Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Review Of The Pathogenesis And Treatment Of Acute Spinal Cord Injury And Investigation Into The Use Of Urine 3-Hpma As A Novel Biomarker Of Secondary Injury After Acute Spinal Cord Injury In The Dog, Andrea Sangster

Open Access Theses

Acute spinal cord injury (ASCI) has two pathophysiological stages of injury: the primary injury and the secondary injury cascade. Primary injury includes the initial or mechanical insult to the spinal cord. Secondary injury is a cascade of biochemical events that propagates damage of adjacent, healthy tissue increasing the overall volume of spinal cord tissue that is affected. Acrolein is a toxic byproduct of lipid peroxidation produced during secondary injury. A metabolite of acrolein-glutathione adduct found in urine, 3-HPMA, has recently been shown to increase after spinal cord injury in a rat model. The aim of our study was to apply …

The Effects Of Heat Stress On Immunity In Laying Hens And Dairy Cattle, Rebecca Ann Strong

Open Access Theses

With the increase in global climate change and the population growth driving the high demand for additional food production, heat stress (HS) is a major concern in the livestock industry across all species. Animals experience HS when exposed to high environmental temperatures outside their thermal neutral zone. The level of the effects can vary due to the length and intensity of HS to which the animal is exposed to. In experiment one, laying hens with access to cooled perches during HS had a lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio compared to the control hens after 4 h of acute heat stress, …

Prediction Of Parturition And Dystocia In Holstein-Friesian Cattle, And Cesarean Section In Dystocic Beef Cattle, Wen Han Mark Hiew

Open Access Dissertations

Dystocia is a major problem in the dairy industry as it causes livestock and economic loss. It is more frequently seen in primiparous cattle compared to their multiparous counterparts due to their smaller stature and the slow maturation of pelvic dimensions. In some instances, human intervention of the parturition process is imperative to avoid pain, injury, and mortality of the neonate and the dam. The ability to accurately predict dystocia and the time of parturition will ensure that timely assistance can be given to animals that are of high risk of dystocia.^ The present thesis contains four studies that explore …

Efficacy Of Short Novel Antimicrobial And Anti-Inflammatory Peptides In A Mouse Model Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Skin Infection, Mohamed F. Mohamed, Mohamed N. Seleem

Department of Comparative Pathobiology Faculty Publications

The therapeutic efficacy of two novel short antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptides (RR and RRIKA) was evaluated in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infection. RR (2%) and RRIKA (2%) significantly reduced the bacterial counts and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusUSA 300-0114 skin lesions. Furthermore, the combined therapy of RRIKA (1%) and lysostaphin (0.5%) had significantly higher antistaphylococcal and anti-inflammatory activity compared to monotherapy. This study supports the potential use of these peptides for topical treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections.

Growing South Dakota (Fall 2014), College Of Agriculture &. Biological Sciences

Growing South Dakota (Publication of the College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences)

[Page] 2 Abundant Opportunities: Bright Ag & Bio Career Outlook Fuels Enhancements
[Page] 4 Future Focus: New Institute Supports Efforts In Science, Technology, Engineering, Math
[Page] 7 Grant Funding Updates
[Page] 8 Profiles in Leadership: Engaging Students Utilizing Problem-Based Learning
[Page] 9 Profiles in Leadership: The Value Of Experience-Based Learning
[Page] 10 Campus News
[Page] 12 Steps To Ensure Student Success: Support Fostered In Living-Learning Communities
[Page] 14 New Student Advising Model Gets High Marks
[Page] 15 Student To Student: Ag Bio Ambassadors Relish Role As Front Line Recruiters
[Page] 16 Remembering Dr. Robert Pengra: SDSU Alums Establish Tribute Scholarship …

Development Of A Fatal Noncompressible Truncal Hemorrhage Model With Combined Hepatic And Portal Venous Injury In Normothermic Normovolemic Swine, Ujwal R. Yanala, Jason M. Johanning, Iraklis I. Pipinos, Gustavo F. Larsen, William H. Velander, Mark A. Carlson

William H. Velander Publications

Noncompressible truncal hemorrhage and brain injury currently account for most early mortality of warfighters on the battlefield. There is no effective treatment for noncompressible truncal hemorrhage, other than rapid evacuation to a surgical facility. The availability of an effective field treatment for noncompressible truncal hemorrhage could increase the number of warfighters salvaged from this frequently-lethal scenario. Our intent was to develop a porcine model of noncompressible truncal hemorrhage with a ,50% one-hour mortality so that we could develop new treatments for this difficult problem. Normovolemic normothermic domestic swine (barrows, 3 months old, 34–36 kg) underwent one of three injury types …

The Distribution Pattern Of Halicephalobus Gingivalis In A Horse Is Suggestive Of A Haematogenous Spread Of The Nematode, Christina Henneke, Anna Jespersen, Stine Jacobsen, Martin K. Nielsen, Fintan Mcevoy, Henrik E. Jensen

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

The majority of Halicephalobus gingivalis-infections in horses have been fatal and are usually not diagnosed before necropsy. Therefore, knowledge about the nematode and the pathogenesis of infection in horses is limited. This has resulted in an on-going discussion about the port of entry and subsequent dissemination of H. gingivalis within the host. The present case of H. gingivalis-infection in a horse was diagnosed ante mortem. Post mortem findings, the distribution pattern of H. gingivalis nematodes in the brain, a high prevalence of inflammation in close relation to blood vessels, and the presence of the nematode in multiple organs …

A Rational Framework For Evaluating The Next Generation Of Vaccines Against Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis, John P. Bannantine, Murray E. Hines Ii, Luiz E. Bermudez, Adel M. Talaat, Srinand Sreevatsan, Judith R. Stabel, Yung-Fu Chang, Paul M. Coussens, Raúl G. Barletta, William C. Davis, Desmond M. Collins, Yrjö T. Gröhn, Vivek Kapur

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Since the early 1980s, several investigations have focused on developing a vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep. These studies used whole-cell inactived vaccines that have proven useful in limiting disease progression, but have not prevented infection. In contrast, modified live vaccines that invoke a Th1 type immune response, may improve protection against infection. Spurred by recent advances in the ability to create defined knockouts in MAP, several independent laboratories have developed modified live vaccine candidates by transcriptional mutation of virulence and metablolic genes in MAP. In order to accelerate …

Sequence-Based Antigenic Change Prediction By A Sparse Learning Method Incorporating Co-Evolutionary Information., Jialiang Yang, Tong Zhang, Xiu-Feng Wan

CVM Publications

Rapid identification of influenza antigenic variants will be critical in selecting optimal vaccine candidates and thus a key to developing an effective vaccination program. Recent studies suggest that multiple simultaneous mutations at antigenic sites accumulatively enhance antigenic drift of influenza A viruses. However, pre-existing methods on antigenic variant identification are based on analyses from individual sites. Because the impacts of these co-evolved sites on influenza antigenicity may not be additive, it will be critical to quantify the impact of not only those single mutations but also multiple simultaneous mutations or co-evolved sites. Here, we developed and applied a computational method, …

An Evaluation Of A Liquid Antimicrobial (Sal Curb®) For Reducing The Risk Of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Of Naïve Pigs During Consumption Of Contaminated Feed, Scott Dee, Casey Neill, Travis Clement, Jane Christopher-Hennings, Eric A. Nelson

Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Since its initial detection in May 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has spread rapidly throughout the US swine industry. Recently, contaminated feed was confirmed as a vehicle for PEDV infection of naïve piglets. This research provides in vivo data supporting the ability of a liquid antimicrobial product to reduce this risk.
Results: Sal CURB® (Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA, USA) is a FDA-approved liquid antimicrobial used to control Salmonella contamination in poultry and swine diets. To test its effect against PEDV, Sal CURB®-treated feed was spiked with a stock isolate of PEDV (Ct = 25.22), which PEDV-naïve piglets …

Prevalence Of Canine Infectious Endocarditis And Possible Association With Bartonella Spp. In Bangkok, Thailand, Sirilak D. Surachetpong, Sukullaya Assarasakorn, Anudep Rungsipipat, A. Valeria Scorza, Melissa M. Brewer, Kenneth W. Simpson, Michael R. Lappin

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Infectious endocarditis (IE) is a heart valve or endocardial disease. Bartonella spp. are considered one of the causes of IE. The objective was to study the prevalence of canine IE in Bangkok, Thailand with an emphasis on Bartonella spp. infections. A review of the reports between January 1999 to December 2009 of 3,545 necropsied dogs was performed. Cardiac tissue blocks from 11 dogs were studied for the presence of eubacterial DNA and Bartonella spp. DNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and for Bartonella spp. DNA by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The prevalence of canine IE was 0.65%. The cardiac …

A Reassortant Virus Of A Thai Swine Influenza Virus (Siv) And The Pandemic H1n1 Of Pig Origin Did Not Induce Severe Disease In Experimental Ducks, Jirapat Arunorat, Nataya Charoenvisal, Juthatip Keawcharoen, Donruethai Sreta, Alongkorn Amonsin, Roongroje Thanawongnuwech

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Currently, the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) 2009 influenza A virus and its reassortant pandemic H1N1 influenza (rH1N1) viruses have been circulating in pigs population in many countries around the world including Thailand. Many organizations and researchers have raised some concerns about interspecies transmission, particularly in aquatic avian species including domestic ducks commingling in backyard farming. In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of those viruses in domestic ducks, the study on pH1N1and rH1N1 recently isolated from pigs was conducted to understand the susceptibility, clinical signs, viral shedding and lesions in experimental ducks. Twenty-one 6-week-old influenza A virus negative ducks were divided into …

Ophthalmology Snapshot, Nalinee Tuntivanich

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

Effeciency Of Various Supportive Treatments As A Cure For Anaemia In Cattle With Theileriosis, Nuri Altug, Nazmi Yüksek, Ihsan Keles, Cumali Özkan, Ibrahim Hakkı Yörük, Sezai Arslan

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of various supportive treatments on the restoration of anaemia in theileriosis. A total of 20 cattle infected with theileriosis received intramuscularly a single dose of buparvaquone (2.5 mg/kg-1 bw) and were divided into 4 equal groups according to the different therapy options: whereas no supportive treatment was applied in group 1, administrations of vitamin B complex, antioxidant vitamins (A, D, E and C), minerals and trace elements were performed in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Haematological parameters, serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins, minerals and trace elements as well as …

Longitudinal Study Of Salmonella And Campylobacter Species From Two Laying Duckling Flocks In The Central Region Of Thailand, Chalermkiat Saengthongpinit, Dhanapol Nane-Siri, Pornpim Aparachita, Prapassorn Apiwannarat, Pricha Buakhao, Watcharit Bowornnantiwath, Naris Thengchaisri, Thaweesak Songserm

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A longitudinal study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in two laying duckling flocks from the same parent stock. In total, 477 samples: breeding ducks (n=100), 1-day-old female ducklings (n=160), 30-day-old female ducklings (n=178), and environmental (n=39) samples isolated from incubator, soil, water, and feed, were investigated. Results revealed that an overall isolation of Campylobacter spp. was 27.0% (129/477). From the total of 129 positive samples, 56.6% was C. jejuni and 43.4% was C. coli. An overall isolation of Salmonella spp. was 31.0% (148/477). Eight serotypes of Salmonella enterica were identified: S. Amsterdam, …

Seminal Vesicle Carcinoma-In-Situ In An Adult Rhesus Macaque: A Case Report And Review Of The Literature, Rawiwan Imerbsin, Kesara Chumpolkulwong, Alongkorn Hanrujirakomjohn, Mana Saithasao, Sirintra Sirivisoot, Sujitra Tayamun, Laksanee Inamnuay, Eric D. Lombardini

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A seminal vesicle carcinoma-in-situ was diagnosed as an incidental finding during histopathological evaluation of necropsy tissues in a 9 year old intact male Indian origin Rhesus macaque. The animal had been used in a series of infectious disease studies and in a terminal renal transplantation experiment over the course of its life at the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences. Diagnosis was proffered by a board certified (ACVP) veterinary pathologist due to the microscopic appearance of the neoplasm and confirmed using immunohistochemistry. This report represents the first description of a seminal vesicle carcinoma-in-situ in a non-human primate.

Development Of Sedds/Smedds Of Sweet Basil Oil And Fingerroot Oil For Using In Drinking Water For Chickens, Prapaporn Boonme, Varaporn Buraphacheep Junyaprasert

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study aimed to develop self-emulsifying drug delivery systems or self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS/SMEDDS) to thoroughly mix sweet basil oil and fingerroot oil in drinking water for chickens in order to utilize for coccidiosis prevention and treatment. Effects of surfactant and cosolvent type on the formulations were investigated. The selected formulations were then investigated for physical properties. In addition, the chemical stability of the formulations was studied by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) after kept in three different conditions, i.e., 5±3 oC (in a refrigerator), 30±2 oC/75±5%RH, and 45±2 oC/75±5%RH, for four months. It was found that both sweet basil …

Monitoring Ovarian Cycles By Fecal Progesterone Analysis In Thamin Eld’S Deer Hinds (Rucervus Eldii Thamin), Orasa Phraluk, Chainarong Punkong, Ampika Thongphakdee, Boripat Siriaroonrat, Worawidh Wajjwalku, Nikorn Thongtip

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The aims of this study were to demonstrate the effectiveness of fecal progesterone metabolite monitoring technique during estrus synchronization and to investigate fecal progesterone metabolite profile in Eld’s deer (Rucervus eldii thamin) hinds for one year (February 2009-Janurary 2010). Fecal samples from five hinds were collected weekly, subjected to hormone extraction and subsequently progesterone analysis using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Estrus synchronization and artificial insemination were performed during breeding season (June 2009). This included an intramuscular injection of ProstaglandinF2α (5 mg) in combination with a vaginal insertion of a controlled internal drug-releasing device (CIDR type G) for 14 d. After CIDR-G …

Association Of Gap Junction Beta 2 And Transglutaminase 1 Gene Expression With Canine Atopic Dermatitis, Gunnaporn Suriyaphol, Sirin Theerawatanasirikul, Piyarat Chansiripornchai

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Atopic dermatitis is a common pruritic inflammatory skin disease in humans and dogs. Cell junction and cornified envelope are groups of proteins that are crucial for the formation and stability of the skin barrier. The purpose of this study was to investigate gene expression in cell junction and cornified envelope groups in canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) in small dog breeds. Skin biopsy was performed from 10 lesional CAD, 9 non-lesional CAD cases and 11 normal dogs and subjected to quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Several cell junction genes were evaluated, including claudin-1, occludin, zonula occludens-1 and -2, zonula occludens-1-associated nucleic …

Screening For Bacteriocin-Like Antimicrobial Activity Against Shrimp Pathogenic Vibrios And Molecular Identification Of Marine Bacteria From Otter Clam Lutraria Philippinarum, Thu Thuy Pham, Thi Hong Nhi Ho, Van Duy Nguyen

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study aimed to isolate marine bacteria from otter clam Lutraria philippinarum, screen for bacteriocin-like antimicrobial activity against shrimp pathogenic vibrios and identify these bacteria by molecular methods. Among a total of 128 bacterial isolates, 19 (15%) were found to produce bacteriocins against at least one of three shrimp pathogenic Vibrio strains. The highest bacteriocin production activity was shown by six strains, named H9, H18, H51, H61, H77 and H108. The antimicrobial activity of crude bacteriocin extracts from these strains was completely inactivated after proteinase K and trypsin treatment, heat-labile but relatively stable at pH 4-10. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis …

Clones Of Streptococcus Zooepidemicus From Outbreaks Of Hemorrhagic Canine Pneumonia And Associated Immune Responses, Sridhar Velineni, John F. Timoney, Kim Russell, Heidi J. Hamlen, Patricia Pesavento, William D. Fortney, P. Cynda Crawford

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Acute hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus has emerged as a major disease of shelter dogs and greyhounds. S. zooepidemicus strains differing in multilocus sequence typing (MLST), protective protein (SzP), and M-like protein (SzM) sequences were identified from 9 outbreaks in Texas, Kansas, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania. Clonality based on 2 or more isolates was evident for 7 of these outbreaks. The Pennsylvania and Nevada outbreaks also involved cats. Goat antisera against acutely infected lung tissue as well as convalescent-phase sera reacted with a mucinase (Sz115), hyaluronidase (HylC), InlA domain-containing cell surface-anchored protein (INLA), membrane-anchored protein (MAP), SzP, …

Changes In Electrophysiology, Heart Rate Variability And Proteinuria In Clinical Dogs Treated With Doxorubicin Chemotherapy, Chollada Buranakarl, Anusak Kijtawornrat, Winai Chansaisakorn, Monkon Trisiriroj, Chidchanok Ngamdamrongkiat, Thita Taecholarn, Jaruwat Sonpee, Wasinee Chanwathik

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of doxorubicin (DOX) at the dose used in clinical practice (12-25 mg/m2 body surface area) on cardiac electrophysiology and proteinuria. Nine dogs with tumors were treated with 1st dose of DOX while 6 and 3 dogs were left for 2nd and 3rd doses, respectively. Measurements of blood chemistries, blood pressure, electrocardiography, heart rate variability and proteinuria were performed after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd doses of DOX. All data were obtained the day just before the next dose was introduced. Results showed that giving 1 to 3 doses of DOX …

Identification And Pathology Of Lactococcus Garvieae Isolated From Cultured And Wild Giant Freshwater Prawns (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) In Thailand, Naraid Suanyuk, Machalin Dangwetngam

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Lactococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae is an increasing problem in aquaculture. The current study is, to our knowledge, the first record of L. garvieae isolated from giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) in Thailand. These bacteria were isolated from giant freshwater prawns that were either cultured or in their natural environments in Phatthalung and Songkhla, provinces of southern Thailand. Based on conventional and rapid identification systems, as well as genetic and phylogenetic characterizations, the bacteria were identified as L. garvieae. An infectivity trial indicated that all L. garvieae isolates were pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, giant freshwater prawns experimentally infected with …

Treatment Of Pododemodicosis In A Geriatric Dog Using Spot – On Formulation Of Moxidectin Plus Imidacloprid: Case Report, Piyarat Chansiripornchai, Niwat Chansiripornchai

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A 9 – year – old, 6.2 kg female Shitsu dog with a repeated history of pododemodicosis was presented at the animal hospital. The dog had been previously treated with miticides such as ivermectin injections and oral milbemycin oxime, but the clinical signs recurred every time after the therapy had been stopped. Microscopic examination of skin samples from the dog revealed the presence of Demodex canis. A spot – on formulation composed of 2.5% moxidectin and 10% imidacloprid was applied to the dog weekly. The dog’s skin lesions decreased by week 3 and the lesions completely resolved by week 6. …

Ecg Quiz, Chollada Buranakarl, Thanusorn Phakhawambodee

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

Ultrasound Diagnosis, Phiwipha Kamonrat

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

Prevalence Of Zoonotic Pathogens By Molecular Detection In Stray Dogs In Central Taiwan, Chum-Hung Chou, Tsung-Ming Yeh, Yi-Ping Lu, Wen-Ling Shih, Ching-Dong Chang, Chi-Hsien Chien, Shyh-Shyan Liu, Hung-Yi Wu, Feng-Jen Tsai, Han Hsiang Huang, Ming-Hui Liao

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study investigated the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in stray dogs including toxoplasmosis, heartworm disease, Lyme disease, leptospirosis and Q fever in central Taiwan (Taichung, Changhua and Yunlin County) using nested, semi-nested or traditional polymerase chain reaction. Associations between prevalence of the infections and demiographic data of stray dogs in central Taiwan were also analyzed. Blood samples were randomly collected from stray dogs every month from August 2009 to July 2011. Total DNA extracted from blood samples ranged from 0.8 to 1.5 mg as the sensitivity of PCR ranged from 10 fg to 100 pg. For the PCR primers no …

Animal Health Matters, Russ Daly, Jane Hennings

Animal Health MATTERS Newsletter

[Page] 1- ADRDL Welcomes Pathologist Pillatzki [Page] 1- More New Hires to Start Soon at VBS Department [Page] 2- Director's Message: Addressing Critical Needs of the ADRDL—A White Paper [Page] 3- Reporting Requirements for Swine Enteric Coronaviruses: What They Mean for Swine Producers and their Veterinarians [Page] 4- Histopathology and the Histology Laboratory at SDSU’s ADRDL [Page] 5- Pre-Veterinary Students Honored by SDVMA and SDSU Through Stethoscope Ceremony [Page] 6- New OPP and CAE Tests to be Offered “One Health” Workshop Group Meeting [Page] 6- New Hires [Page] 6- ADRDL Bacteriologist Serves as President [Page] 6- ADRDL Case Reports at …

An Evaluation Of Contaminated Complete Feed As A Vehicle For Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Of Naïve Pigs Following Consumption Via Natural Feeding Behavior: Proof Of Concept, Scott Dee, Travis Clement, Adam Schelkopf, Joel Nerem, David Knudsen, Jane Christopher-Hennings, Eric A. Nelson

Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Since its initial detection in May 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has spread rapidly throughout the US swine industry. Initially, contaminated feed was proposed as a risk factor for PEDV; however, data were not available to support this theory. Here we provide proof of concept of this risk by describing a novel means for recovering PEDV-contaminated complete feed material from commercial swine sites and conducting an in vivo experiment to prove its infectivity.

Results: For on-farm detection of PEDV RNA in feed, paint rollers were used to collect material from at-risk feed bins from 3 clinically affected breeding …

Evaluation Of Pre-Harvest Screening For Antibiotics And Flunixin Meglumine In Cattle, Shuna A. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Many antibiotics and medications used in the treatment of animals have a withdrawal time; residues are a concern for the meat industry. The most recently published 2009 USDA-FSIS Residue Program Data Report listed 135,389 Inspector-in-Charge-Generated (IICG) residue samples from 43,142,500 beef and dairy cattle inspected that year at harvest. Of these samples, 1,306 contained violative antibiotic residues and 327 violative flunixin meglumine residues. Two classes of antimicrobials comprised over half of the documented violative antimicrobial residues (beta-lactams that include ceftiofur and sulfa drugs that include sulfadimethoxine). While the violative residue rate seems small, violative residues are unacceptable. Management of carcasses …