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Articles 4681 - 4710 of 5801

Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology

The Development Of Sleep-Wake Rhythms And The Search For Elemental Circuits In The Infant Brain, Mark S. Blumberg, Andrew J. Gall, William D. Todd Jun 2014

The Development Of Sleep-Wake Rhythms And The Search For Elemental Circuits In The Infant Brain, Mark S. Blumberg, Andrew J. Gall, William D. Todd

Faculty Publications

Despite the predominance of sleep in early infancy, developmental science has yet to play a major role in shaping concepts and theories about sleep and its associated ultradian and circadian rhythms. Here we argue that developmental analyses help us to elucidate the relative contributions of the brainstem and forebrain to sleep-wake control and to dissect the neural components of sleep-wake rhythms. Developmental analysis also makes it clear that sleep-wake processes in infants are the foundation for those of adults. For example, the infant brainstem alone contains a fundamental sleep-wake circuit that is sufficient to produce transitions among wakefulness, quiet sleep, …

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Self-Reported Head Injury And Risk Of Late-Life Impairment And Ad Pathology In An Ad Center Cohort, Erin L. Abner, Peter T. Nelson, Frederick A. Schmitt, Steven R. Browning, David W. Fardo, Lijie Wan, Gregory A. Jicha, Gregory E. Cooper, Charles D. Smith, Allison M. Caban-Holt, Linda J. Van Eldik, Richard J. Kryscio Jun 2014

Self-Reported Head Injury And Risk Of Late-Life Impairment And Ad Pathology In An Ad Center Cohort, Erin L. Abner, Peter T. Nelson, Frederick A. Schmitt, Steven R. Browning, David W. Fardo, Lijie Wan, Gregory A. Jicha, Gregory E. Cooper, Charles D. Smith, Allison M. Caban-Holt, Linda J. Van Eldik, Richard J. Kryscio

Sanders-Brown Center on Aging Faculty Publications

Aims: To evaluate the relationship between self-reported head injury and cognitive impairment, dementia, mortality, and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-type pathological changes. Methods: Clinical and neuropathological data from participants enrolled in a longitudinal study of aging and cognition (n = 649) were analyzed to assess the chronic effects of self-reported head injury. Results: The effect of self-reported head injury on the clinical state depended on the age at assessment: for a 1-year increase in age, the OR for the transition to clinical mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at the next visit for participants with a history of head injury was 1.21 and 1.34 …

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Seasonal And Sex Differences In The Effects Of Melatonin On Brain Arginine Vasotocin In Green Treefrogs (Hyla Cinerea): Relationship To Melatonin Receptor 1a, Christina Marie Howard May 2014

Seasonal And Sex Differences In The Effects Of Melatonin On Brain Arginine Vasotocin In Green Treefrogs (Hyla Cinerea): Relationship To Melatonin Receptor 1a, Christina Marie Howard

Dissertations and Theses

Critical life history events such as breeding, migration and hibernation must take place in the correct environmental context to minimize deleterious consequences on survival and reproductive fitness. Neuroendocrine mechanisms synchronizing internal physiological states with extrinsic environmental cues are vital to timing life history events appropriately. Secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin is sensitive to light and temperature cues, which provides a physiological indicator of time of day and time of year for organisms. Melatonin influences seasonal reproduction in a variety of vertebrates, likely by altering the synthesis and/or release of reproductive neuropeptides in the brain. The neuropeptides arginine vasotocin and …

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Online Tracking Of The Contents Of Conscious Perception Using Real-Time Fmri, Christoph Reichert, Robert Fendrich, Johannes Bernarding, Claus Tempelmann, Hermann Hinrichs, Jochem W. Rieger May 2014

Online Tracking Of The Contents Of Conscious Perception Using Real-Time Fmri, Christoph Reichert, Robert Fendrich, Johannes Bernarding, Claus Tempelmann, Hermann Hinrichs, Jochem W. Rieger

Dartmouth Scholarship

Perception is an active process that interprets and structures the stimulus input based on assumptions about its possible causes. We use real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) to investigate a particularly powerful demonstration of dynamic object integration in which the same physical stimulus intermittently elicits categorically different conscious object percepts. In this study, we simulated an outline object that is moving behind a narrow slit. With such displays, the physically identical stimulus can elicit categorically different percepts that either correspond closely to the physical stimulus (vertically moving line segments) or represent a hypothesis about the underlying cause of the physical …

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Astroglial Boundary Formation And Epha4 Signaling In Neuroblast Migration, Nicholas B. Gallo May 2014

Astroglial Boundary Formation And Epha4 Signaling In Neuroblast Migration, Nicholas B. Gallo

University Scholar Projects

Adult neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons from neural precursors, is a highly complex process that is limited to two specific areas of the brain, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Despite continued research investigating neurogenesis in these two regions, we still lack a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neural cell division, migration, differentiation, and integration in the postnatal brain. In particular, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), which is a cellular migratory route for newly generated neuronal precursors that travel from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb, will provide a useful model …

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Astroglial Boundary Formation And Epha4 Signaling In Neuroblast Migration, Nicholas B. Gallo May 2014

Astroglial Boundary Formation And Epha4 Signaling In Neuroblast Migration, Nicholas B. Gallo

Honors Scholar Theses

Adult neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons from neural precursors, is a highly complex process that is limited to two specific areas of the brain, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Despite continued research investigating neurogenesis in these two regions, we still lack a fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neural cell division, migration, differentiation, and integration in the postnatal brain. In particular, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), which is a cellular migratory route for newly generated neuronal precursors that travel from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb, will provide a useful model …

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Eeg-Microstate Dependent Emergence Of Perceptual Awareness, Juliane Britz, Laura Díaz Hernàndez, Tony Ro, Christoph M. Michel May 2014

Eeg-Microstate Dependent Emergence Of Perceptual Awareness, Juliane Britz, Laura Díaz Hernàndez, Tony Ro, Christoph M. Michel

Publications and Research

We investigated whether the differences in perceptual awareness for stimuli at the threshold of awareness can arise from different global brain states before stimulus onset indexed by the EEG microstate. We used a metacontrast backward masking paradigm in which subjects had to discriminate between two weak stimuli and obtained measures of accuracy and awareness while their EEG was recorded from 256 channels. Comparing targets that were correctly identified with and without awareness allowed us to contrast differences in awareness while keeping performance constant for identical physical stimuli. Two distinct pre-stimulus scalp potential fields (microstate maps) dissociated correct identification with and …

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Determining A Correlation Between Individual Differences In Eye Movements And Working Memory, Mackenzie Sunday May 2014

Determining A Correlation Between Individual Differences In Eye Movements And Working Memory, Mackenzie Sunday

Senior Theses

This study determined if a relationship exists between individual differences in eye movements and working memory measures. The eye movement system can provide insight into processes that occur in the mind as well as a better understanding of the relationship between quantifiable aspects of eye movements and the more abstract inner workings of the mind. Recently, consistent and reliable individual differences have been found in individuals’ eye movement behaviors. For example, individuals with longer fixation durations for one visual task have longer fixations across all other visual tasks. The eye movements of participants were collected during four different viewing tasks …

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The New Normal: Goodness Judgments Of Non-Invariant Speech, Julia R. Drouin May 2014

The New Normal: Goodness Judgments Of Non-Invariant Speech, Julia R. Drouin

Honors Scholar Theses

Previous research has found that perceptual learning, or normalizing the idiosyncratic phonemes of speech, causes a shift in speech sound category boundaries. The present study examined if perceptual learning was limited to the boundary or if also caused a shift in internal category structure. Seventeen individuals participated in three behavioral tasks to explicate this question. In the Lexical Decision task, participants were trained in either /s/-biasing or /ʃ/- biasing context. In the Goodness Judgment task, participants rated a continuum of sounds on perceived /s/ goodness using a designated scale. Finally, in the Phoneme Identification task, participants listened to the same …

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Characterization Of The Ependymal Barrier Due To Human Aging And Injury In Murine Models, Ye Sun May 2014

Characterization Of The Ependymal Barrier Due To Human Aging And Injury In Murine Models, Ye Sun

University Scholar Projects

Ventriclulomegaly, or the expansion of the ventricles in the brain, is a phenomenon associated with age and injury to the brain. The ependymal layer that encases the ventricles displays certain degrees of plasticity and regenerative ability due to its associated stem cell niche, the subventricular zone (SVZ). Previous research in the Conover Lab has shown that in the mouse, which maintains an actively proliferating SVZ into adulthood, there is an intact ependymal monolayer throughout normal aging, with maintained lateral ventricle size with some degree of stretching. In contrast, the human SVZ declines in proliferative capacity after infancy, and age-related changes …

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Bidirectional Influence Of Epinephrine On Hippocampal Ltp Via Β-Adrenergic Receptors, Georgia Christine Buscaglia May 2014

Bidirectional Influence Of Epinephrine On Hippocampal Ltp Via Β-Adrenergic Receptors, Georgia Christine Buscaglia

Renée Crown University Honors Thesis Projects - All

The formation and storage of memories within the brain remains a subject that is not well understood. The hippocampus has been identified by many studies as a likely center for memory formation (Lynch, 2004), and further research into this subject has begun to suggest that synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus could be partly responsible for the physical changes in the brain, which underlie memory formation. Long Term Potentiation is a form of synaptic plasticity, and is considered to be a physical increase in the strength of connection between neurons or groups of neurons. Much like memories, the duration of a …

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Functional Implications Of Demyelination And The Molecular Control Of Remyelination In The Adult Mouse., Nicholas John Kuypers May 2014

Functional Implications Of Demyelination And The Molecular Control Of Remyelination In The Adult Mouse., Nicholas John Kuypers

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss contributes to the functional deficits underlying diseases with a demyelinating component (Gajjar et al., 1997; Miller et al., 2002). Remyelination can restore these deficits (Duncan et al., 2009). Chapter 1 is an introduction to de- and re-myelination thus providing the necessary background information for consideration in subsequent chapters. Ethidium bromide (EB) has been extensively used in the rat and cat as a model of spinal cord demyelination. However, this lesion has not been addressed in the adult mouse. Therefore, Chapters 2 and 3 characterize a model of chronic EB-induced spinal cord demyelination in the mouse which can …

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Effects Of Resting State On Perceptual Learning, Sarah Eagleman Ph.D. May 2014

Effects Of Resting State On Perceptual Learning, Sarah Eagleman Ph.D.

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Psychophysical experiments in humans have demonstrated that improvements in perceptual learning tasks occur following daytime rests. The neural correlates of how rest influences subsequent sensory processing during these tasks remain unclear. One possible neural mechanism that may underlie this behavioral improvement is reactivation. Previously evoked network activity reoccurs – reactivates - in the absence of further stimulation. Reactivation was initially discovered in the hippocampus but has now been found in several brain areas including cortex. This phenomenon has been implicated as a general mechanism by which neural networks learn and store sensory information. However, whether reactivation occurs in areas relevant …

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The Effect Of Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury On Ventricular Volume And Microglial Activation, Lillian Rose Talbot May 2014

The Effect Of Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury On Ventricular Volume And Microglial Activation, Lillian Rose Talbot

Honors Scholar Theses

As the leading cause of death and disability in individuals under the age of 45-years-old, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a public health crisis that demands the attention of the scientific and medical community [28]. The majority of all TBIs that occur in the United States each year are a non-deadly yet detrimental form of closed brain injury known as mild TBI (mTBI) or concussion [6]. Athletes, young people and military personnel all face a high risk of acquiring mTBI as a result of their environments. In our study we have chosen to model repeated mTBI (rmTBI) in the mouse …

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Propagation Of Oligomeric Α-Synuclein And Amyloid-Β: Implications For Parkinson's And Alzheimer's Diseases, Matthew Stephen Planchard May 2014

Propagation Of Oligomeric Α-Synuclein And Amyloid-Β: Implications For Parkinson's And Alzheimer's Diseases, Matthew Stephen Planchard

Master's Theses

The aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins is a critical event in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The proteins α-synuclein (αS) and amyloid-β (Aβ) are involved in the formation of amyloid lesions observed in PD and AD, respectively. Both PD and AD exhibit a significant amount of co-pathology in clinical settings, and the αS and Aβ proteins have been shown to interact in vitro. Recent experimental consensus has shown oligomeric species to be significant, if not primary, sources of toxicity in these diseases. …

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Neuromodulation Therapy Mitigates Heart Failure Induced Hippocampal Damage, Timothy P. Diperi May 2014

Neuromodulation Therapy Mitigates Heart Failure Induced Hippocampal Damage, Timothy P. Diperi

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Nearly half of the people diagnosed with heart failure (HF) die within 5 years of diagnosis. Brain abnormalities secondary to CVD have been observed in many discrete regions, including the hippocampus. Nearly 25% of patients with CVD also have major depressive disorder (MDD), and hippocampal dysfunction is a characteristic of both diseases. In this study, the hippocampus and an area of the hippocampal formation, the dentate gyrus (DG), were studied in a canine model of HF. Using this canine HF model previously, we have determined that myocardial …

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Development Of A System For Analysis Of Muscle Contraction Pattern During Drosophila Melanogaster Crawling Behavior, Mary Catherine Decker Apr 2014

Development Of A System For Analysis Of Muscle Contraction Pattern During Drosophila Melanogaster Crawling Behavior, Mary Catherine Decker

Celebrating Scholarship & Creativity Day (2011-2017)

The aim of this study was to attain footage of the crawling Drosophila larva from 360° angles in order to visualize the pattern of individual muscle contractions. A GAL4-UAS system was used to drive homozygous GCAMP expression, causing the muscles of the Drosophila larva to fluoresce when contracting. A stand was designed in order to place a live, crawling larva in a glass capillary tube under a fluorescent microscope and then rotate the tube completely for 360° video footage. Through the combination of the GCAMP expression and the rotatable stand, video of the individual muscle contraction pattern of a crawling …

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Fatty Acids Increase Neuronal Hypertrophy Of Pten Knockdown Neurons, Catherine J. Fricano, Tyrone Despenza, Paul W. Frazel, Meijie Li, A. James O'Malley, Gary Westbrook, Bryan Luikart Apr 2014

Fatty Acids Increase Neuronal Hypertrophy Of Pten Knockdown Neurons, Catherine J. Fricano, Tyrone Despenza, Paul W. Frazel, Meijie Li, A. James O'Malley, Gary Westbrook, Bryan Luikart

Dartmouth Scholarship

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) catalyzes the reverse reaction of PI3K by dephosphorylating PIP3 to PIP2. This negatively regulates downstream Akt/mTOR/S6 signaling resulting in decreased cellular growth and proliferation. Co-injection of a lentivirus knocking Pten down with a control lentivirus allows us to compare the effects of Pten knockdown between individual neurons within the same animal. We find that knockdown of Pten results in neuronal hypertrophy by 21 days post-injection. This neuronal hypertrophy is correlated with increased p-S6 and p-mTOR in individual neurons. We used this system to test whether an environmental factor that has been implicated in cellular hypertrophy …

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Feedforward And Feedback Projections Of Caudal Belt And Parabelt Areas Of Auditory Cortex: Refining The Hierarchical Model, Troy A. Hackett, Lisa A. De La Mothe, Corrie R. Camalier, Arnaud Falchier, Peter Lakatos, Yoshinao Kajikawa, Charles E. Schroeder Apr 2014

Feedforward And Feedback Projections Of Caudal Belt And Parabelt Areas Of Auditory Cortex: Refining The Hierarchical Model, Troy A. Hackett, Lisa A. De La Mothe, Corrie R. Camalier, Arnaud Falchier, Peter Lakatos, Yoshinao Kajikawa, Charles E. Schroeder

Psychological Sciences and Counseling Faculty Research

Our working model of the primate auditory cortex recognizes three major regions (core, belt, parabelt), subdivided into thirteen areas. The connections between areas are topographically ordered in a manner consistent with information flow along two major anatomical axes: core-belt-parabelt and caudal-rostral. Remarkably, most of the connections supporting this model were revealed using retrograde tracing techniques. Little is known about laminar circuitry, as anterograde tracing of axon terminations has rarely been used. The purpose of the present study was to examine the laminar projections of three areas of auditory cortex, pursuant to analysis of all areas. The selected areas were: middle …

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Do D2 Receptors On Blood Lymphocytes Adapt To Chronic Ethanol?, Joseph Linzey, Dr. Scott Steffensen Apr 2014

Do D2 Receptors On Blood Lymphocytes Adapt To Chronic Ethanol?, Joseph Linzey, Dr. Scott Steffensen

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Research concerning whether or not D2 receptors can be used as an accurate biomarker for drug addiction is still currently underway. Unfortunately, this semester I was unable to engage in research nearly as much as I had planned. I spent a lot of time this semester interviewing at medical schools. The majority of my time at BYU was spent catching up on work and material covered in lectures I missed while I was interviewing. However, the interview session is nearly complete (with wonderful results) and I will be devoting a substantial amount of time this coming semester towards completing this …

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Brain Science And Stem Learning, Dennis L. Molfese Apr 2014

Brain Science And Stem Learning, Dennis L. Molfese

Discipline-Based Education Research Group Speaker Series

Brain Science is an interdisciplinary science and as such touches on a host of domains that among others include Behavioral & Social Sciences, Biological Sciences, Computer & Information Science, Economics, Engineering (multiple domains from Electrical to Mechanical to Structural), Education, Human Resources, Engineering, Environmental, Education, Geosciences, Engineering, Mathematical, Physical Sciences, Psychology, and Zoology. The approach provides a means to study matter from an assortment of elements to the integration of complex domains that stretch from the interactions of neuropeptides to conscious thought that cover the lifespan of single cell organisms to humans. We will touch on a few of these …

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Movement-Based Embodied Contemplative Practices: Definitions And Paradigms, Laura Schmalzl, Mardi A. Crane-Godreau, Peter Payne Apr 2014

Movement-Based Embodied Contemplative Practices: Definitions And Paradigms, Laura Schmalzl, Mardi A. Crane-Godreau, Peter Payne

Dartmouth Scholarship

Over the past decades, cognitive neuroscience has witnessed a shift from predominantly disembodied and computational views of the mind, to more embodied and situated views of the mind. These postulate that mental functions cannot be fully understood without reference to the physical body and the environment in which they are experienced. Within the field of contemplative science, the directing of attention to bodily sensations has so far mainly been studied in the context of seated meditation and mindfulness practices. However, the cultivation of interoceptive, proprioceptive and kinesthetic awareness is also said to lie at the core of many movement-based contemplative …

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Electrical Stimulation Has Opposing Effects On Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression In Voluntary And Involuntary Muscle, John-Mary Vianney, John Spitsbergen Apr 2014

Electrical Stimulation Has Opposing Effects On Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression In Voluntary And Involuntary Muscle, John-Mary Vianney, John Spitsbergen

Research and Creative Activities Poster Day

Glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent survival factor for sub-populations of neurons including somatic and autonomic motor neurons. These neurons depend, in part, on GDNF that is synthesized and secreted by their target tissues. Whether the processes regulating GDNF production in these tissues is similar or different is poorly understood. The current study compares the regulation of production of GDNF in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle following electrical and chemical stimulation. We show that electrical stimulation has opposing effects on GDNF production in cardiac and skeletal muscle, where GDNF levels increase with long-term electrical stimulation in skeletal …

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Normal Acquisition Of Expertise With Greebles In Two Cases Of Acquired Prosopagnosia, Constantin Rezlescu, Jason J. S. Barton, David Pitcher, Bradley Duchaine Apr 2014

Normal Acquisition Of Expertise With Greebles In Two Cases Of Acquired Prosopagnosia, Constantin Rezlescu, Jason J. S. Barton, David Pitcher, Bradley Duchaine

Dartmouth Scholarship

Face recognition is generally thought to rely on different neurocognitive mechanisms than most types of objects, but the specificity of these mechanisms is debated. One account suggests the mechanisms are specific to upright faces, whereas the expertise view proposes the mechanisms operate on objects of high within-class similarity with which an observer has become proficient at rapid individuation. Much of the evidence cited in support of the expertise view comes from laboratory-based training experiments involving computer-generated objects called greebles that are designed to place face-like demands on recognition mechanisms. A fundamental prediction of the expertise hypothesis is that recognition deficits …

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Association Between Heavy-Metal Exposure And The Digit-Symbol Substitution Test In Us Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study, Parker Woody, Dawson Hedges Apr 2014

Association Between Heavy-Metal Exposure And The Digit-Symbol Substitution Test In Us Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study, Parker Woody, Dawson Hedges

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Heavy metals in the environment are a serious concern. One of the most widely known and studied neurotoxins is lead. For many years it was put into gasoline and paint in the US until it was discovered that it lead to developmental defects and affected cognitive functioning. There is a concern that other heavy metals could have adverse effects as well. Much research has focused on exposure to heavy metals in those exposed to abnormally high levels, such as those found in occupational exposures. Very little has been done examining heavy metal levels in the body such as those that …

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Error Processing And Generalized Anxiety Disorder, David Walker, Dr. Michael Larson Apr 2014

Error Processing And Generalized Anxiety Disorder, David Walker, Dr. Michael Larson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

General anxiety disorder (GAD) affects approximately 5% of the U.S. population (Stein, 2009) and is the second-most frequent psychiatric disorder, after depression, in primary care settings (Wittchen & Hoyer, 2001). Although diagnosis requirements for GAD are extensive, common characteristics are hyper-vigilance, which is manifested as excessive or unreasonable worry, along with tension, fatigue and headaches (National Institute of Mental Health, 2010). These symptoms of excessive anxiety have been associated with increased rates of physical illness (Bowen, Barale, & Senthilselvan, 2000), a decline in cognitive processing abilities (Castaneda, Lonnqvist, Marttunen, Suvisaari, & Tuulio-Henriksson, 2008), and can become disabling (National Institute of …

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Word Quality And Memory, Marshall Roedel, Dr. C. Brock Kirwan Apr 2014

Word Quality And Memory, Marshall Roedel, Dr. C. Brock Kirwan

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Current memory theory suggests that two separate processes contribute to recognition memory. Recollection is when recognition is accompanied by contextual information regarding the encoding event. Familiarity is when recognition is only a companied by a vague sense of having encountered something previously.

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The Effects Of Mindfulness Of Error Processing, Kevin Voisin, Dr. Michael Larson Apr 2014

The Effects Of Mindfulness Of Error Processing, Kevin Voisin, Dr. Michael Larson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Mindfulness is the process of bringing one’s body functions, attention, feelings and content of consciousness to the experiences of the present. (Greeson, 2009). Mindfulness has been shown to reduce stress in order to improve quality of life along with many other benefits such as reducing blood pressure, anxiety, depression, and anger (Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, Walach, 2004). We sought to substantiate these claims with EEG and blood pressure data.

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Brain Blast 2014 Poster, Annie Leslie Apr 2014

Brain Blast 2014 Poster, Annie Leslie

Brain Blast

Announcement poster for UNE's Brain Blast 2014, a pechakucha-style brain health and safety awareness and learning event.

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Lipidomic Analysis Of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Soo Jung Ha Apr 2014

Lipidomic Analysis Of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Soo Jung Ha

Open Access Theses

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of the primary brain tumor. Due to its highly invasive nature, current treatment options have not been able to improve the survival rate in past 20 years. In order to discover GBM therapeutic targets, omics technologies have been widely used to identify potential biomarkers. ^ This research study focused on investigating lipid biomarkers of human GBM orthotopic mouse models employing mass spectrometry. Human tumor cell lines GBM10 and GBM43 were injected in the right cerebral hemisphere and flank sites in NOD/SCID mice (n = 10 mice per group). Left cerebral …

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