Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Effects Of Ingestion And Collection Bag Type On Nutrient Composition Of Forage Samples From Esophageally Fistulated Cattle, Jacqueline A. Musgrave, Jared Judy, Aaron Stalker Stalker, Terry Klopfenstein, Karla Jenkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Ingestion and mastication of forage samples adds ash. Generally, levels of CP were lower and NDF and IVOMD were similar for post-ingested versus pre-ingestedforage. Bag type (screen vs. solid) generally did not affect ash, NDF, or IVOMD. Bag did not affect CP of alfalfabut CP of grass samples from screen bags was lower than solid bags. More fresh than dry forage was recovered through the esophageal opening.

Effect Of Diet On The Rumen Microbial Community Composition Of Growing Cattle And The Role It Plays In Methane Emissions, Allison L. Knoell, Christopher L. Anderson, Anna C. Pesta Pesta, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Samodha C. Fernando

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

To understand the relationship betweenmicrobial community and methane, the microbial community of the rumen was examined by esophageally tubing cattle on a common diet and on 10 treatment diets. Microbial community analysis via 16S taq sequencing displayed structuring of microbial communities (Bacteria and Archaea) by diet. This study demonstrates that diet influences microbial community composition within the rumen, and the potential capacity to develop dietary interventionstrategies for methane mitigation and animal performance.

Effects Of Grazing On Nebraska Sandhills Meadow Forage Nutrient Content, Jared V. Judy, Jacki A. Musgrave, L. Aaron Stalker Stalker, Karla H. Jenkins, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Nebraska Sandhills subirrigated meadow pastures were used to measure the effects of grazing on forage nutrient content in summer pastures. Non-grazed pastures had greater diet CP content than grazed pastures early in the grazing season. By late July, grazed vs. non-grazed pastures did not differ in diet CP content. Non-grazed pastures had greater in vitro organic matter disappearance compared with grazed pastures from late July through September; however, early summer pastures were not affected. Observed results indicate the greatest differences in nutrient content between grazed and non-grazed meadow pastures occur early and late in the grazing season when the majority …

Dried Distillers Grains Supplementation Of Calves Grazing Irrigated Corn Residue, Mandi Jones, James C. Macdonald, Galen E. Erickson Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Robby Bondurant

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Steer calves grazing irrigated corn residue received supplementation of dried distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) at 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, or 1.1% of body weight. Steers were individually supplemented daily through Calan gates. Daily gain improved linearly (0.77 lb/head/day to 2.21 lb/head/day) with increasing supplementation (1.5 lb/day to 7 lb/day). Supplementing DGS to calves grazing corn residue increased gain during the winter period.

Evaluation Of Changes In Nutritional Quality Of Corn Residue Over Time, Mandi Jones, James C. Macdonald, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Keith Glewen, Andrea K. Watson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Irrigated corn residue was sampled across time in order to determine changes in quality and proportion of corn residue as the plant dried and was exposed to effects of weathering. Corn plants from two hybrids were planted on two different planting dates and harvested at periodic intervals from August 2012 to December 2012. Proportions of stem, blade/sheath, husk/shank, and cob made up smaller components of total plant DM as it matured, with the largest relative reduction occurring in the blade/sheath or stem. Hybrid impacted TDN values primarily because the 119 day hybrid was less mature at the early sampling dates.

Efficacy Of Bovatec 2.2 Mineral Blocks For Cattle Grazing Crested Wheatgrass Pastures, Karla H. Jenkins, Jacob A. Hansen, Matt K. Luebbe Luebbe

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A grazing study was conducted to determine if providing Bovatec® in a trace mineralized salt block would improve cattle performance over cattle provided a trace mineralized salt block without an ionophore while maintaining block consumption below 2 oz/head/day. Average daily block intake was 1.40 and 1.25 oz/day for the Bovatec and control cattle, respectively. Lasalocid consumption was 193 mg/head/day. Although cattle consuming the Bovatec block gained 5% more than the control cattle, this was not significant (1.75 vs 1.67 lb/day, respectively). Supplying an ionophore through a self-feeding block may not improve gain compared to supplying mineral alone in a self-feeding …

Using Enspira To Improve Fiber Digestion, Jana L. Harding, Adam L. Shreck, Melissa L. Jolly-Breithaupt Breithaupt, Galen E. Erickson, James C. Macdonald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A metabolism study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing a fibrolytic enzyme (Enspira™) on total tract digestion of a finishing diet. In situ NDF digestibilities of the corn bran, HMC, corn residue, and corn silage were not different between the treatments. Rate of digestion of the corn residue and corn silage was lower for the enzyme treatment compared to the control. Averageruminal pH was not significantly different between the two treatments. Correspondingly, there was no difference in VFA profile. There were no differences in DM, OM, NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose digestibilities between the control and enzyme treatment.

Effects Of Replacing Corn With A Pelleted Treated Corn Stover And Distillers Grains On Performance Of Finishing Cattle, Jana L. Harding, Curtis J. Bittner, Dirk B. Burken Burken, Galen E. Erickson, James C. Macdonald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A finishing study evaluated the effectsof replacing 10, 20, or 30% corn (DM basis) with pelleted treated corn stover and distillers grains in a diet containing either 20 or 40% modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) on finishing cattle performance. Steers consuming 10, 20, or 30% of the pelleted feed with 40% MDGS had equal or similar performance to the control diet with 40% MDGS. Cattle consuming 10% pelleted feed with 20% MDGS had similar efficiencies as the control diet; however, feeding the pellet at 20 or 30% of the diet DM with 20% MDGS decreased feed efficiency.

Effect Of Corn Residue Removal On Subsequent Crop Yields, Mary E. Drewnoski, L. Aaron Stalker, James C. Macdonald Donald, Galen E. Erickson, Kathy J. Hanford, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn residue harvest on subsequent crop yields. In a long-term study (16 years), cattle grazing corn residue in the spring (February to the middle of April) or the fall (November through January) slightly improved subsequent soybean yields and had no effect on corn yields in an irrigated field maintained in an annual corn-soybean rotation at Mead, Neb. In a five-year study, fall grazing (December through January) or baling of corn residue had no effect on subsequent corn grain yields in a field maintained in continuous corn production at Brule, Neb. These …

Effect Of Feeding Distillers Grains In Different Phases Of Production On The Fatty Acid Profile And Oxidation Of Frozen, Cooked Beef Links, Brandy D. Cleveland, Amy L. Redfield, James C. Macdonald Donald, Tommi F. Jones, Gary A. Sullivan

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Lipid oxidation of cooked ground beef links made from cattle fed different diets and with different concentrations of added natural antioxidants was compared to evaluate product shelf life. Fatty acid composition was analyzed on raw lean, composite, and fat portions from each shoulder clod. Samples without antioxidants were the most oxidized, with no differences between other antioxidant concentrations throughout frozen storage. An increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in beef when finished on modified distillers grains but did not result in increased oxidation. Therefore, the addition of natural antioxidants was effective at reducing oxidative rancidity regardless of animal diet.

A Basic Mechanism Of Beef Tenderization: Feeding Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Contributes To Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Instability, Michael D. Chao, Katherine I. Domenech, Chris R. Calkins Calkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Feeding wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) could increase polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane, thereby altering membrane integrity, resulting in more rapid post-rigor calcium leakage, greater enzyme activity and improved tenderness. Steers were finished on either 0% WDGS or 50% WDGS. Steaks from steers fed WDGS were more tender and had greater free calcium concentrations. Feeding WDGS also increased proportions of PUFA in SR membrane and altered SR lipid and phospholipid profiles. These findings suggest that feeding increased concentrations of WDGS in the finishing diet can possibly increase meat tenderness through the proposed mechanism.

Feeding Elevated Levels Of Corn Silage And Mdgs In Finishing Diets, Dirk B. Burken, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Curtis J. Bittner Bittner, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A finishing experiment evaluated substitution of corn silage and modified distillers grains with solubles (MDGS) in place of corn. The experimental arrangementwas a 2 X 2 + 1 factorial with diets containing 15 or 45% corn silage and 20 or 40% MDGS as well as a control containing 5% cornstalks and 40% MDGS. There were no interactions between corn silage and MDGS inclusion for carcass adjusted performance. As corn silage inclusion increased in the diet, there was a modest reduction in ADG and an increase in F:G. When MDGS inclusion was increased, ADG and F:G were improved. Cattle fed 40% …

The Effects Of Corn Price, Shrink, And Harvest Moisture On Corn Silage Economics, Dirk B. Burken, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Economic assumptions were applied to corn production to set corn silage prices for breakeven corn production, whether harvested for corn grain or corn silage. Price levels were used for the calculation of returns per finished steer as corn silage inclusion increased in finishing diets containing distillers grains. As corn price increased, the economics of feeding elevated concentrations of corn silage became more favorable. The economic importance of shrink and harvest moisture content were assessed. As corn price increases and the inclusion of corn silage increases, corn silage management decisions have greater economic importance.

Digestibility Of De-Oiled Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles In Forage-Based Diets, Meredith L. Bremer, Sarah J. Peterson, Adam L. Shreck Shreck, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, James C. Macdonald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Over half of Nebraska’s ethanol plants are removing oil from distillers grains via centrifugation of the thin stillage constituent. Removing oil by this method does not impact intake or total tract digestibility in beef cattle growing diets. However, increasing the concentration of de-oiled distillers grains in the diet significantly improved intake and digestibility. Thus, concentration of distillers grain in the diet has a greater impact on total tract digestibility than the fat content in forage-based diets.

Feeding Value Of De-Oiled Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Relative To Normal When Fed With Either Dry-Rolled Corn Or Steam-Flaked Corn In Beef Finishing Diets, Meredith L. Bremer, Marie E. Harris, Jake A. Hansen Hansen, Karla H. Jenkins, Matt K. Luebbe, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A 128-day finishing study utilized 328 yearling steers to determine the effects of feeding de-oiled wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) in dry rolled corn (DRC) or steam-flaked corn (SFC) diets relative to normal fat WDGS. No significant interactions were observed, but cattle fed DRC had greater DMI and were less efficient than those consuming SFC. Linear improvements in ADG and F:G were observed as concentration of de-oiled WDGS increased from 0 to 35%. Numerically cattle fed normal WDGS were more efficient than cattle fed de-oiled WDGS.

Response To Increasing Concentrations Of De-Oiled Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles In Beef Feedlot Diets, Meredith L. Bremer, Curtis J. Bittner, Dirk B. Burken Burken, Galen E. Erickson, James C. Macdonald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A 154-day finishing study, utilizing 378 calf-fed steers, was conducted to evaluate the response to feeding increasing concentrations of de-oiled modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) on cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Two additional diets were fed to compare de-oiled MDGS to normal MDGS at either 15 or 30% inclusion. Increasing concentration of de-oiled MDGS in the diet resulted in a linear improvement in F:G. When comparing 30% de-oiled to normal MDGS, there was a tendency for 3.4% improvement in F:G for cattle fed normal MDGS diets over those fed de-oiled MDGS.

Comparison Of Wet Or Dry Distillers Grains Plus Solubles To Corn As An Energy Source In Forage-Based Diets, Nerissa A. Ahern, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, James C. Macdonald, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Four experiments were conducted comparing wet or dry distillers grains plus solubles to each other or to corn as an energy source in forage-based diets. Diets included dry distillers grains plus solubles, wet distillers grains plus solubles or dry-rolled corn, with sorghum silage, grass hay and supplement. Data were pooled to generate ADG at differing inclusions allowing energy value of wet distillers grains plus solubles to be calculated relative to dry-rolled corn. The energy value of distillers grains plus solubles fed at 15% of diet DM was 137% and fed at 30% of the diet DM was 136% relative to …

Effect Of Harvest Method On In Vitro Digestibility Of Corn Residues, Janessa J. Updike, Jana L. Harding, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, James C. Macdonald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

New corn residue harvesting methods were evaluated to determine the impacts of altering the proportions of plant part that are composed in a round bale. In vitro techniques were used to assess the organic matter digestibility of corn residue bale harvested with different proportions of stalks, leaves, and husk. As husk comprised a greater proportion of the bale, digestibility appeared to increase when compared with a conventional bale of cornstalks.

Exogenous Administration Of Lipids To Steers Alters Aspects Of The Innate Immune Response To Endotoxin Challenge, Nicole C. Burdick Sanchez, Jeffery A. Carroll, Janet R. Donaldson, Joe O. Buntyn, Ty B. Schmidt

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

This study examined the effects of increasing energy availability from both dextrose and lipid treatments on the proinflammatory response to LPS in Holstein steers. Steers were randomly assigned to one of three groups: saline at 0.5 ml/ kg body weight (Control) or 50% dextrose [0.5 ml/kg body weight (Dextrose) to mimic calm cattle’s response to LPS] administered immediately prior to LPS (0.5 mg/kg body weight at 0 h) or continuous lipid emulsion infusion from –1 to 6 h [Intralipid 20% (Baxter, Deerfield, IL USA); 0.5 ml/kg/hr (Lipid) to mimic temperamental cattle]. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were greater in …

Virus-Like Particles Generaged By Expressing Proteins Of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Prrsv) Using The Recombinant Baculovirus Expression System, April Anne Nelsen

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA virus and a member of Arteriviridae. Its genome encodes 10 open reading frames for at least 7 structural proteins and 14 non-structural proteins. Membrane (M), Nuclepcapsid (N), and Glycoprotein-5 (GP5) are the major structural proteins of PRRSV, while Envelope (E), Glycoprotein-2 (GP2), Glycoprotein-3 (GP3), and Glycoprotein-4 (GP4) are the minor structural proteins of PRRSV. GP5 induces neutralizing antibodies and forms heterodimers with M, while N is the most immunogenic protein of PRRSV. Previous studies have shown viral structural proteins are able to form virus-like particles …

Sudden Death, Aortic Rupture In Horses, Literature Review, Case Studies Reported And Risk Factors, Abelardo Morales Briceño, Aniceto Mendez, Kimberly Brewer, Charlie Hughes, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Sudden deaths of horses in multiple equestrian disciplines have been attributed to acute and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to perform a review of aortic rupture in horses analyzing, case studies and assessing risk factors. The literature has reported a total of 137 cases of aortic rupture in horses for 28 years (1986-2014), with approximately five horses dying of aortic rupture per year. Histopathologically, there are observed discrete macroscopic degenerative changes in the intima layer only in the aorta. The histological evaluation in the beginning portion of the aorta of the heart evidenced degenerative …

Show Horse Welfare, Melissa A. Voigt

Open Access Dissertations

In recent years there has been an increase in the public's attention to situations where trainers, owners, and handlers have compromised the well-being of show horses for the sake of winning. These situations may be due to training negligence or naivety of individuals working with the horse. Either way, due to these incidents, increasing pressure has been placed on the horse industry to address show horse welfare. The purpose of this research was to expound on the welfare of stock-type show horses through the perspective of those directly involved; considering the understanding of welfare, the value placed on welfare, and …

Global Analysis Of Gene Expression And Projection Target Correlations In The Mouse Brain, Ahmed Fakhry, Tao Zeng, Hanchuan Peng, Shuiwang Ji

Computer Science Faculty Publications

Recent studies have shown that projection targets in the mouse neocortex are correlated with their gene expression patterns. However, a brain-wide quantitative analysis of the relationship between voxel genetic composition and their projection targets is lacking to date. Here we extended those studies to perform a global, integrative analysis of gene expression and projection target correlations in the mouse brain. By using the Allen Brain Atlas data, we analyzed the relationship between gene expression and projection targets. We first visualized and clustered the two data sets separately and showed that they both exhibit strong spatial autocorrelation. Building upon this initial …

Relationship Between Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Secretion Capacity And Virulence In Wild Type Porcine-Origin Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Strains, Prageeth Wijemanne, Jun Xing, Emil M. Berberov, David H. Francis, Rodney A. Moxley

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is an important virulence factor secreted by some strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The prototypic human-origin strain H10407 secretes LT via a type II secretion system(T2SS). We sought to determine the relationship between the capacity to secrete LT and virulence in porcine-origin wild type (WT) ETEC strains. Sixteen WT ETEC strains isolated from cases of severe diarrheal disease were analyzed by GM1ganglioside enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay tomeasure LT concentrations in culture supernatants. All strains had detectable LT in supernatants by 2 h of culture and 1 strain, which was particularly virulent in gnotobiotic piglets (3030-2), had …

Temperatures Of Storage Areas In Large Animal Veterinary Practice Vehicles In The Summer And Comparison With Drug Manufacturers’ Storage Recommendations, Jeff D. Ondrak, Meredyth L. Jones, Virginia R. Fajt

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Large animal veterinarians carry drugs in their practice vehicles in storage areas that are not typically refrigerated. The most common upper limits of manufacturers’ storage temperatures for United States (U.S.)-approved non-refrigerated drugs are 25 or 30 °C. Because ambient temperatures in many locations in the U.S. exceed these temperatures during the summer, we measured storage area temperatures over 4 months in the summer of 2013 to evaluate the extent to which labeled storage temperatures are exceeded.

Methods: A convenience sample of 12 vehicles from 5 central Texas practices and 12 vehicles from 4 south central Nebraska practices was …

Nonlinear Hierarchical Models For Longitudinal Experimental Infection Studies, Michael David Singleton

Theses and Dissertations--Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Experimental infection (EI) studies, involving the intentional inoculation of animal or human subjects with an infectious agent under controlled conditions, have a long history in infectious disease research. Longitudinal infection response data often arise in EI studies designed to demonstrate vaccine efficacy, explore disease etiology, pathogenesis and transmission, or understand the host immune response to infection. Viral loads, antibody titers, symptom scores and body temperature are a few of the outcome variables commonly studied. Longitudinal EI data are inherently nonlinear, often with single-peaked response trajectories with a common pre- and post-infection baseline. Such data are frequently analyzed with statistical methods …

Reversible Downregulation Of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis In The Stallion With A Third-Generation Gnrh Antagonist, Gabriel Monteiro Davolli

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to evaluate the downregulation of the stallion hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by a GnRH antagonist (acyline) based upon endocrine, seminal, testicular and behavioral effects, and (2) to assess recovery after treatment. Stallions were treated for 50 days (n=4; 330µg/kg acyline q 5d) and controls (n=4) received vehicle alone. Stallions were assessed pre-treatment and for 72 days after last treatment. Treatment induced declines (p<0.05) in FSH, LH, testosterone (to castrate levels) and estrone sulfate. Gonadotropins and testosterone returned to control values within nine days and estrone sulfate by 14 days after treatment discontinuation. Acyline-treated stallions failed to respond with FSH, LH and testosterone increase after exogenous GnRH stimulation (25µg gonadorelin, IV) compared to pre-treatment and control stimulation. Total sperm numbers and motility were reduced in acyline-treated stallions, as well as total seminal plasma protein and testicular volume (p<0.05). Time to ejaculation was increased in acyline group (p<0.5). Testicular, sexual behavior and most seminal parameters regained normal levels within 72 days after treatment ceased. Sperm output of acyline-treated stallions was regained within seven months after ending treatment. Acyline reversibly suppressed the stallion HPG axis, thus has potential for treating the androgen-dependent Equine-Arteritis-Virus carrier state and as behavior modulator.

Glucocorticoid-Induced Chondrocyte Cytotoxicity At Doses Recommended For Intra-Articular Therapy In Horses, Wenying Zhu

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Intra-articular glucocorticoid injections are commonly used to treat synovitis and osteoarthritis in horses. These agents are highly effective at relieving pain, swelling, and other symptoms of joint inflammation. The drugs also have therapeutic benefits by down regulating the expression of cytokines and protease enzymes that participate in the degradation of articular cartilage. However, detrimental effects on chondrocyte function and cell viability that is independent of osteoarthritis pathogenesis have been described and linked to glucocorticoid use. These side effects are both drug- and dose-dependent. This study tested the hypothesis that manufacture recommended dosage levels of methylprednisolone, betamethasone, and triamcinolone that are …

Uterine Artery Rupture, An Angiopathy Of The Reproductive System Of The Mare: Occurrence And Potential Effects, Ana G. Toro Mayorga

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

The intent of this research was to identify if the degenerative changes within arteries in the endometrium (endometrial angiopathies) correlate with degenerative changes in the uterine arteries and can be used as a predictor of increased risk for uterine artery rupture (UAR). With this objective specimens from 20 mares that died from uterine artery rupture and 21 control mares that died from unrelated causes were obtained from cases submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (UKVDL) over a two-year period. Postmortem specimens of each mare were collected from the left and right uterine arteries at the origin, bifurcation, …

Toxicity Of Leaf Extract Of Acer Spp. On Equine Erythrocytes, Bailey Katherine Dye

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Projects

Red maple toxicosis is a phenomenon that occurs in equines after the consumption of dried or wilted red maple (Acer rubrum L.) leaves. Within the erythrocytes, it causes hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and Heinz body development. The toxic agent of red maple leaves has not yet been identified; however, the development of hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia in equines after ingestion of the leaves, suggests that the toxin is acting as a strong oxidant. Some studies have noted that not only are wilted red maples leaves toxic to equines, but that wilted leaves of other maple species may also be toxic. Therefore, …