Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Alterations Of Hsp70 Gene Expression In Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncus Mykiss) Exposed To Deltamethrin, Muhammed Atamanalp, Orhan Erdoğan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide and potential toxic pollutant to aquatic ecosystems, on the heat shock protein HSP70 gene expression in rainbow trout. Deltamethrin was applied at 0.3 and 0.6 \mug/L for 28 days under laboratory conditions. After the experiment, HSP70 was amplified for 20-40 PCR cycles for the control and deltamethrin-treated fish groups. While the quantitative mRNA level was low in the 40^t^h PCR cycle in the control, it was higher in the fish exposed to deltamethrin. The differences between the treated groups and the control group were …

Effect Of Extruded Fodder On Biochemical And Haematological Parameters Of Standardbred Horses Under Training Conditions, Helena Hartlova, Dalibor Rehak, Marketa Sedmikova, Jaroslav Mendlik, Jana Kralova

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to examine whether feeding of extruded fodder can improve the energy metabolism of horses under training conditions. The experiment was performed on 12 clinically healthy Standardbred horses (6 horses in the control group and 6 horses in the experimental group). The diet of the horses was based on oats, barley, meadow hay, and a supplement of vitamins and minerals. The diet of the experimental group (6 horses) was supplemented with 1.25 kg of extruded fodder that replaced the corresponding dose of grain. Feeding doses were related to the rate of sub-maximal workload. Selected biochemical …

The Microbiological, Serological And Chemical Qualities Of Mincemeat Marketed In İstanbul, Ömer Çeti̇n, Enver Bariş Bi̇ngöl, Hi̇lal Çolak, Özer Ergün, Can Demi̇r

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The objective of this study was to investigate the microbiological, serological, and chemical properties in raw ground beef consumed in İstanbul. For this purpose, a total of 127 samples of ground beef were obtained from different regions in İstanbul. The mean total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts were 1.3 × 10^6, 2.8 × 10^3, and 3.1 × 10^3 cfu/g, respectively. Salmonella spp. were found positive in 4 (3.14%) of the ground beef samples. None of the analyzed samples was found to contain horsemeat or pork, but 4 of them contained poultry, and 8 of them contained mutton. …

Isolation And Characterization Of Vibrio ( Listonella) Anguillarum From Catfish, Mehrnaz Rad, Davar Shahsavani

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Vibrio anguillarum was isolated from several organs of some aquarium catfish in a fish population with high mortality. Macroscopic examination of the affected catfish revealed ascites in the abdomen, site-petechiae, and dorsal erection. Although there are some variations in phenotypic characterization among different isolates of Vibrio anguillarum, the majority show a common biochemical profile with distinct microscopic appearance that can provide presumptive identification of Vibrio anguillarum. Biochemical tests were used for identification of Vibrio anguillarum in aquarium catfish in this report.

Factors Affecting Wool Characteristics Of Kari Sheep In Pakistan, Sohail Ahmad, Muhammad Sajjad Khan, M. Fatah Ullah Khan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study attempted to generate some basic information on wool production and quality in the Kari breed. Thirty flocks, 10 each in the 3 Union Councils (UCs), were registered for on-farm performance recording in the Lotkho Tehsil, north of Chitral city. Two animals per flock were selected for collecting fleece samples from 3 yearly shearings. The actual greasy wool yield per sheep was 937 g. Wool yield per shearing averaged 366 ± 9.6 g. Location and flock differences were found significant (P < 0.01). The same was also true for the clean fleece yield with an overall average of 300 ± 8.2 g per shearing. The fibre diameter averaged 23 ± 0.2 µm, and flock differences were significant (P < 0.01). The staple length varied among flocks (P < 0.01), locations, and shearing season (P < 0.05). Male Kari had more medulated fibres than female Kari (6.9 ± 0.37% vs. 5.5 ± 0.37%). The greasy and clean fleece yields were quite repeatable traits (repeatability > 0.5). The repeatability estimates of fibre diameter and staple length were 0.38 and 0.20, respectively. Sheep of …

Polymorphism Of The Cyp19 Gene And Milk Production Traits Of Dairy Cattle, Inga Kowalewska Luczak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to estimate the relations between CYP19/Cfr13I and CYP19/PvuII genotypes and milk production traits. The study was carried on 915 Black-and-White cows kept in the Western Pomerania region of Poland. The CYP19/Cfr13I and CYP19/PvuII polymorphisms were detected using the PCR-RFLP method. Statistically significant (P Keywords:

A Survey Of Aflatoxin M1 Levels In Kahramanmaraş Cheese, Özlem Turgay, Di̇dem Hi̇lkat Aksakal, Seli̇m Sünnetçi̇, Ali̇ Bahadir Çeli̇k

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels were measured in 46 Kahramanmaraş semi-hard cheese samples (22 from bovine milk, 18 from goat milk, and 6 from ovine milk) using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). None of the ovine milk cheese samples contained AFM1. AFM1 was present in 32 samples (69.6%) of bovine and goat cheese. Bovine milk cheese and goat milk cheese samples contained 0.069-1.2 ng g-1 and 0.06-0.22 ng g-1 of AFM1, respectively. With the exception of 2 bovine milk cheese samples (one contained 1.2 ng g-1 of AFM1, the other contained 0.25 ng g-1 of AFM1), the other samples (96%) had levels …

The Effect Of Hcg Given On Day 12 Post-Mating On Ovarian Function And Embryo Survival In Beetal Goats In Southern Punjab, Pakistan, Mushtaq H. Lashari, Zahida Tasawar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin on ovarian function and embryo development of Beetal goats reared under traditional conditions at the Sheep and Goat Research Station, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Fourteen Beetal goats at 4 years of age, weighing 40 ± 0.41 kg (mean ± SEM) were used. Their daily food was hay, green fodder, tree loppings, and 250 g of additional rations per goat. These goats were mated to buck at synchronized estrus by 2 i/m injections of dalmazin, given at 11-day intervals. These animals were divided into 2 equal groups (7/group) …

The Prevalence Of Loser Cows In Extensive Breeding Systems In Transylvania, Silvana Popescu, Cristin Borda, Dana C. Sandru, Cristina I. Hegedus

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The loser cow concept was introduced in scientific literature in 2005, by the Danish researcher Thomsen, referring to the cow 'unable to keep up with the rest of the herd'. Since in Transylvania (Romania) the great majority of cattle are kept in extensive breeding systems, in small and middle sized farms, the purpose of the present study was to establish the prevalence of loser cows in such systems. The identification of loser cows was done based on a clinical protocol including 7 clinical signs, from which the loser cow score was calculated. Seven hundred and sixty nine cows in 123 …

Potential Future Applications Of Spermatheca Extract From The Marine Snail Telescopium Telescopium, S. Roy, U. Datta, Debaki Ghosh, Partha Sarathi Dasgupta, Prasenjit Mukherjee, Uttio Roychowdhury

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Cytosol fraction of spermatheca and/or the ovotestis gland from the marine snail Telescopium telescopium was found to have antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifertility, and immunomodulation properties. The present experiment was conducted to explore the biochemical nature, composition, and pharmacological properties of the cytosol fraction along with its toxicity on the hematopoietic system in vivo. This glandular extract was analyzed and found to contain enzymes, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and other biologically active components like higher vertebrates. The present study showed that the extract was able to restrict the induced tumor (sarcoma-180) growth in mice concomitantly with an increased life span of the tumor …

Effectiveness Of Eprinomectin 0.5% Pour-On Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Naturally Infected Cattle, Zahi̇de Bi̇lgi̇n, Kerem Öter, Recep Tinar, Erkut Tüzer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Effectiveness of eprinomectin, which until now has not been assessed in Turkey, was tested against gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally infected cattle under field conditions in Adapazarı, Sakarya. Out of 25 cattle used in trial, 17 were treated with eprinomectin and 8 were kept as untreated controls. To determine gastrointestinal nematode fauna, a fecal culture was prepared from the mixed fecal samples of 25 trial cattle at 26-27 °C for 3 weeks. Eprinomectin 0.5% pour-on (Eprinomec 0.5% Dökme Çözelti®, TOPKİM) at the recommended dose of 1 mL/10 kg bw (0.5 mg active ingredient/kg bw) was applied along the backline of each …

Several Congenital Abnormalities In A Neonate Of A Mixed Mehraban Sheep, Arash Esfandiari, Asghar Dehghan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A 3-year-old mixed Mehraban sheep, in second parturition, was brought to Kazerun Veterinary School with signs of dystocia. The neonate had 2 separate heads with a common neck (dicephalus). Anal atresia, meningomyelocele, arachnomelia, and spina bifida were found in the neonate. In addition, it had 2 esophagi, but they became united after the esophageal hiatus. The tongue and larynx in each head were normal. It had 2 tracheas and 2 lungs with each trachea entering a separate lung. The lungs had many lobes. The heart had compensatory hypertrophy and had 2 pulmonary trunks. The abdomen and other body systems were …

Promiscuous Mating In Feral Pigs (Sus Scrofa) From Texas, Usa, Johanna Delgado-Acevedo, Angeline Zamorano, Randy W. Deyoung, Tyler A. Campbell, David G. Hewitt, David B. Long

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Context. Feral pigs represent a significant threat to agriculture and ecosystems and are disease reservoirs for pathogens affecting humans, livestock and other wildlife. Information on the behavioural ecology of feral pigs might increase the efficiency and effectiveness of management strategies.

Aims. We assessed the frequency of promiscuous mating in relation to oestrous synchrony in feral pigs from southern Texas, USA, an agroecosystem with a widespread and well established population of feral pigs. An association between multiple paternity of single litters and synchrony of oestrous may indicate alternative mating strategies, such as mateguarding.

Methods. We collected gravid sows at …

Induction Of Interferon And Interferon Signaling Pathways By Replication Of Defective Interfering Particle Rna In Cells Constitutively Expressing Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication Proteins, Debasis Panda, Phat X. Dinh, Lalit Beura, Asit K. Pattnaik

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

We show here that replication of defective interfering (DI) particle RNA in HEK293 cells stably expressing vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication proteins potently activates interferon (IFN) and IFN signaling pathways through upregulation of IFN- promoter, IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter, and NF-κB promoter activities. Replication of DI particle RNA, not mere expression of the viral replication proteins, was found to be critical for induction of IFN and IFN signaling. The stable cells supporting replication of DI RNA described in this report will be useful in further examining the innate immune signaling pathways and the host cell functions in viral genome …

Towards An Understanding Of The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Reactivation Cycle, Guey-Chuen Perng, Clinton Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause clinical symptoms in the peripheral and central nervous system. Recurrent ocular shedding can lead to corneal scarring and vision loss making HSV-1 a leading cause of corneal blindness due to an infectious agent. The primary site of HSV-1 latency is sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia. Periodically, reactivation from latency occurs resulting in virus transmission and recurrent disease. During latency, the latency-associated transcript (LAT) is abundantly expressed. LAT expression is important for the latency-reactivation cycle in animal models, in part, because it inhibits apoptosis, viral gene expression, and productive infection. A …

Method For Identification Of Virulence Determinants, Raul G. Barletta, Beth Harris

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Disclosed are methods for the determination of virulence determinants in bacteria and in particular bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. Also disclosed are compositions and methods for stimulating an immune response in an animal using bacteria and virulence determinants identified by the methods of the present invention.

A Deletion Mutation In Bovine Slc4a2 Is Associated With Osteopetrosis In Red Angus Cattle, Stacey N. Meyers, Tara G. Mcdaneld, Shannon L. Swist, Brandy M. Marron, David J. Steffen, Donal O'Toole, Jeffrey R. O'Connell, Jonathan E. Beever, Tad S. Sonstegard, Timothy P.L. Smith

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Osteopetrosis is a skeletal disorder of humans and animals characterized by the formation of overly dense bones, resulting from a deficiency in the number and/or function of bone-resorbing osteoclast cells. In cattle, osteopetrosis can either be induced during gestation by viral infection of the dam, or inherited as a recessive defect. Genetically affected calves are typically aborted late in gestation, display skull deformities and exhibit a marked reduction of osteoclasts. Although mutations in several genes are associated with osteopetrosis in humans and mice, the genetic basis of the cattle disorder was previously unknown.

Results: We have conducted a whole-genome …

Prepucial Urethrostomy Performed Using The Coating Technique, Suphi̇ Erdem Acar, Murat Şaroğlu, Defne Joan Sadalak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Penile urethral obstruction in cats is a commonly seen clinical case in veterinary medicine practice. In cases where there is no response to catheterisation or medical intervention, surgery is needed to enable urination and correct uraemia and hyperkalaemia. Several surgical techniques of urethrostomy have been described for this aim. In performing standard prepucial urethrostomy great care must be taken to minimise leakage in the anastomosis site and promote healing when performing the pelvic urethra and prepucial mucosa anastomosis. To achieve this, the line of anastomosis has been reinforced by covering the anastomosis with the bilateral bulbourethral tissue, m. ischiourethralis and …

Effects Of Marketing Chicken Meat As A Whole Or Cut Up On Enterprise Income, Ferhan Kaygisiz, Yavuz Cevger

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

As research material, 521 broiler carcasses, 308 of which were cut up manually and 213 of which were cut up with machine, were used. The carcasses cut up were divided into 6 groups based on their weights. In both methods, the whole weights of the carcasses were determined first and recorded. After that, they were divided into 3 parts as wings, legs, and breast. It was found that the process of cutting up takes 12 s by hand and 50.5 s with machine. As a result of cutting up, net income increase was determined as 13.75% for manual cutting up …

Treatment Of Hypersexuality And Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy With Delmadinone Acetate In Intact Male Dogs, Hakki Bülent Beceri̇kli̇soy, Serhan Serhat Ay, Duygu Kaya, Ali̇ Reha Ağaoğlu, İbrahi̇m Küçükaslan, Okan Ali̇ Aksoy, Ni̇l Erünal Maral, Murat Findik, Seli̇m Aslan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of delmadinone acetate (DMA) for the treatment of hypersexuality (HS) and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), which are frequently observed in male dogs, for which no surgical treatment has been indicated. The study was performed with 21 intact male dogs that had HS (n = 12) and signs of BPH (n = 9). DMA (Tardak® or Tardastrex®) was administered subcutaneously to each dog at a dose of 3-5 mg/kg and was repeated 15 days later as a second treatment. DMA administration was repeated in some cases until the clinical signs …

Determination Of Optimal Dose Of Egf For Bovine Oocyte Maturation And Subsequent In Vitro Fertilization And Culture In Two Media, Ayhan Baştan, Bülent Polat, Duygu Baki̇ Acar, Ömer Korkmaz, Armağan Çolak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose of EGF on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes and to investigate the effect of different IVF and IVC media on development of bovine embryos matured with EGF. Oocytes collected from a slaughterhouse were randomly divided into 4 groups. Each group of oocytes was incubated with different doses of EGF (Control: 0 ng/mL, Group 1: 1 ng/mL, Group 2: 10 ng/mL, and Group 3: 100 ng/mL) for 24 h to determine the optimal dose. Matured oocytes were fertilized with frozen-thawed bull sperm by using the swim-up method. The oocytes …

Investigation Of Antimicrobial Susceptibility For Enterococci Isolated From Cats And Dogs And The Determination Of Resistance Genes By Polymerase Chain Reaction, Süheyla Türkyilmaz, Vasfi̇ye Erdem, Bülent Bozdoğan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and to determinate the resistance genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) among enterococci isolated from healthy cats and dogs in İzmir, Turkey. From a total of 114 rectal swabs, 91 (31 cats and 60 dogs) stains were isolated as enterococci. Twenty eight isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and 63 as Enterococcus faecium with the API 20 IDStrep system. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion. Susceptibility rates of all enterococci strains were found as 100.0%, 95.6%, 94.5%, 87.9%, 84.6%, 30.8%, 29.7%, and 0.0% for teicoplanin, penicillin, vancomycine, chloramphenicol, …

The Effects Of Dietary Ascorbic Acid Supplementation On Collagen And Amino Acid Concentrations In Japanese Quails Exposed To Heat Stress, Kami̇l Seyrek, Hakan Erbaş, Mukadder Serter, Çi̇ğdem Yeni̇sey, Funda Kiral, Hüsnü Erbay Bardakçioğlu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A considerable body of data exists regarding the role of vitamin C in mammalian physiology; however, there are no data about the effects of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on collagen concentrations and amino acid levels in animals exposed to heat stress. The present study investigated the effects of supplementary ascorbic acid intake on collagen concentrations in the brain and heart tissue in Japanese quails. In addition, glycine, glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine contents in the livers of the same animals were measured. Japanese quails were allocated into 4 groups, each of which was exposed to heat stress (34.8 ± 1.25 …

Frequency And Antibiotic Susceptibility Of Pasteurella Multocida And Mannheimia Haemolytica Isolates From Nasal Cavities Of Cattle, Kaan Önat, Serpi̇l Kahya, K. Tayfun Çarli

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica from nasal cavities of cattle, and to find antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates. Bilateral nasal swab samples were collected from 47 clinically healthy Holstein cattle, with no history of antimicrobial treatment prior to sampling. Respectively, 5 and 27 isolates were identified as M. haemolytica and P. multocida. Seventeen samples from cattle of 1 year or younger were found to have P. multocida. On the other hand, from 29 samples from cattle of 2 years or older, 10 P. multocida and 5 M. …

Comparative Efficacy Of Seven Brands Of Albendazole Against Naturally Acquired Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Sheep In Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia, Bersissa Kumsa, Adugna Tolera, Ajebu Nurfeta

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 7 brands of albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in southern Ethiopia. The study included 120 local breed male sheep purchased in Hawassa. The sheep were divided into 8 groups of 15 animals each. Group 1 served as the untreated control, whereas groups 2-8 were treated with ABZ1, ABZ2, ABZ3, ABZ4, ABZ5, ABZ6, and ABZ7, respectively. Fecal samples were collected before treatment on day 0, and again on post-treatment day 12. The efficacy of all 7 brands of albendazole was determined on post-treatment day 12 based on the fecal egg …

The Pharmacokinetics Of Cefepime In Goats Following Single-Dose I.V. And I.M. Administration, Shahi̇d Prawez, Raji̇nder Raina, Dimitritchka Dimitrova, Nri̇p Ki̇shore Pankaj, Azad Ahmad Ahanger, Pawan Kumar Verma

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The pharmacokinetics of cefepime was studied in 5 goats following i.v. and i.m. administration of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Following i.v. administration, the cefepime plasma concentration-time curves were best fitted in a one-compartment open model. The elimination half-life (t1/2\beta), area under curve (AUC0/rightarrow/infinity), and total body clearance (ClB) were 1.86 ± 0.54 h, 181.58 ± 80.52 \mug.h/mL, and 1.10 ± 0.54 mL/min/kg, respectively. Following i.m. administration, pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using statistical moment theory (SMT). The drug was absorbed rapidly, with an absorption half-life (t1/2abs) of 0.77 ± 0.34 h. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 49.32 ± 10.33 …

Prevalence And Antimicrobial Resistance Of Salmonella Serovars Isolated From Poultry Meat In Hyderabad, Pakistan, Aijaz Hussain Soomro, Muhammad Khaskheli, Muhammad Bachal Bhutto, Ghiasuddin Shah, Azizullah Memon, Parkash Dewani

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in broiler chicken meat sold in Hyderabad, Pakistan. A total of 100 samples were randomly collected from poultry meat retail markets and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The prevalence rate recorded was 38%. The most prevalent serogroups were S. enteritidis, S. typhi, S. pullorum, and S. typhimurium. All the Salmonella isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, and sensitivity to tetracycline, streptomycin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. The findings highlighted the magnitude of Salmonella contamination in chicken meat sold in the city, and the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella …

Bilateral Abscesses Of The Maxillary Carnassial Teeth In A Female Pekinese, Abutorab Tabatabaei Naeini, Alireza Raayat Jahromi, Samira Mehrshad

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Tooth infections are typically seen in older dogs as a result of poor oral hygiene (periodontal disease) or traumatic tooth fractures (endodontic and periapical disease). An 8-year-old female Pekinese was presented due to bilateral draining tracts located just under its eyes, and a history of healing and recurrence of the lesions after about 3 weeks of systemic antibiotic therapy. Dental radiography revealed bilateral carnassial tooth root abscesses. Both teeth were extracted under general anesthesia. With proper postoperative care the abscesses healed with no further complications.

Hydrosalpinx And Hydrobursitis In Infertile Goats, Kaiser Dawood

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Five adult female goats were brought to our veterinary hospital with infertility. Ultrasonography showed what seemed to be hydrometra or cystic lesion in the genital region of 18-month-old twin local breed female goats. After slaughter of the does and excision of the genital tract, a macroscopic examination revealed bilateral hydrosalpinx and extreme dilation of the ovarian bursa with complete capsulation of the active ovary in the cystic ovarian bursa on each side. Amber to dark brown fluid fully filled the oviduct and the cystic structure of the ovarian bursa. Microscopically, the ovarian bursa showed an obvious chronic inflammation and an …

Prevalence Of Post Parturient Haemoglobinuria In Buffalo And Therapeutic Trials With Toldimfos Sodium And Tea Leaves In Pakistan, Aneela Zameer Durrani, Nadeem Kamal, Abdul Rauf Shakoori, Rana Muhammad Younus

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of post parturient haemoglobinuria in buffaloes, and to compare the therapeutic efficacy of toldimfos sodium, sodium acid phosphate, and tea leaves. The prevalence of disease in 1000 animals, grouped according to varying stages of lactation and pregnancy, was recorded. Screening of positive animals based on clinical signs of haemoglobinuria, anaemia, and moderate pyrexia was performed. Urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were processed for haematological parameters and biochemical profile. Blood films were made and stained. The animals that were positive for disease were treated with sodium acid phosphate, …