Other Plant Sciences Commons^™

Center For Grassland Studies Newsletter, Summer 2007, Volume 13, No. 3

Center for Grassland Studies: Newsletters

Contents:

Managing the Meeting of the Cow and the Grass by Pat Reece, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, UNL, Scottsbluff

A Prairie Green Roof by Richard Sutton, Departments of Landscape Architecture and Agronomy and Horticulture, UNL

Carbon Sequestration Pilot Project Wraps Up Steve Chick, USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, NE

CGS Council Tours North Central Nebraska

The Nature Conservancy Expands Its Scope

Restored Wetlands Capture Missouri River Water Reducing Flooding

Nebline, July 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Beneficial Insects in the Yard & Garden
Backyard Farmer’ Offers How-to Video on Tomatoes
What is that Bump on the Tree Leaves?
Black Knot on Plums
Saved From the Birds—Rescue of a Baby Owl
Raptor Recovery Nebraska
Pine Wilt Disease
How to Sample for Pinewood Nematode
Pine Species to Avoid Planting
Pesticide Container Recycling Program
Scrap Tire Collection
Mosquitoes
Mole Control
Calculating Water Volume
Test Water for Toxic Algae to Prevent Illness
Food and Fun at the Farmers’ Market
Tomato, Cucumber and Red Onion Salad with Mint Recipe
$ave Time & Money by Planning Meals
Focus on Watermelon
President’s Notes …

Nebline, June 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Agricultural Production is $71 Million Industry in Lancaster County
Longtime Farmer Reflects on How Farming Has Changed in Lancaster County
New State Law Changed Fence Viewer Process
Think Ahead, Prepare Bins Before Wheat Harvest
Pesticide Container Recycling Program
Preventing Tick Bites
Store Drinking Water In Case Of Emergency
Check Property For Unused Wells To Avoid Contaminated Drinking Water
Practice Safe Cooking and Food Handling When Grilling
Strawberry Yogurt Shake Recipe
Water is Body’s Most Essential Nutrient
President’s Notes — Alice’s Analysis
Household Hints: To Clean a Sleeping Bag
FCE News & Events
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren
Pack Smart for Summer Vacation …

Pseudomonas Avr And Hop Proteins, Their Encoding Nucleic Acids, And Use Thereof, James R. Alfano, Alan Collmer, Samuel W. Cartinhour, David J. Schneider

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

One aspect of the present invention relates to isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding avirulence proteins or polypeptides of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae DC 3000, or nucleic acid moleculues which are complementary thereto. Expression vectors, host cells, and transgenic plants which include the DNA molecules of the present invention are also disclosed. Another aspect relates to the isolated proteins or polypeptides and compositions containing the same. The various nucleic acid molecules and proteins of the present invention can be used to impart disease resistance to a plant, make a plant hypersusceptible to colonization by nonpathogenic bacteria, modify a metabolic pathway in …

Center For Grassland Studies Newsletter, Spring 2007, Volume 13, No. 2

Center for Grassland Studies: Newsletters

Contents

• Using Dried Distillers Grains to Substitute for Forage and Nitrogen Fertilizer: Nitrogen Dynamics and Use Efficiency by Matt Greenquist and Terry Klopfenstein

• From the Director

• 2007 Nike Golf Camp in Lincoln This July.

• Did You Know There Is an Environmental Institute for Golf?

• Program for 2007 Nebraska Grazing Conference

• Group Studies Great Plains Fire History by Charles Flowerday

• Summer Fire and Post-Fire Grazing Management by Lance Vermeire

Nebline, May 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Youth/Adult Partnership is Key to Success of 4-H Horse Program
Remove Skunk Odor by Deodorizing, Neutralizing Home, Clothing
Select Shade Trees to Meet Personal Landscape Objectives
Take Steps to Reduce Severe Weather Damage on Homes
Low-Toxic Fly Management for Horses
UNL Researcher Seeks Alfalfa Fields to Study Pocket Gophers
Household Hazardous Waste Collections
Termite Workshops for Homeowners in May
Food Quiz: Keep or Toss?
Cleaning Fruits and Veggies
Thawing Frozen Foods
Carrots and Raisins Sunshine Salad Recipe
The First Step to Food Safety — Clean!
Download FREE Educational Materials Online!
President’s Notes — Alice’s Analysis
Household Hints: Removing After-Prom Stains …

The Development Of A Gc/Ms Protocol For The Analysis Of Polysaccharides In Echinacea Purpurea, Michaela Knapp

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects

Echinacea purpurea is an herbal supplement used to reduce symptoms of common colds and flu-like illnesses. As of right now, it is not well understood what chemical components in the plant are immunologically active. The four main potentially immunologically active chemical components in E. purpurea are caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides, polyacetylenes, and polysaccharides. In this investigation, a protocol was developed in an attempt to identify polysaccharides present in Puritan’s Pride E. purpurea (aerial) “non-irradiated” herbal supplement First, an estimate of the crude total polysaccharide content in Puritan’s Pride and in a ChromaDex certified botanical standard (E. purpurea -powdered root) was …

Nebline, April 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

UNL Extension Programs Have Improved Termite Treatments in Nebraska
2007 Perennial Plant of the Year
Gardening Trends in 2007
Easter Lily Care
Spring is a Good Time to Begin Herb Gardening
“Management of Small Ponds” Clinic, April 17
Arbor Day and Tree Planting are Nebraska Traditions
Container Gardening
Controlling Nuisance Weeds in Your Farm Pond
Teff – A New Annual Forage Grass
Simplified Hand-Held Sprayer Calibration
Cost of Pumping Water for Domestic and Acreage Needs
Commercial Pesticide Applicator Initial Training, April 19
It’s Springtime: Watch for Signs of Termites
Termite Workshops for Homeowners in May
What’s Bugging You?
Spring Cleaning? …

Nebline, March 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

$pending YOUR Calorie $alary: Tips for Using MyPyramid
All-America Selections Flower and Vegetable Award Winners for 2007
Planting Asparagus
Alternative Agriculture Provides Opportunities For Enthusiastic Entrepreneur
Proper Precautions for Chain Saw Safety
Collection of Unwanted Pesticides, March 23
Computerized Farm Financial Recordkeeping, March 19
Upcoming Pesticide Applicator Trainings
Use Pheromone Traps to Locate Indian Meal Moths Infestations
ewf needs volunteers
Build a Bat House
Fertilizing Crop Land with Biosolids
Potential Benefits and Hazards of Bats
Food Safety: What You Don’t Know CAN Hurt You
Ground Beef Vegetable Soup with Rice Recipe
$hop $mart to $tretch Your Food Dollar
Add Acidic …

Nebline, February 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Private Well Management During a Drought
Some Wells in Lancaster County Have Dried Up
Groundwater-level Changes in Nebraska — Drought from Spring 2000 to Spring 2006
Computerized Farm Financial Recordkeeping Workshop, March 19
Manage Stored Grain Temperature with Aeration
Upcoming Pesticide Applicator Trainings
Estimating Water Needs When Planning for a New Well
Have a Healthy, Happy Valentine’s Day with Children!
Triple Play Walnut Crunch Recipe
Pack Power Lunches
Candy Placement May Determine How Much You Eat
President’s Notes — Alice’s Analysis
Household Hints: Keeping Comforters Clean and Cozy
FCE News & Events
Strengthening Family Treasures Daughter/Mother Camp
Clearing Out and …

Association Of Ergot Alkaloids With Conidiation In Aspergillus Fumigatus, Christine M. Coyle, Shawn C. Kenaley, William R. Rittenour, Daniel G. Panaccione

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins that affect the nervous and reproductive systems of exposed individuals through interactions with monoamine receptors. They have been studied more widely in ergot fungi and grass endophytes but also are found in Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human pathogen that reproduces and disseminates exclusively through conidia. The ergot alkaloids festuclavine and fumigaclavines A, B and C are present in or on conidia of A. fumigatus. Cultures of the fungus that are free of conidia are difficult to obtain, obscuring comparisons of conidia versus vegetative hyphae as sources of the ergot alkaloids. To create conidiation-deficient strains of A. …

Regulation Of Hyphal Morphogenesis By Cdc42 And Rac1 Homologues In Aspergillus Nidulans, Aleksandra Virag, Maurice P. Lee, Haoyu Si, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The ability of filamentous fungi to form hyphae requires the establishment and maintenance of a stable polarity axis. Based on studies in yeasts and animals, the GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 are presumed to play a central role in organizing the morphogenetic machinery to enable axis formation and stabilization. Here, we report that Cdc42 (ModA) and Rac1 (RacA) share an overlapping function required for polarity establishment in Aspergillus nidulans. Nevertheless, Cdc42 appears to have a more important role in hyphal morphogenesis in that it alone is required for the timely formation of lateral branches. In addition, we provide genetic evidence …

Response Of Soybean Cultivars To Bean Pod Mottle Virus Infection, Amy D. Ziems, Loren J. Giesler, George L. Graef, Margaret G. Redinbaugh, Jean L. Vacha, Sueann Berry, Laurence V. Madden, Anne E. Dorrance

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) has become increasingly common in soybean throughout the north-central region of the United States. Yield loss assessments on southern soybean germplasm have reported reductions ranging from 3 to 52%. Currently, no soybean cultivars have been identified with resistance to BPMV. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of BPMV infection on soybean cultivars representing a broad range of northern soybean germplasm by comparing inoculated and noninoculated soybean plants in paired row studies. In all, 30 and 24 cultivars were evaluated in Nebraska (NE) in which soybean plants were inoculated at the V3 …

Feed On Offer Photo Gallery : For Annual Pastures During The Green Period, Mandy (Catherine Amanda) Curnow, Lifetimewool (Australia)

Books & book chapters

Food on Offer, or FOO, is the amount of pasture available for sheep to eat. It is measured as dry matter per hectare, and then used to budget feed available and stocking rates for a given period.

FOO includes all green material above the ground and it is reported in kilograms of dry matter per hectare (kg DM/ha).

Highly Variable Patterns Of Linkage Disequilibrium In Multiple Soybean Populations, D. L. Hyten, Ik-Young Choi, Qijian Song, Randy C. Shoemaker, Randall L. Nelson, Jose M. Costa, James E. Specht, P. B. Cregan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Prospects for utilizing whole-genome association analysis in autogamous plant populations appear promising due to the reported high levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD). To determine the optimal strategies for implementing association analysis in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), we analyzed the structure of LD in three regions of the genome varying in length from 336 to 574 kb. This analysis was conducted in four distinct groups of soybean germplasm: 26 accessions of the wild ancestor of soybean (Glycine soja Seib. et Zucc.); 52 Asian G. max Landraces, the immediate results of domestication from G. soja; 17 Asian Landrace …

The Function Of Stilt Roots In The Growth Strategy Of Socratea Exorrhiza (Arecaceae) At Two Neotropical Sites, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Rakan A. Zahawi

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Arboreal palms have developed a variety of structural root modifications and systems to adapt to the harsh abiotic conditions of tropical rain forests. Stilt roots have been proposed to serve a number of functions including the facilitation of rapid vertical growth to the canopy and enhanced mechanical stability. To examine whether stilt roots provide these functions, we compared stilt root characteristics of the neotropical palm tree Socratea exorrhiza on sloped ( > 20°) and flat locations at two lowland neotropical sites. S. exorrhiza (n=80 trees) did not demonstrate differences in number of roots, vertical stilt root height, root cone circumference, root …

Basa Regulates Cell Wall Organization And Asexual/Sexual Sporulation Ratio In Aspergillus Nidulans, Shaojie Li, Dapeng Bao, Gary Yuen, Steven D. Harris, Ana M. Calvo

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Sphingolipid C4 hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of dihydrosphingosine to phytosphingosine. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sur2 is essential for sphingolipid C4 hydroxylation activity but not essential for normal growth. Here we demonstrate that the Aspergillus nidulans Sur2 homolog BasA is also required for phytosphingosine biosynthesis but is also essential for viability. We previously reported that a point missense mutation in basA resulted in aberrant cell wall thickening. Here our data suggest that accumulation of dihydrosphingosine is responsible for this phenotype. In addition, two different mutations in basA consistently accelerated the transition from asexual development to sexual development compared to the wild-type …

Free-Living Dorylaimid Nematodes From Nature Reserves In Costa Rica. The Genus Pachydorylaimus Siddiqi, 1983, A. Esquivel, P. Guerrero, R. Peña-Santiago, Thomas O. Powers

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

A taxonomic study of three species, two known and one new, belonging to the genus Pachydorylaimus Siddiqi, 1983 from natural areas in Costa Rica is presented. Pachydorylaimus holovachovi sp. n. is described and can be distinguished by its body 0.90-1.00 mm long, lip region 14-17 μm wide, odontostyle 13-15 μm long, odontophore morphology with differentiated hyaline spindle-shaped area surrounding its junction to pharyngeal lining but lacking distinct basal flanges, total stylet length 35- 44 μm, pars refringens vaginae absent, V = 43-47, female tail straight and tapering to an acute tip (57- 78 μm, c = 12.5-15.8, c’ = 2.0-3.0), …

Fertility Restoration Of The Sorghum A3 Male-Sterile Cytoplasm Through A Sporophytic Mechanism Derived From Sudangrass, Hoang V. Tang, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, Christine D. Chase, Daryl R. Pring

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Fertility restoration of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines carrying the IS1112C (A3 group) male-sterile cytoplasm has been documented as a two-gene gametophytic mechanism involving complementary action of restoring alleles designated Rf3 and Rf4, as derived from IS1112C. Fertility restoration capability has also been reported from sudangrass (S. bicolor subsp. drummondii) populations. We describe characteristics of a fertility restoration system derived from sudangrass, in which male-sterile individuals were observed at high frequency in backcross and F₂-F₃ segregating populations. Segregation analyses were consistent with a sporophytic restoration system involving two complementary genes. Pollen iodine …

Nebline, January 2007

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

UNL College of Ag and Natural Resources Turns Talents into Rewarding Careers
Crop Protection Clinic, Jan. 22
Glyphosate-Resistant Marestail Confirmed in Nebraska
Upcoming Pesticide Applicator Trainings
Rethinking Shelterbelts
Salt Damage to Plants Determining Houseplant Problems
Girdling Roots on Trees
Winter Strategies for Wildlife
Where Do Insects Go in the Winter?
Lifelong Learning in Nutrition
Make-Ahead Frozen Beef “Crumbles” Recipe
Peanut Butter Banana Shake Recipe
Are You a “Lark” or an “Owl”? Cook Ahead Accordingly!
Play “FOOD” Ball Online!
President’s Notes — Alice’s Analysis
Household Hints
FCE News & Events
Teach Your Children Well
10 Ways to Save with Lighting
Strengthening …

Publishing Ltd Whole-Plant Mineral Partitioning Throughout The Life Cycle In Arabidopsis Thaliana Ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg Erecta, Cape Verde Islands, And The Mutant Line Ysl1ysl3, Brian M. Waters, Michael A. Grusak

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

• Minimal information exists on whole-plant dynamics of mineral flow through Arabidopsis thaliana or on the source tissues responsible for mineral export to developing seeds. Understanding these phenomena in a model plant could help in the development of nutritionally enhanced crop cultivars. • A whole-plant partitioning study, using sequential harvests, was conducted to characterize growth and mineral concentrations and contents of rosettes, cauline leaves, stems, immature fruit, mature fruit hulls, and seeds of three WT lines (Col-0, Ler, and Cvi) and one mutant line (Col-0::ysl1ysl3). • Shoot mineral content increased throughout the life cycle for all minerals, although tissue-specific mineral …

A Soybean Transcript Map: Gene Distribution, Haplotype And Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis, Ik-Young Choi, D. L. Hyten, Lakshmi K. Matukumalli, Qijian Song, Julian M. Chaky, Charles V. Quigley, Kevin Chase, K. Gordon Lark, Robert S. Reiter, Mun-Sup Yoon, Eun-Young Hwang, Seung-In Yi, Nevin D. Young, Randy C. Shoemaker, Curtis P. Van Tassell, James E. Specht, P. B. Cregan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

The first genetic transcript map of the soybean genome was created by mapping one SNP in each of 1141 genes in one or more of three recombinant inbred line mapping populations, thus providing a picture of the distribution of genic sequences across the mapped portion of the genome. Singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered via the resequencing of sequence-tagged sites (STSs) developed from expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence. From an initial set of 9459 polymerase chain reaction primer sets designed to a diverse set of genes, 4240 STSs were amplified and sequenced in each of six diverse soybean genotypes. In the …

Techniques For Reclaiming Mined Lands With Native Plants, Maria Elena Melnechuk

Theses and Dissertations

In this experiment I examined the role of mycorrhizae, seeding rate, and fertilizer in promoting growth of native plants at a reclaimed mine site in central Arkansas. Permanent field plots were established to examine effects of treatments on native plant cover, nonnative plant cover, and bare ground. By the final year of data collection, 18 native species had been newly established at the experimental site. Compared to plots without mycorrhizae, plots with mycorrhizae had significantly higher native plant cover in the first sampling year only. The addition of native seed was important—plots without added seed had significantly lower native plant …

Genetic Diversity In Populations Of Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Campestris In Cruciferous Weeds In Central Coastal California, A. Ignatov, A. Sechler, E. L. Schuenzel, I. Agarkova, B. Oliver, A. K. Vidaver, N. W. Schaad

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (X. campestris) infects a large number of cruciferous plants, including weeds. California has one of the largest and most diverse populations of wild cruciferous plants in the world. Although considerable information is available on the genetic diversity of X. campestris in commercial crop plants, nothing is known about the diversity in strains infecting weeds. To assess the genetic diversity among strains of X. campestris in weeds in noncultivated and cultivated areas, strains of the pathogen were isolated from populations of cruciferous weeds growing in coastal valley crop-production sites and from remote nonproduction sites along the …

Expression Analysis Of Rice Defense-Related Genes In Turfgrass In Response To Magnaporthe Grisea, Young-Ki Jo, Guo-Liang Wang, Michael J. Boehm

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph = Pyricularia grisea) causes blast on rice (Oryza sativa) and gray leaf spot on turfgrass. Gray leaf spot is a serious disease on St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Virulence assays performed in this study revealed that M. grisea collected from rice could also cause disease on St. Augustinegrass and tall fescue. One rice isolate, Che86061, caused similar disease reactions on susceptible cultivars of rice and St. Augustinegrass and an incompatible interaction on resistant cultivars of both species. To explore whether …

Cell Wall Proteome In The Maize Primary Root Elongation Zone. Ii. Region-Specific Changes In Water Soluble And Lightly Ionically Bound Proteins Under Water Deficit1[W][Oa], Jinming Zhu, Sophie Alvarez, Ellen L. Marsh, Mary E. Lenoble, In-Jeong Cho, Mayandi Sivaguru, Sixue Chen, Henry T. Nguyen, Yajun Wu, Daniel P. Schachtman, Robert E. Sharp

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Previous work on the adaptation of maize (Zea mays) primary roots to water deficit showed that cell elongation is maintained preferentially toward the apex, and that this response involves modification of cell wall extension properties. To gain a comprehensive understanding of how cell wall protein (CWP) composition changes in association with the differential growth responses to water deficit in different regions of the elongation zone, a proteomics approach was used to examine water soluble and loosely ionically bound CWPs. The results revealed major and predominantly region-specific changes in protein profiles between well-watered and water-stressed roots. In total, 152 …

Map Location Of The Rpp1 Locus That Confers Resistance To Soybean Rust In Soybean, D. L. Hyten, G. L. Hartman, R. L. Nelson, R. D. Frederick, V. C. Concibido, J. M. Narvel, P. B. Cregan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, was first discovered in North America in 2004 and has the potential to become a major soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] disease in the USA. Currently, four SBR resistance genes have been identifi ed but not mapped on the soybean genetic linkage map. One of these resistance genes is the Rpp1 gene, which is present in the soybean accession PI 200492. The availability of molecular markers associated with Rpp1 will permit marker-assisted selection and expedite the incorporation of this gene into U.S. cultivars. We compared simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers between …

Barcsoysnp23: A Panel Of 23 Selected Snps For Soybean Cultivar Identification, M. S. Yoon, Q.J. Song, I. Y. Choi, James E. Specht, D. L. Hyten, P. B. Cregan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

This report describes a set of 23 informative SNPs (BARCSoySNP23) distributed on 19 of the 20 soybean linkage groups that can be used for soybean cultivar identification. Selection of the SNPs to include in this set was made based upon the information provided by each SNP for distinguishing a diverse set of soybean genotypes as well as the linkage map position of each SNP. The genotypes included the ancestors of North American cultivars, modern North American cultivars and a group of Korean cultivars. The procedure used to identify this subset of highly informative SNP markers resulted in a significant increase …

Ethylene Involvement In The Regulation Of The H+-Atpase Csha1 Gene And Of The New Isolated Ferric Reductase Csfro1 And Iron Transporter Csirt1 Genes In Cucumber Plants, Brian M. Waters, Carlos Lucena, Francisco J. Romera, Gena G. Jester, April N. Wynn, Carmen L. Rojas, Esteban Alcántara, Rafael Pérez-Vicente

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

In previous works using ethylene inhibitors and precursors, it has been shown that ethylene participates in the regulation of several Fe-deficiency stress responses by Strategy I plants, such as enhanced ferric reductase activity, rhizosphere acidification, and subapical root hair development. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that ethylene could regulate the expression of both the ferric reductase and the iron transporter genes of Strategy I plants by affecting the FER (or FER-like) transcription factor. Recently, two H⁺-ATPase genes have been isolated from cucumber roots, CsHA1 and CsHA2. CsHA1 is up-regulated under Fe deficiency while CsHA2 is constitutively expressed. In …

Fertility Restoration Of The Sorghum A3 Male-Sterile Cytoplasm Through A Sporophytic Mechanism Derived From Sudangrass, Hoang V. Tang, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, Christine D. Chase, Daryl R. Pring

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Fertility restoration of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines carrying the IS1112C (A3 group) male-sterile cytoplasm has been documented as a two-gene gametophytic mechanism involving complementary action of restoring alleles designated Rf3 and Rf4, as derived from IS1112C. Fertility restoration capability has also been reported from sudangrass (S. bicolor subsp. drummondii) populations. We describe characteristics of a fertility restoration system derived from sudangrass, in which male-sterile individuals were observed at high frequency in backcross and F2-F3 segregating populations. Segregation analyses were consistent with a sporophytic restoration system involving two complementary genes. Pollen iodine staining in fertile …