Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Responses Of Swine Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Against Human Lung Carcinoma Epithelial Cell Line A549, Min Tao Wan, Chin Cheng Chou

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been shown to adhere, invade, and induce the death of various host cells. The prominent lineage of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) in Asia is the sequence type (ST) 9 that has emerged as a potential zoonotic pathogen. However, the virulence of LA-MRSA ST9 remains not clear. In this study, sixteen representative Taiwan LA-MRSA isolates were selected for adherence, invasion, and cytotoxicity studies against the human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line A549. The isolates showed 100% of cytotoxicity, 35.2% - 61% of adhesion, and 18% - 52.5% of invasion against A549 cells. Different adherent abilities …

Reference Values For Certain Serum Biochemical Markers Of Liver Damage In Apparently Healthy Red Sokoto Goats, Patrick Emeka Aba, John Ikechukwu Ihedioha, Innocent Chima Nwaogu

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The Red Sokoto goat (RSG) is the most preponderant of all the breeds of goats in Nigeria. There is dearth of information regarding the reference values for serum biochemical markers of liver damage in this breed. This study demonstrated the reference values in apparently healthy RSG and in RSG that were truly negative for liver disorders. The study was a cross sectional survey. Research visits were made to Ikpa Market Abattoir, Nsukka, for 12 weeks. Apparently healthy goats and those truly negative for liver disorders were deliberately selected for the study. Blood samples were collected in sample bottles devoid of …

Histogenesis And Histochemical Features Of Gastric Glands Of Pre-Hatch And Post-Hatch Broiler Chicken, Anietie Francis Udoumoh, Innocent Chima Nwaogu, Udensi Maduabuchi Igwebuike, Ikechukwu Reginald Obidike

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological development of the stomach of broiler chicken using histological and histo-chemical techniques. Thirty fertile eggs and 50 chicks of broiler chicken were used for the study. The results showed that at embryonic day (ED) 14, the simple tubular glands of the proventriculus were poorly defined while the framework of the compound tubular glands of the proventriculus were fully established. The secretory tubules of the compound tubular glands were lined by simple cuboidal cells at embryonic days 14, 17 and 19. However, at post-hatch days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21, …

Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus With Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency In A Thai Bangkaew Dog: A Case Report, Jeerawat Soonthornsit, Weerachai Anpranit

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

An 8-month-old intact male Thai Bangkaew bred dog presented with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, exercise intolerance and weight loss over 2 weeks. The serum biochemistry profiles revealed hyperglycemia, glycosuria and high serum fructosamine concentrations indicating the development of diabetes mellitus. The dog had a good response to a half-dose of intermediate-insulin injection twice daily monitored by the improvement of clinical signs and serum fructosamine. This was supposed to be due to the partial destruction of islets of Langerhans. Two months later, voluminous diarrhea with greasy stools, dry coat hair and generalized alopecia were observed. However, the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus, …

Effects Of Copper-Bearing Montmorillonite On Salmonella Spp. In Vitro Study, Chiu-Huang Ting, Shih-Chu Chen, Ching-Dong Chang, Wen-Ling Shih, Perng-Chih Shen, Hung-Yi Wu

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Clay is an important material available in nature. Montmorillonite is considered viable for producing enhanced performance in a variety of materials and products. Farmed animals such as pigs and poultry receive additional Zn and Cu in their diets as supplements in their compound feed and these elements are also used for medical remedies. This study aimed to observe the bactericidal activity of copper-bearing montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) against Salmonella spp. in vitro. The experiments were divided into two methods that effect Salmonella spp.. First, Cu-MMT was used to precipitate the Cu2+ ion supernatant mixed with bacteria. The second, Cu-MMT was directly mixed …

Virulence Properties And Pathogenicity Of Flavobacterium Columnare In Hybrid Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp.), Le Dinh Hai, Putita Chockmangmeepisan, Rungnapa Sakulworakan, Ha Thanh Dong, Pattanapon Kayansamruaj, Tiladit Rung-Ruangkijkrai, Napadon Pirarat, Channarong Rodkhum

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative organism of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, which may exhibit differences in pathogenicity. The virulence properties and the pathogenicity of F. columnare in juvenile hybrid red tilapia were investigated using a collection of F. columnare isolates recovered from diseased fish. Ten isolates were selected to perform immersion challenge assay in juvenile tilapia. The pathogenicity was highly diverse. Subsequently, three bacterial isolates exhibited different pathogenicity levels, consisting of high, moderate and low virulence (100%, 80% and 0% mortality respectively) and were subjected to virulence properties evaluation e.g. the median lethal dose (LD50), bacterial adhesion, capsular production …

Use Of Ultrasound In A Case Of Actinomycosis In A Holstein Friesian Cow, Alessio Madrigali, Francesca Bonelli, Micaela Sgorbini, Simonetta Citi, Carlo Cantile, Filippo Fratini, Luca Turini

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Actinomycosis is a sporadic disease of cattle, caused by Actinomyces bovis. In presence of oral injuries or openings, A. bovis could penetrate tissues and infect maxilla or mandible bones. A Holstein Friesian cow was presented for inappetence, weight loss and a left-sided mandibular swelling. A unilateral swelling was visible on the left jaw as a ventro-lateral and circular in shape. A fine-needle aspiration was collected. Ultrasonography examination was performed. Bacteriological analysis was negative. Due to the history, actinomycosis diagnosis was suggested and the cow was culled. Pathological examination revealed lesions indicative of chronic pyogranulomatous mandibular osteomyelitis with intralesional colonies of …

Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare Through The Lens Of ‘Social License To Operate—With An Emphasis On A U.S. Perspective, Camie Heleski, C. Jill Stowe, Julie Fiedler, Michael L. Peterson, Colleen Brady, Carissa Wickens, James N. Macleod

Agricultural Economics Faculty Publications

This review addresses the question of whether Thoroughbred horse racing is sustainable in the context of current social values. A recently acknowledged framework, known as ‘Social License to Operate’ (SLO), provides us with a lens through which to view and assess racehorse welfare. In multiple surveys of the general public, the horse owning public, and university students, the primary topics of concern regarding Thoroughbred racing show considerable concordance: concern about catastrophic injuries—particularly as related to track surfaces, concern over the racing of two-year-olds, whip use by jockeys, drug/medication policies, and aftercare opportunities for retired Thoroughbred racehorses. Legitimacy of an industry, …

Rabies Management Implications Based On Raccoon Population Density Indexes, Dennis Slate, Brandi D. Saidy, Ashlee Simmons, Kathleen M. Nelson, Amy Davis, Timothy P. Algeo, Stacey A. Elmore, Richard B. Chipman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

An estimate or index of target species density is important in determining oral rabies vaccination (ORV) bait densities to control and eliminate specific rabies variants. From 1997–2011, we indexed raccoon (Procyon lotor) densities 253 times based on cumulative captures on 163 sites from Maine to Alabama, USA, near ORV zones created to prevent raccoon rabies from spreading to new areas. We conducted indexing under a common cage trapping protocol near the time of annual ORV to aid in bait density decisions. Unique raccoons (n = 8,415) accounted for 68.0% of captures (n = 12,367). We recaptured raccoons 2,669 times. We …

Economic Estimates Of Invasive Wild Pig Damage To Crops In 12 Us States, Sophie Mckee, Aaron Anderson, Keith Carlisle, Stephanie A. Shwiff

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

We report the results of a survey on invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa L.) damage and control in 12 US states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas). The crops chosen for this study represent the “second-tier” in terms of economic importance after the six crops that were the subject of Anderson et al. (2016). The survey was distributed by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) in the summer of 2019 to a sample of producers in each of the states (except California) of the following six crops: hay, pecans (Carya …

Individual And Population Fitness Consequences Associated With Large Carnivore Use Of Residential Development, Heather Johnson, David L. Lewis, Stewart W. Breck

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Large carnivores are negotiating increasingly developed landscapes, but little is known about how such behavioral plasticity influences their demographic rates and population trends. Some investigators have suggested that the ability of carnivores to behaviorally adapt to human development will enable their persistence, and yet, others have suggested that such landscapes are likely to serve as population sinks or ecological traps. To understand how plasticity in black bear (Ursus americanus) use of residential development influences their population dynamics, we conducted a 6-yr study near Durango, Colorado, USA. Using space-use data on individual bears, we examined the influence of use of residential …

Effects Of Deepwater Horizon Oil On Feather Structure And Thermoregulation In Gulls: Does Rehabilitation Work?, Katherine Horak, Nicole L. Barrett, Jeremy W. Ellis, Emma M. Campbell, Nicholas G. Dannemiller, Susan A. Shriner

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Impacts of large-scale oil spills on avian species are far-reaching.While media attention often focuses on lethal impacts, sub-lethal effects and the impacts of rehabilitation receive less attention. The objective of our study was to characterize effects of moderate external oiling and subsequent rehabilitation on feather structure and thermoregulation in gulls. We captured 30 wild ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) and randomly assigned each individual to an experimental group: 1) controls, 2) rehabilitated birds (externally oiled, rehabilitated by washing), or 3) oiled birds (externally oiled, not rehabilitated). We externally oiled birds with weathered MC252 Deepwater Horizon oil (water for controls) …

Accepting Higher Morbidity In Exchange For Sacrificing Fewer Animals In Studies Developing Novel Infection-Control Strategies., Henk J. Busscher, Willem Woudstra, Theo G. Van Kooten, Paul Jutte, Linqi Shi, Jianfeng Liu, Wouter L.J. Hinrichs, Hendrik W. Frijlink, Rui Shi, Jian Liu, Javad Parvizi, Stephen Kates, Vincent M. Rotello, Thomas P. Schaer, Dustin Williams, David W. Grainger, Henny C. Van Der Mei

Rothman Institute Papers

Preventing bacterial infections from becoming the leading cause of death by the year 2050 requires the development of novel, infection-control strategies, building heavily on biomaterials science, including nanotechnology. Pre-clinical (animal) studies are indispensable for this development. Often, animal infection outcomes bear little relation to human clinical outcome. Here, we review conclusions from pathogen-inoculum dose-finding pilot studies for evaluation of novel infection-control strategies in murine models. Pathogen-inoculum doses are generally preferred that produce the largest differences in quantitative infection outcome parameters between a control and an experimental group, without death or termination of animals due to having reached an inhumane end-point …

Differentiation Of Mannheimia Haemolytica Genotype 1 And 2 Strains By Visible Phenotypic Characteristics On Solid Media, Emily L. Wynn, Gennie Schuller, John D. Loy, Aspen M. Workman, T. G. Mcdaneld, Michael L. Clawson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Genotype 2 Mannheimia haemolytica associate with the lungs of cattle with bovine respiratory disease more frequently than genotype 1 strains. Different colony colors and morphologies were identified between genotype 1 and 2 solid media cultures. Genotype of strains, and frequency differences between them in mixed cultures are discernable by visual inspection.

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Migratory Flyways May Affect Population Structure In Double‐Crested Cormorants, Steven J.A. Kimble, Brian S. Dorr, Katie C. Hanson-Dorr, Olin E. Rhodes Jr., Travis L. Devault

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Double‐crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) recovered from a demographic bottleneck so well that they are now considered a nuisance species at breeding and wintering grounds across the United States and Canada. Management of this species could be improved by refining genetic population boundaries and assigning individuals to their natal population. Further, recent radio‐telemetry data suggest the existence of Interior and Atlantic migratory flyways, which could reduce gene flow and result in substantial genetic isolation. In this study, we used 1,784 individuals collected across the eastern United States, a large panel of microsatellite markers developed for this species, and individuals banded as …

Optimal Bait Density For Delivery Of Acute Toxicants To Vertebrate Pests, Kim M. Pepin, Nathan P. Snow, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Oral baiting is a fundamental method for delivering toxicants to pest species. Planning baiting strategies is challenging because bait-consumption rates depend on dynamic processes including space use and demographics of the target species. To determine cost-effective strategies for optimizing baiting, we developed a spatially explicit model of population dynamics using field-based measures of wild-pig (Sus scrofa) space use, bait consumption, and mortality probabilities. The most cost-effective baiting strategy depended strongly on the population reduction objective and initial density. A wide range of baiting strategies were cost-effective when the objective was 80% population reduction. In contrast, only a narrow range of …

Brodifacoum Residues In Fish Three Years After An Island-Wide Rat Eradication Attempt In The Tropical Pacific, Shane R. Siers, Aaron B. Shiels, Steven F. Volker, Kristen Rex, William C. Pitt

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Invasive rats are known to threaten natural resources and human health and safety. Island-wide rat eradication attempts have been increasing in number and scale during the past several decades, as has the frequency of eradication success. The most common method to remove all rats from an island is to broadcast anticoagulant rodenticide bait into every rat’s home range on the island. Broadcast of toxicants can put humans and other nontarget species in marine and terrestrial environments at risk of exposure. The persistence of anticoagulant residues is somewhat unknown, particularly in marine environments. Three years after ~ 18,000 kg of 25 …

Local Adaptation Constrains Drought Tolerance In A Tropical Foundation Tree, Kasey E. Barton, Casey Jones, Kyle F. Edwards, Aaron B. Shiels, Tiffany Knight

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

1. Plant species with broad climatic ranges might be more vulnerable to climate change than previously appreciated due to intraspecific variation in climatic stress tolerance. In tropical forests, drought is increasingly frequent and severe, causing widespread declines and altering community dynamics. Yet, little is known about whether foundation tropical trees vary in drought tolerance throughout their distributions, and how intraspecific variation in drought tolerance might contribute to their vulnerability to climate changE.
2. We tested for local adaptation in seedling emergence and establishment with a full-factorial reciprocal transplant experiment including 27 populations and 109,350 seeds along a 3,500 mm precipitation gradient for …

Genetic And Evolutionary Considerations Of The Chronic Wasting Disease – Human Species Barrier, Robert M. Zink

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies can jump species barriers. In relatively few cases is the possible route of transmission thought to be known, mostly involving humans, cattle and sheep. It is thought that sheep might be the cause of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in cervids, and that humans might have gotten prion disease (e.g., vCJD) from eating meat from BSE+ cows. A looming societal question is whether humans will acquire a prion disease from ingesting prions from CWD+ deer. On an evolutionary tree of the PRNP gene in mammals, deer, sheep and cow are relatively closely related, …

The Philippine Journal Of Veterinary Medicine Volume 57, No. 1

Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Contents:

Original Articles

Research Notes

Case Report

Gulls As Sources Of Environmental Contamination By Colistin-Resistant Bacteria, Alan B. Franklin, Andrew M. Ramey, Kevin T. Bentler, Nicole L. Barrett, Loredana M. Mccurdy, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Jonas Bonnedahl, Susan A. Shriner, Jeffrey C. Chandler

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

In 2015, the mcr-1 gene was discovered in Escherichia coli in domestic swine in China that conferred resistance to colistin, an antibiotic of last resort used in treating multi-drug resistant bacterial infections in humans. Since then, mcr-1 was found in other human and animal populations, including wild gulls. Because gulls could disseminate the mcr-1 gene, we conducted an experiment to assess whether gulls are readily colonized with mcr-1 positive E. coli, their shedding patterns, transmission among conspecifics, and environmental deposition. Shedding of mcr-1 E. coli by small gull flocks followed a lognormal curve and gulls shed one strain >101 …

Piscivorous Bird Use Of Aquaculture And Natural Water Bodies In Mississippi, Paul C. Burr, Jimmy I. Avery, Garrett M. Street, Bronson K. Strickland, Brian S. Dorr

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Double crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and great egrets (Ardea alba) have an extensive history of human wildlife conflict with the aquaculture industry of western Mississippi, USA, due to

their depredation of cultured catfish (Ictalurus spp.). Although aquaculture is abundant, western Mississippi also contains naturally occurring water bodies that offer alternative forage opportunities to these species. How cormorants or egrets distribute themselves among these 2 foraging options is unknown, but it has been generally assumed each species uses aquaculture disproportionately more because of the high density of available prey. To test this assumption, we surveyed these …

Control Or Eradication: Problems In The Management Of Invasive Birds, Michael L. Avery, Chris J. Feare

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Humans have captured, transported and intentionally released wild birds for centuries (Blackburn et al., 2009). Motivations for such purposeful introductions include food (West and Zhou, 2007), religion (Agoramoorthy and Hsu, 2007), sport (McDowall, 1994), biocontrol (Bennett and Hughes, 1959; Kurdila, 1995) and aesthetics (Ryan, 1906; Thomson, 1922). Many purposeful bird introductions were the work of acclimatization societies, particularly in North America, New Zealand and Australia. These societies were formed in the 19th century by European settlers to transport bird species from their homelands in efforts to establish them in the newly settled regions (Thomson, 1922; Dunlap, 1997). As a result …

Effect Of Conventional Or High Protein Dry Distillers Grains Plus Solubles In Either Dry- Rolled Or Steam- Flaked Corn Based Diets On Finishing Performance Of Steers, Lauren A. Ovinge, L.J. Mcphilips, B.M. Boyd, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A 2 × 3 factorial finishing study evaluated feeding 0 or 30% high protein distillers grains or conventionally produced distillers in either steam- flaked or dry- rolled corn based diets. Feeding conventional distillers grains in dry rolled corn based diets resulted in improved feed conversion, with no difference between high protein distillers grains as compared to conventional DDGS when included in dryrolled corn diets. In steam flaked corn- based diets, feeding high protein distillers and conventional distillers tended to increase feed conversion. Feeding conventional distillers or high protein distillers grains resulted in greater DMI and ADG as compared to diets …

Evaluating Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn Silage Or Grain On Growing Beef Cattle Performance, Mckenna M. Brinton, Bradley M. Boyd, F. Henry Hilscher, Levi J. Mcphillips, J. C. Macdonald, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A growing trial was conducted to evaluate Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn containing an alpha amylase enzyme trait compared with commercially available corn without the amylase enzyme trait on growing cattle performance characteristics. Corn was harvested as either corn silage or dry corn, and corn silage was further harvested with kernel processing or not. Th e treatment design was a 2×2+2 factorial with 2 hybrids of silage, kernel processed or not, and then a 40% dryrolled corn and hay growing diet as Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn or control corn. No interactions were observed between silage hybrids and kernel processing. Cattle fed …

Comparing March And May Calving Systems In The Nebraska Sandhills, Mckay R. Erickson, Devin L. Broadhead, J. A. Musgrave, Rick N. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Three production years for March and May calving, Red Angus- based cows and their off spring from the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory (GSL), Whitman, NE, were evaluated. Steer progeny were evaluated through harvest and carcass data collected. Calf birth body weight (BW) and breeding BW were greater for May calves vs. March; however, adjusted weaning BW was greater for March calves. Pregnancy rates, weaning rates, calving interval, calving difficulty, and calf vigor were similar between calving systems. Udder score was greater for March cows. Compared with March calf- fed steers, May calf- fed steers had greater hot carcass weight (HCW), longissimus …

Combined Analysis On The Effects Of Late Gestation Supplementation In A Spring Calving Beef Herd, Devin L. Broadhead, Kathy Hanford, Matthew C. Stockton, Jacki A. Musgrave, R. A. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Data were compiled from 4 independent studies conducted over 13 years in the Nebraska Sandhills. Th is combined analysis evaluated the effects of late gestation supplementation on cow and calf productivity in a spring calving herd. Cows wintered on dormant range, sub- irrigated meadow or corn residue. Late gestation supplementation improved pregnancy rates regardless of supplement amount or over winter treatment. Supplement did not affect cow body weight and condition score. Calves born to cows fed supplement had greater weaning weights regardless of when they were weaned.

Evaluation Of Commercial Genomic Tests For Maternal Traits In Crossbred Beef Cattle, Mckay R. Erickson, J.R. Tait, R. A. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

DNA samples were collected from beef heifers born at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory and analyzed with a genomic test. Phenotypic data from these females were compiled and used in a regression analysis to evaluate the utility of these genomic scores as predictors for phenotypic outcomes. Th e genomic score for birth body weight (BW) was signifi cantly associated with animal birth BW. Th e genomic score for heifer pregnancy was not a statistically significant predictor of actual pregnancy. Neither dam age or the genomic score for stayability were significant predictors of actual reproductive longevity.

Efficacy Of A Second Injection Of Prostaglandin F2Α In Yearling Beef Heifers Following Previous Estrus Synchronization, Mckay R. Erickson, Kenneth C. Ramsay, R. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Angus- based, yearling beef heifers were utilized to determine the effects of administering a second prostaglandin F2α (PGF; Lutalyse, Zoetis Animal Health, Parsippany, NJ) injection to heifers who did not previously respond to estrus synchronization. All heifers were exposed to a melengestrolacetate (MGA)- PGF protocol. Following PGF injection, heifers were observed for estrus (estrus detection patches rubbed) for 3 d and inseminated. Heifers who did not show signs of estrus were placed with fertile bulls. Aft er 3 d with bulls, heifers with greater than 50% of the rub- off coating removed from estrus detection aids were considered to have …

Effect Of Gnrh Injection At - 72 H In Mga- Pgestrus Synchronization Protocol, Mckay R. Erickson, Dan Kelly, Doug O’Hare, T.L. Meyer, R. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Yearling beef heifers from 2 locations were synchronized with melengestrol acetate (MGA)- prostaglandin F2α (PGF) fi xed time AI (TAI) protocol. At PGF administration 72 h before AI, heifers were randomly assigned to receive either 0 or 5 μg gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH). Th e administration of 5 μg GnRH at PGF did not increase estrus activity or improve TAI pregnancy rates at either location (Location 1, 56% (GnRH) vs. 57%; Location 2, 59% (GnRH) vs. 53%). Administering GnRH at PGF increased (74% vs. 63%) pregnancy rates for heifers inseminated during a follow- up heat detection period at one location. A …