminative and target-oriented biomarkers of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, we construct a constrained sparse regularization allowing for the flexible integration of diverse prior knowledge to identify sparse neuroimaging features linked to specific psychopathology. Additionally, we simultaneously integrate graph-based regularization and redundancy-removal regularization to further ensure the discriminability and independence among the selected features. Different priors …

Detection Of Erg11 Gene Mutation In Coding And Non-Coding Regions Of Clinical Candida Glabrata (Nakaseomyces Glabratus) Isolates From Pakistan, Saba Memon, Najia Karim Ghanchi, Urooj Zafar, Joveria Farooqi, Sadaf Zaka, Kauser Jabeen

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Azoles inhibit the cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) that is encoded by the ERG11 gene. Azole resistance in Candida species arises through different mechanisms, like mutations in the ERG11 gene, ERG11 overexpression, CDR1,2 (Candida drug resistance) overexpression that actively efflux azole drugs, reducing their intracellular concentration and therapeutic effectiveness, and biofilm formation. We sequenced the ERG11 gene to determine mutations in the coding and non-coding regions of ERG11 in clinical isolates of Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) from Pakistan. Eight C. glabrata (N. glabratus) strains from our fungal strain bank (five fluconazole-resistant and …

The Urgent Need For Well-Being Programs In Medical Residencies In Brazil, Marcelo Bruno Generoso, Pedro Shiozawa, Ricardo Uchida, Marsal Sanches

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

Brazilian Psychiatric Association Guidelines For The Treatment Of Social Anxiety Disorder, Leonardo Baldaçara, Thales Marcon Almeida, Diogo Cesar Dos Santos, Ana Beatriz Paschoal, Aldo Felipe Pinto, Luiz Antonio Vesco Gaiotto, Diogo De Lacerda Veiga, Fabiano Franca Loureiro, Leandro Fernandes Malloy-Diniz, Roseli Lage De Oliveira, Quirino Cordeiro, Marsal Sanches, Antônio E Nardi, Antônio Geraldo Da Silva, Ricardo R Uchida

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, is not well recognized. In most cases, SAD follows an unremitted and chronic course, affecting individual functioning in relationships, education, and work. Due to the disorder’s relevance in Brazil, guideline-based treatments adapted to the Brazilian social and economic context are needed. We conducted a systematic review assessing several treatment modalities for SAD. PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched using the Medical Subject Headings social anxiety disorder and social phobia. Of the 438 selected articles, 20 were selected. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered a first-line treatment for SAD …

Psychosocial Impacts Of Non-Fatal Firearm Injuries On Youth: Findings From A Qualitative Study, Annalyn S Demello, Jeff R Temple, Liam De Vassal, Irma Alvarado, Angela Waguespack, Monique R Pappadis, Jong O Lee, Leila G Wood

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Most adolescents and young adult victims of firearm violence survive, yet the mental and behavioral health outcomes associated with these incidents remain understudied. Given the potential for recurrent violence victimization and long-term psychosocial sequela after being shot, understanding the experiences of firearm injury survivors is a critical area for development. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the development of attitudes, describe psychosocial consequences, and contextualize behavioral and social outcomes among young, gunshot wounded (GSW) patients from a Level 1 trauma center in southeast Texas. A retrospective chart review and prospective recruitment of GSW patients aged 15 to 29 years …

Trends In Contacts Made By Immigrants To The National Domestic Violence Hotline, Before And During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Sarah Treves-Kagan, Vi D Le, Liris S Berra, Colleen M Ray, Yanet Ruvalcaba, Leila Wood, Denise V D'Angelo, Tatiana M Vera, Lianne Fuino Estefan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objectives: Immigrants in the United States are more likely than nonimmigrants to experience risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and problems in getting support. The COVID-19 pandemic and recent incidents of xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment may have exacerbated exposure to IPV risk factors. We examined immigrant experiences of IPV before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: This study identified changes in characteristics of abuse, services used, referrals, and barriers to services among those who contacted the National Domestic Violence Hotline (NDVH) and identified as immigrants, reported immigration status as a concern, needed immigration support, and/or identified immigration status as …

Risk Factors For Progression Of Intracranial Hemorrhage After Initiation Of Vte Chemoprophylaxis: An Evaluation Of 1390 Tbi Patients, Keith Walter Burczak, Jan-Michael Van Gent, Devi Bavishi, Joel James, Thomas W Clements, Thaddeus J Puzio, Bryan A Cotton

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objectives: Patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) often undergo early stability CT scans to evaluate for progression of bleeding. The factors associated with progression after initiating venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemoprophylaxis (CP) remain poorly described. This study aimed to determine the rate of and factors associated with ICH progression following CP initiation.

Methods: This retrospective observational study included adult (≥16 years) polytrauma patients with blunt or penetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted between September 2016 and December 2021. Progression was defined as a radiographic increase in ICH following VTE CP initiation, determined by neurosurgery or radiology faculty. Postprophylaxis CT scans were …

An Unusual Case Of Gastrointestinal Bleeding In A Recent Roux-En-Y Patient, Christopher J Carnabatu, Tanyaradzwa M Kajese, Erik B Wilson

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The incidence of obesity nationwide has led to an increase in both medicinal and surgical interventions, with recent studies indicating a drop in obesity prevalence for the first time in over a decade. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass remains one of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures in the United States, accounting for about 22% of all bariatric surgeries in 2022. While considered a safe procedure, gastric bypass results in an anatomic configuration that poses a unique challenge from both a surveillance and interventional standpoint. The gastric remnant, biliopancreatic (BP) limb, and extrahepatic biliary tree are not readily accessible vis-à-vis esophagogastroduodenoscopy …

Latent Classes Of Adolescent Trauma Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, And Substance Use Predict Clinical Diagnoses At 12-Month Follow-Up, John Leri, Josh M Cisler, Shaunna L Clark, Cody G Dodd, Saman Siddiqui, Leslie Taylor, Alexa Ayala, Sunita Stewart, Robyn Richmond, Jeffrey D Shahidullah, Justin F Rousseau, John M Hettema, D Jeffrey Newport, Karen D Wagner, Charles B Nemeroff

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use commonly co-occur among youth. Identifying specific subgroups of youth based on unique constellations across these domains may provide a novel way to identify and target youth at prospective risk for specific types of negative clinical outcomes.

METHODS: Trauma exposed youth completed structured clinical assessments as part of a longitudinal study (

RESULTS: Four latent classes were identified which differentiated participants based on the type of trauma exposure, the number of PTSD symptoms endorsed, and the propensity to be engaged in polysubstance use. Latent classes which were characterized by exposure to …

Steroids For Viral Meningitis: A Foe Or A Friend?, Rodrigo Hasbun

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

Giant Cell Tumor Of The Bone With Fatal Pulmonary Metastasis: A Case Report, Mohamad Taha, Saadia A Faiz, Pushan Jani, Jing Liu, Yasir D Ali, Mohammad Asim Amjad

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Giant cell tumors of the bone are typically benign, locally aggressive lesions that rarely metastasize. In this report, we describe the case of a 48-year-old woman presenting with a giant cell tumor of the bone of the hip joint, which demonstrated aggressive histological features and recurrent behavior. The patient developed multiple unresectable pulmonary metastases despite several wide local excisions. Although pulmonary metastases from giant cell tumors of the bone are usually associated with a relatively favorable prognosis, guidelines for the optimal treatment of metastatic giant cell tumors of the bone remain limited. This case highlights the unpredictable nature of giant …

Editorial: Women In Brain Imaging And Stimulation, Volume Ii: 2024, Molly S Hermiller, Ruogu Fang, Wen Li

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

Rezafungin For Suppressive Therapy Of Candida Auris In A Patient With A Left Ventricular Assist Device (Lvad), Matthew A Stack, Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, Rodrigo Hasbun, Sun O Park, Jessica Babic, Mona Kapadia

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: Invasive candidiasis is a common healthcare-associated infection with significant morbidity and mortality. Candida auris in particular has emerged as a problematic and challenging healthcare-associated infection, especially with regards to infections involving left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). There is a paucity of evidence on the best management of these particular types of infections. Rezafungin is a newly-approved echinocandin and an important new tool in the management of invasive candidiasis. We report the novel use of rezafungin for suppressive therapy in a patient with an LVAD-associated C. auris infection.

Case: The patient is a 57-year-old male with a past medical history …

Semi-Automated Virtual Endoscopy Of The Frontal Recess, Ali Jafar, William Yao, Martin Citardi

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: Virtual endoscopy (VE) is the computer-based reprocessing of diagnostic imaging to simulate endoscopy of an anatomic region of interest. VE of the Frontal Sinus Outflow Tract (FSOT) may assist surgical planning and education.

Method: VE was performed on 16 normal sinus computed tomography (CT) scans for a total of 32 sides using the "path-to-target" tool on the TruDi surgical navigation system (ver. 2.3; Acclarent, Irving, CA, USA). To aid orientation during VE, planning points were placed on the middle turbinate, ethmoidal bulla, and skull base. The VE representation of anatomy and FSOT accuracy was manually confirmed by reviewing the …

Semi-Quantitative Assessment Of Surgical Navigation Accuracy During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery In A Real-World Environment, David Z Allen, Jason Talmadge, Martin J Citardi

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: Although surgical navigation is commonly used in rhinologic surgery, data on real world performance are sparse because of difficulties in collecting measurements for target registration error (TRE). Despite publications showing submillimeter TRE, surgeons do report TRE of >3 mm. We describe a novel method for assessing TRE during surgery and report findings with this technique.

Methods: The TruDi navigation system (Acclarent, Irving, CA) was registered using a contour-based protocol. The surgeon estimated target registration error (e-TRE) at up to 8 points (anatomic regions of interest [ROI]) during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). System logs were used to simulate the localization …

Synthetic Versus Biologic Mesh For Complex Open Ventral Hernia Repair: 3-Year Follow-Up Of A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial, Naila H Dhanani, Nicole B Lyons, Kyung Hyun Lee, Oscar A Olavarria, Aris R Arakelians, Julie L Holihan, Lillian S Kao, Ali Siddiqui, Connor Hogan, Tunmi Anwoju, Zuhair Ali, Mike K Liang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Biologic mesh is often used in complex hernia repair, but there has been limited clinical evidence to date to support this practice. The aim of this study was to compare clinical and patient-reported outcomes of biologic versus synthetic mesh for complex open ventral hernia repair (OVHR) at 3 years.

Methods: Patients from a single center, randomized, controlled, pilot trial comparing biologic versus synthetic mesh in complex OVHR were followed for 3 years. The primary outcome focused on major complications, namely mesh infections, hernia recurrences, reoperations, and deaths. Secondary outcomes included surgical site infections, surgical site occurrences, and patient-reported outcomes. …

Instagram Versus Reality: Who Are Actually Plastic Surgeons?, Nikhi P Singh, Mary M Holohan, Cameron Harmon, Kasra N Fallah, Jeffrey Gross, Aadarsh Patel, Carter J Boyd, Matthew R Greives, Jorge De La Torre, Gayle Gordillo, Timothy W King

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Instagram has become one of the most powerful marketing tools available to plastic surgeons because patients have increasingly turned to online resources to find physicians. Within, we review the online presence of self-ascribed plastic surgeons in the United States to identify potential misinformation and dishonest advertising.

Methods: The Inflact database was queried for the search terms: "plastic surgeon/surgery," "plastic and reconstructive surgeon/surgery," "aesthetic surgeon/surgery," and "cosmetic surgeon/surgery." US physician account information, history of medical training, American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS) certification status, and posts were reviewed.

Results: In total, 1399 physicians practicing within the United States were identified. …

Evaluating The Emotional Accuracy Of Ai-Generated Facial Expressions In Neurotypical Individuals, Antonio Pagán, Katherine A Loveland, Ronald Acierno

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

This study examines the ability of generative artificial intelligence to produce facial expressions representing basic emotions in a neutral context using black-and-white cartoon imagery. Mentalization, the capacity to recognize and interpret one’s own and others’ mental states, is critical for social interaction and emotional regulation. We explored the emotional validation of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated images by assessing the agreement between human interpretations of emotions and those generated by an AI model. Thirty-four participants evaluated images depicting six basic emotions: sadness, anger, happiness, surprise, fear, and disgust. Our findings revealed significant variability in human agreement, with higher concordance for sadness, anger, …

Normative Laboratory Value Ranges In Pediatric Patients Who Underwent Evaluation For Mis-C, Thomas Graf, Nathan M Money, Sindhoosha Malay, Nori Minich, Risa Bochner, Bari Winik, Ron Kaplan, Jennifer Y Colgan, Erin Aldag, Ryan O' Sullivan, Guliz Erdem, Allayne Stephans

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background and objectives: Diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is challenging due to symptom overlap with other common conditions. The primary objective of this multicenter study was to establish normative laboratory values in MIS-C patients and compare to patients evaluated for MIS-C who had other final diagnoses.

Methods: Five hospitals reviewed records of a cohort of patients 6 months to 18 years old who were evaluated for MIS-C between March 31st 2020 and February 1st 2022. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, and laboratory values were compared in patients with a final diagnosis of MIS-C versus all other conditions. Patients' …