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Articles 1081 - 1110 of 1372

Full-Text Articles in Virology

Genetic Protection Against Hepatitis B Virus Conferred By Ccr5Δ32: Evidence That Ccr5 Contributes To Viral Persistence, Chloe L. Thio, Jacquie Astemborski, Arman A. Bashirova, Timothy L. Mosbruger, Spencer Greer, Mallory D. Witt, James J. Goedert, Margaret Hilgartner, Audrey Majesk, Stephen J. O'Brien, David L. Thomas, Mary Carrington Jan 2007

Genetic Protection Against Hepatitis B Virus Conferred By Ccr5Δ32: Evidence That Ccr5 Contributes To Viral Persistence, Chloe L. Thio, Jacquie Astemborski, Arman A. Bashirova, Timothy L. Mosbruger, Spencer Greer, Mallory D. Witt, James J. Goedert, Margaret Hilgartner, Audrey Majesk, Stephen J. O'Brien, David L. Thomas, Mary Carrington

Biology Faculty Articles

Recovery from acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection requires a broad, vigorous T-cell response, which is enhanced in mice when chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is missing. To test the hypothesis that production of a nonfunctional CCR5 (CCR5Δ32 [a functionally null allele containing a 32-bp deletion]) increases the likelihood of recovery from hepatitis B in humans, we studied 526 persons from three cohorts in which one person with HBV persistence was matched to two persons who recovered from an HBV infection. Recovery or persistence was determined prior to availability of lamivudine. We determined genotypes forCCR5Δ32 …

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Bird Movement Predicts Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Insect Vectors, Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown, Amy T. Moore, Nicholas Komar Jan 2007

Bird Movement Predicts Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Insect Vectors, Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown, Amy T. Moore, Nicholas Komar

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Predicting the spatial foci of zoonotic diseases is a major challenge for epidemiologists and disease ecologists. Migratory birds are often thought to be responsible for introducing some aviozoonotic pathogens such as West Nile and avian influenza viruses to a local area, but most information on how bird movement correlates with virus prevalence is anecdotal or indirect. We report that the prevalence of Buggy Creek virus (BCRV) infection in cimicid swallow bugs (Oeciacus vicarius), the principal invertebrate vector for this virus, was directly associated with the likelihood of movement by cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), an amplifying host …

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Ecological Correlates Of Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Oeciacus Vicarius, Southwestern Nebraska, 2004, Amy T. Moore, Eric A. Edwards, Mary Bomberger Brown, Nicholas Komar, Charles R. Brown Jan 2007

Ecological Correlates Of Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Oeciacus Vicarius, Southwestern Nebraska, 2004, Amy T. Moore, Eric A. Edwards, Mary Bomberger Brown, Nicholas Komar, Charles R. Brown

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Buggy Creek virus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, BCRV) is an alphavirus within the western equine encephalitis virus complex whose primary vector is the swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), an ectoparasite of the colonially nesting cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, that is also a frequent host for the virus.We investigated ecological correlates of BCRV infection in 100-bug pools at 14 different swallow colony sites in southwestern Nebraska from summer 2004, by using plaque assay on Vero cells to identify cytopathic virus and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to identify noncytopathic viral RNA. We found 26.7% of swallow bug pools …

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Poxviral B1 Kinase Overcomes Barrier To Autointegration Factor, A Host Defense Against Virus Replication, Matthew S. Wiebe, Paula Traktman Jan 2007

Poxviral B1 Kinase Overcomes Barrier To Autointegration Factor, A Host Defense Against Virus Replication, Matthew S. Wiebe, Paula Traktman

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) is a DNA-binding protein found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that functions to establish nuclear architecture during mito-sis. Herein, we demonstrate a cytoplasmic role for BAF in host defense during poxviral infections. Vaccinia is the prototypic poxvirus, a family of DNA viruses that replicate ex-clusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Mutations in the vaccinia B1 kinase (B1) com-promise viral DNA replication, but the mechanism by which B1 achieves this has remained elusive. We now show that BAF acts as a potent inhibitor of poxvirus replication unless its DNA-binding activity is blocked …

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Aids-Associated Viral Oncogenesis: Overview, Charles Wood Jan 2007

Aids-Associated Viral Oncogenesis: Overview, Charles Wood

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

It has been 25 years since the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described and over 23 years since the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with the disease was first discovered. In spite of the tremendous progress that was made in understanding both the disease and the virus, there are still millions of people infected, died, or living with the disease. As for the year 2005 alone, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (http://www.UNAIDS.org) estimates that there are about 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and approximately 3 million people died from AIDS in the year. Globally, it …

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Modulation Of Retroviral Restriction And Proteasome Inhibitor-Resistant Turnover By Changes In The Trim5Α B-Box 2 Domain, Felipe Diaz-Griffero, Alak Kar, Michel Perron, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hassan Javanbakht, Xing Li, Joseph Sodroski Jan 2007

Modulation Of Retroviral Restriction And Proteasome Inhibitor-Resistant Turnover By Changes In The Trim5Α B-Box 2 Domain, Felipe Diaz-Griffero, Alak Kar, Michel Perron, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hassan Javanbakht, Xing Li, Joseph Sodroski

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

An intact B-box 2 domain is essential for the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5α. We modeled the structure of the B-box 2 domain of TRIM5α based on the existing three-dimensional structure of the B-box 2 domain of human TRIM29. Using this model, we altered the residues predicted to be exposed on the surface of this globular structure. Most of the alanine substitutions in these residues exerted little effect on the antiretroviral activity of human TRIM5αhu or rhesus monkey TRIM5αrh. However, alteration of arginine 119 of TRIM5αhu or the corresponding arginine 121 of TRIM5αrh diminished the abilities of …

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Viral Diseases Of The Fetus, Clayton L. Kelling Jan 2007

Viral Diseases Of The Fetus, Clayton L. Kelling

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most commonly encountered and economically important pathogens of cattle in North America. Since the mid-20th century, BVDV has been recognized as a significant cause of disease of the gastrointestinal system. The impact of BVDV on reproduction was not perceived for another 30 years, when the occurrence of persistent infection in imunotolerant cattle was described.

BVDV infections may occur in cattle as acute illness- that is, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-or as a generally chronic condition-mucosal disease. When susceptible regnant cattle are infected with BVDV, transplacental infections usually occur. Transplacental infections may lead …

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Prion Interference Is Due To A Reduction In Strain-Specific PrpSc Levels, Jason C. Bartz, Michelle L. Kramer, Meghan H. Sheehan, Jessica A. L. Hutter, Jacob I. Ayers, Richard A. Bessen, Anthony E. Kincaid Jan 2007

Prion Interference Is Due To A Reduction In Strain-Specific PrpSc Levels, Jason C. Bartz, Michelle L. Kramer, Meghan H. Sheehan, Jessica A. L. Hutter, Jacob I. Ayers, Richard A. Bessen, Anthony E. Kincaid

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

When two prion strains infect a single host, one strain can interfere with the ability of the other to cause disease but it is not known whether prion replication of the second strain is also diminished. To further investigate strain interference, we infected hamsters in the sciatic nerve with the long-incubation-period transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent DY TME prior to superinfection of hamsters with the short-incubation-period HY TME agent. Increases in the interval between TME agent inoculations resulted in an extension of the incubation period of HY TME or a complete block of the ability of the HY TME agent …

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Traditional Practices And Exposure To Bodily Fluids In Lusaka, Zambia, Janet M. Wojcicki, Chipepo Kankasa, Charles Mitchell, Charles Wood Jan 2007

Traditional Practices And Exposure To Bodily Fluids In Lusaka, Zambia, Janet M. Wojcicki, Chipepo Kankasa, Charles Mitchell, Charles Wood

Papers in Virology

Objectives To ascertain if there are specific sociocultural and behavioral practices associated with the exposure to saliva, semen and vaginal fluids, particularly through child-rearing practices and the use of traditional medicine in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods We conducted 11 focus group discussions with men and women from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds (n = 105) in Lusaka, Zambia in March 2004. We also conducted a brief sociodemographic survey of all focus group participants. Results Discussions indicated that saliva was used while engaging in home health care practices associated with childcare and the use of traditional medicine. Additionally, semen and vaginal …

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On A Multinational Assessment Of Rotavirus Disease In Europe, David O. Matson Jan 2007

On A Multinational Assessment Of Rotavirus Disease In Europe, David O. Matson

Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Rotaviruses were discovered in the 1960s in animals and in the 1970s in humans; the latter discovery was made by an intrepid group who performed duodenal biopsies on children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) [1]. By the late 1970s, data already clearly indicated that rotavirus was the cause of the annual winter peak of AGE affecting young children, as well as a frequent cause of severe gastroenteritis in various animal species (e.g., [2–5]). Use of the retrospectroscope clarified or left as tantalizing the suggestion that rotaviruses were the cause of the annual “winter vomiting syndrome” first described in children in 1910 …

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A Protein Encoded By The Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency-Related Gene Interacts With Specific Cellular Regulatory Proteins, Including Ccaat Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha, Florencia Meyer, Sandra Perez, Vicki Geiser, Mark Sintek, Melissa Inman, Clinton J. Jones Jan 2007

A Protein Encoded By The Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency-Related Gene Interacts With Specific Cellular Regulatory Proteins, Including Ccaat Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha, Florencia Meyer, Sandra Perez, Vicki Geiser, Mark Sintek, Melissa Inman, Clinton J. Jones

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Following acute infection, bovine herpesvirus 1 establishes latency in sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG). Reactivation from latency occurs periodically, resulting in the shedding of infectious virus. The latency-related (LR) RNA is abundantly expressed in TG of latently infected calves, and the expression of LR proteins is necessary for dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency. Previously published studies also identified an alternatively spliced LR transcript which is abundantly expressed in TG at 7 days after infection and has the potential to encode a novel LR fusion protein. Seven days after infection is when extensive viral gene expression is extinguished in TG and …

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Human Papillomavirus Prevalence And Genotypes In An Opportunistically Screened Irish Female Population, Helen Keegan, Fergus Ryan, Alison Malkin, Mairead Griffin, Helen Lambkin Jan 2007

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence And Genotypes In An Opportunistically Screened Irish Female Population, Helen Keegan, Fergus Ryan, Alison Malkin, Mairead Griffin, Helen Lambkin

Articles

This study aims to evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and predominating genotypes in liquid-based cervical cytology samples from an Irish urban female population. In addition to use of routine cervical cytology testing, women are screened for HPV using the MY09/11 primers for the HPV L1 gene and primers for β-globin amplification in a multiplex format. Overall, 996 women between the ages of 16 and 72 years (average age: 35) are included in the study and HPV prevalence was 19.8%. Cytology results showed that 88.9% were normal, 9% borderline or mild dyskaryosis, 1.1% moderate dyskaryosis and 0.9% severe dyskaryosis. Human papillomavirus …

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Functional Interplay Between The B-Box 2 And The B30.2(Spry) Domains Of Trim5Α, Xi Ling, Byeongwoon Song, Shi-Hua Xiang, Joseph Sodroski Jan 2007

Functional Interplay Between The B-Box 2 And The B30.2(Spry) Domains Of Trim5Α, Xi Ling, Byeongwoon Song, Shi-Hua Xiang, Joseph Sodroski

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The retroviral restriction factors, TRIM5α and TRIMCyp, consist of RING and B-box 2 domains separated by a coiled coil from carboxy-terminal domains. These carboxy-terminal domains (the B30.2(SPRY) domain in TRIM5α and the cyclophilin A domain in TRIMCyp) recognize the retroviral capsid. Here we show that some B-box 2 changes in TRIM5α, but not in TRIMCyp, resulted in decreased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) capsid binding. The phenotypic effects of these B-box 2 changes on the restriction of retroviral infection depended on the potency of restriction and the affinity of the TRIM5α interaction with the viral capsid, two properties specified by the …

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Characterization Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monomeric And Trimeric Gp120 Glycoproteins Stabilized In The Cd4-Bound State: Antigenicity, Biophysics, And Immunogenicity, Barna Dey, Marie Pancera, Krisha Svehla, Yuuei Shu, Shi-Hua Xiang, Jeffrey Vainshtein, Yuxing Li, Joseph Sodroski, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt Jan 2007

Characterization Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monomeric And Trimeric Gp120 Glycoproteins Stabilized In The Cd4-Bound State: Antigenicity, Biophysics, And Immunogenicity, Barna Dey, Marie Pancera, Krisha Svehla, Yuuei Shu, Shi-Hua Xiang, Jeffrey Vainshtein, Yuxing Li, Joseph Sodroski, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 exterior gp120 envelope glycoprotein is highly flexible, and this flexibility may contribute to the inability of monomeric gp120 immunogens to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. We previously showed that an S375W modification of a critical interfacial cavity central to the primary receptor binding site, the Phe43 cavity, stabilizes gp120 into the CD4-bound state. However, the immunological effects of this cavity-altering replacement were never tested. Subsequently, we screened other mutations that, along with the S375W alteration, might further stabilize the CD4-bound state. Here, we define a selected second cavity-altering replacement, T257S, and analyze the double mutations …

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Georgeoral Immunization Of Rhesus Macaques With Adenoviral Hiv Vaccines Using Enteric-Coated Capsules, George T. Mercier, Pramod N. Nehete, Marco F. Passeri, Bharti N. Nehete, Eric A. Weaver, Nancy Smyth Templeton, Kimberly Schluns, Stephanie S. Buchl, K. Jagannadha Sastry, Michael A. Barry Jan 2007

Georgeoral Immunization Of Rhesus Macaques With Adenoviral Hiv Vaccines Using Enteric-Coated Capsules, George T. Mercier, Pramod N. Nehete, Marco F. Passeri, Bharti N. Nehete, Eric A. Weaver, Nancy Smyth Templeton, Kimberly Schluns, Stephanie S. Buchl, K. Jagannadha Sastry, Michael A. Barry

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Targeted delivery of vaccine candidates to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract holds potential for mucosal immunization, particularly against mucosal pathogens like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among the different strategies for achieving targeted release in the GI tract, namely the small intestine, pH sensitive enteric coating polymers have been shown to protect solid oral dosage forms from the harsh digestive environment of the stomach and dissolve relatively rapidly in the small intestine by taking advantage of the luminal pH gradient. We developed an enteric polymethacrylate formulation for coating hydroxy-propyl-methyl-cellulose (HPMC) capsules containing lyophilized Adenoviral type 5 (Ad5) vectors expressing HIV-1 gag …

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Structural Definition Of A Conserved Neutralization Epitope On Hiv-1 Gp120, Tongqing Zhou, Ling Xu, Barna Dey, Ann J. Hessell, Donald Van Ryk, Shi-Hua Xiang, Xinzhen Yang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, James Arthos, Dennis R. Burton, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, Peter D. Kwong Jan 2007

Structural Definition Of A Conserved Neutralization Epitope On Hiv-1 Gp120, Tongqing Zhou, Ling Xu, Barna Dey, Ann J. Hessell, Donald Van Ryk, Shi-Hua Xiang, Xinzhen Yang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, James Arthos, Dennis R. Burton, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, Peter D. Kwong

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The remarkable diversity, glycosylation and conformational flexibility of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env), including substantial rearrangement of the gp120 glycoprotein upon binding the CD4 receptor, allow it to evade antibody-mediated neutralization. Despite this complexity, the HIV-1 Env must retain conserved determinants that mediate CD4 binding. To evaluate how these determinants might provide opportunities for antibody recognition, we created variants of gp120 stabilized in the CD4-bound state, assessed binding of CD4 and of receptor-binding-site antibodies, and determined the structure at 2.3Å resolution of the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 in complex with gp120. b12 binds to a conformationally …

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Structures Of The Ccr5 N Terminus And Of A Tyrosine-Sulfated Antibody With Hiv-1 Gp120 And Cd4, Chih-Chin Huang, Son N. Lam, Priyamvada Acharya, Min Tang, Shi-Hua Xiang, Syed Shahzad-Ul Hussan, Robyn L. Stanfield, James Robinson, Ian A. Wilson, Richard Wyatt, Carole A. Bewley, Peter D. Kwong Jan 2007

Structures Of The Ccr5 N Terminus And Of A Tyrosine-Sulfated Antibody With Hiv-1 Gp120 And Cd4, Chih-Chin Huang, Son N. Lam, Priyamvada Acharya, Min Tang, Shi-Hua Xiang, Syed Shahzad-Ul Hussan, Robyn L. Stanfield, James Robinson, Ian A. Wilson, Richard Wyatt, Carole A. Bewley, Peter D. Kwong

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The CCR5 co-receptor binds to the HIV-l gp120 envelope glycoprotein and facilitates HIV-l entry into cells. Its N terminus is tyrosine-sulfated, as are many antibodies that react with the co-receptor binding site on gp120. We applied nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic techniques to analyze the structure of the CCR5 N terminus and that of the tyrosine-sulfated antibody 412d in complex with gp120 and CD4. The conformations of tyrosine-sulfated regions of CCR5 (α-helix) and 412d (extendedloop) are surprisingly different. Nonetheless, a critical sulfotyrosine on CCR5 and on 412d induces similar structural rearrangements in gp120. These results now provide a framework for …

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Genomeblast: A Web Tool For Small Genome Comparison, Guoqing Lu, Liying Jiang, Resa M. K. Helikar, Thaine W. Rowley, Luwen Zhang, Xianfeng Chen, Etsuko N. Moriyama Dec 2006

Genomeblast: A Web Tool For Small Genome Comparison, Guoqing Lu, Liying Jiang, Resa M. K. Helikar, Thaine W. Rowley, Luwen Zhang, Xianfeng Chen, Etsuko N. Moriyama

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Background: Comparative genomics has become an essential approach for identifying homologous gene candidates and their functions, and for studying genome evolution. There are many tools available for genome comparisons. Unfortunately, most of them are not applicable for the identification of unique genes and the inference of phylogenetic relationships in a given set of genomes.

Results: GenomeBlast is a Web tool developed for comparative analysis of multiple small genomes. A new parameter called "coverage" was introduced and used along with sequence identity to evaluate global similarity between genes. With GenomeBlast, the following results can be obtained: (1) unique genes in each …

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Genomeblast: A Web Tool For Small Genome Comparison, Guoqing Lu, Liying Jiang, Resa M. K. Helikar, Thaine W. Rowley, Luwen Zhang, Xianfeng Chen, Etsuko N. Moriyama Dec 2006

Genomeblast: A Web Tool For Small Genome Comparison, Guoqing Lu, Liying Jiang, Resa M. K. Helikar, Thaine W. Rowley, Luwen Zhang, Xianfeng Chen, Etsuko N. Moriyama

Biology Faculty Publications

Background: Comparative genomics has become an essential approach for identifying homologous gene candidates and their functions, and for studying genome evolution. There are many tools available for genome comparisons. Unfortunately, most of them are not applicable for the identification of unique genes and the inference of phylogenetic relationships in a given set of genomes.

Results: GenomeBlast is a Web tool developed for comparative analysis of multiple small genomes. A new parameter called "coverage" was introduced and used along with sequence identity to evaluate global similarity between genes. With GenomeBlast, the following results can be obtained: (1) unique genes in each …

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Fisheries Research Contract Report No. 15 - Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: Pilchard Herpesvirus Infection In Wild Pilchards (Frdc Project No. 2002/044) Final Report, Brian Jones, Melanie Crockford, Richard Whittington, Mark Crane, Graham Wilcox Oct 2006

Fisheries Research Contract Report No. 15 - Aquatic Animal Health Subprogram: Pilchard Herpesvirus Infection In Wild Pilchards (Frdc Project No. 2002/044) Final Report, Brian Jones, Melanie Crockford, Richard Whittington, Mark Crane, Graham Wilcox

Fisheries Research Contract Reports

In 1995 and again in 1998/9, millions of pilchards (Sardinops sagax neopilchardus) were found dead or dying off the coast of Australia. Some pilchards in New Zealand were also affected during the 1995 epizootic. The epizootics moved progressively in a "bushfire-like" manner against the prevailing currents at a rapid speed. An uncharacterised herpesvirus, pilchard herpesvirus (PHV), was associated with both mortality events and, based on its occurrence in affected fish and the disease pathogenesis, generally accepted as the causative agent, although experimental evidence of its role was not established. Until recently, rapid and sensitive methods to detect PHV were not …

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Molecularly Cloned Shiv-1157ipd3n4: A Highly Replication- Competent, Mucosally Transmissible R5 Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encoding Hiv Clade C Env, R. J. Song, A.-L. Chenine, R. A. Rasmussen, C. R. Ruprecht, S. Mirshahidi, D. R. Grisson, W. Xu, J. B. Whitney, L. M. Goins, H. Ong, P.-L. Li, E. Shai-Kobiler, T. Wang, C. M. Mccann, Hong Zhang, Charles Wood, C. Kankasa, W. E. Secor, H. M. Mcclure, E. Strobert, J. G. Else, R. M. Ruprecht Sep 2006

Molecularly Cloned Shiv-1157ipd3n4: A Highly Replication- Competent, Mucosally Transmissible R5 Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encoding Hiv Clade C Env, R. J. Song, A.-L. Chenine, R. A. Rasmussen, C. R. Ruprecht, S. Mirshahidi, D. R. Grisson, W. Xu, J. B. Whitney, L. M. Goins, H. Ong, P.-L. Li, E. Shai-Kobiler, T. Wang, C. M. Mccann, Hong Zhang, Charles Wood, C. Kankasa, W. E. Secor, H. M. Mcclure, E. Strobert, J. G. Else, R. M. Ruprecht

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C causes >50% of all HIV infections worldwide, and an estimated 90% of all transmissions occur mucosally with R5 strains. A pathogenic R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding HIV clade Cenv is highly desirable to evaluate candidate AIDS vaccines in nonhuman primates. To this end, we generated SHIV-1157i, a molecular clone from a Zambian infant isolate that carries HIV clade C env. SHIV-1157i was adapted by serial passage in five monkeys, three of which developed peripheral CD44 T-cell depletion. After the first inoculated monkey developed AIDS at week 137 postinoculation, …

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Cd80 And Cd86 Control Antiviral Cd8+ T-Cell Function And Immune Surveillance Of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68, Shinichiro Fuse, Joshua J. Obar, Sarah Bellfy, Erica K. Leung, Weijun Zhang, Edward J. Usherwood Sep 2006

Cd80 And Cd86 Control Antiviral Cd8+ T-Cell Function And Immune Surveillance Of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68, Shinichiro Fuse, Joshua J. Obar, Sarah Bellfy, Erica K. Leung, Weijun Zhang, Edward J. Usherwood

Dartmouth Scholarship

The interactions between CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells and CD28 on T cells serve as an important costimulatory signal in the activation of T cells. Although the simplistic two-signal hypothesis has been challenged in recent years by the identification of different costimulators, this classical pathway has been shown to significantly impact antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. How the CD80/CD86-CD28 pathway affects the control of chronic or latent infections has been less well characterized. In this study, we investigated its role in antiviral immune responses against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) and immune surveillance using CD80/CD86−/− mice. In the …

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Gammaherpesvirus Persistence Alters Key Cd8 T-Cell Memory Characteristics And Enhances Antiviral Protection, Joshua J. Obar, Shinichiro Fuse, Erica K. Leung, Sarah C. Bellfy, Edward J. Usherwood Sep 2006

Gammaherpesvirus Persistence Alters Key Cd8 T-Cell Memory Characteristics And Enhances Antiviral Protection, Joshua J. Obar, Shinichiro Fuse, Erica K. Leung, Sarah C. Bellfy, Edward J. Usherwood

Dartmouth Scholarship

In herpesvirus infections, the virus persists for life but is contained through T-cell-mediated immune surveillance. How this immune surveillance operates is poorly understood. Recent studies of other persistent infections have indicated that virus persistence is associated with functional deficits in the CD8(+) T-cell response. To test whether this is the case in a herpesvirus infection, we used a mutant murine gammaherpesvirus that is defective in its ability to persist in the host. By comparing the immune response to this virus with a revertant virus that can persist, we were able to dissect the changes in the antiviral CD8(+) T-cell response …

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Genome Of Horsepox Virus, Gustavo A. Delhon, C. L. Afonso, Z. Lu, L. Zsak, N. T. Sandybaev, U. M. Kerembekova, V. L. Zaitsev, G. F. Kutish, D. L. Rock Sep 2006

Genome Of Horsepox Virus, Gustavo A. Delhon, C. L. Afonso, Z. Lu, L. Zsak, N. T. Sandybaev, U. M. Kerembekova, V. L. Zaitsev, G. F. Kutish, D. L. Rock

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Here we present the genomic sequence of horsepox virus (HSPV) isolate MNR-76, an orthopoxvirus (OPV) isolated in 1976 from diseased Mongolian horses. The 212-kbp genome contained 7.5-kbp inverted terminal repeats and lacked extensive terminal tandem repetition. HSPV contained 236 open reading frames (ORFs) with similarity to those in other OPVs, with those in the central 100-kbp region most conserved relative to other OPVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the conserved region indicated that HSPV is closely related to sequenced isolates of vaccinia virus (VACV) and rabbitpox virus, clearly grouping together these VACV-like viruses. Fifty-four HSPV ORFs likely represented fragments of 25 orthologous …

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Genome Of Invertebrate Iridescent Virus Type 3 (Mosquito Iridescent Virus), Gustavo A. Delhon, Edan R. Tulman, Claudio L. Afonso, Zhiqiang Lu, James J. Becnel, Bettina A. Moser, Gerald F. Kutish, Daniel L. Rock Sep 2006

Genome Of Invertebrate Iridescent Virus Type 3 (Mosquito Iridescent Virus), Gustavo A. Delhon, Edan R. Tulman, Claudio L. Afonso, Zhiqiang Lu, James J. Becnel, Bettina A. Moser, Gerald F. Kutish, Daniel L. Rock

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Iridoviruses (IVs) are classified into five genera: Iridovirus and Chloriridovirus, whose members infect invertebrates, and Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, and Megalocytivirus, whose members infect vertebrates. Until now, Chloriridovirus was the only IV genus for which a representative and complete genomic sequence was not available. Here, we report the genome sequence and comparative analysis of a field isolate of Invertebrate iridescent virus type 3 (IIV-3), also known as mosquito iridescent virus, currently the sole member of the genus Chloriridovirus. Approximately 20% of the 190-kbp IIV-3 genome was repetitive DNA, with DNA repeats localized in 15 apparently noncoding regions. Of …

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Virion-Associated Restriction Endonucleases Of Chloroviruses, Irina V. Agarkova, David Dunigan, James L. Van Etten Aug 2006

Virion-Associated Restriction Endonucleases Of Chloroviruses, Irina V. Agarkova, David Dunigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Chloroviruses are large, double-stranded-DNA, plaque-forming viruses that infect certain eukaryotic chlorella- like green algae. The prototype of the genus is Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1). Chlorovirus genomes contain various amounts of methylated nucleotides due to virus-encoded DNA methyltransferases (MTases); about 25% of the MTases are associated with companion DNA site-specific (restriction) endonucleases (REases). These enzymes constitute virally encoded restriction-modification (R/M) systems. Although several of the chlorovirus R/M systems are characterized, their biological functions are unknown. The PBCV-1 proteome reveals that two virus-encoded REases, but not their companion MTases, are virion associated, suggesting that viral REases might help degrade the …

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Consistent Effects Of Tsg101 Genetic Variability On Multiple Outcomes Of Exposure To Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Arman A. Bashirova, Gabriela Bleiber, Ying Qi, Holli Hutcheson, Traci Yamashita, Randall C. Johnson, Jie Cheng, Galit Alter, James J. Goedert, Susan Buchbinder, Keith Hoots, David Vlahov, Margaret May, Frank Maldarelli, Lisa Jacobson, Stephen J. O'Brien, Amalio Telenti, Mary Carrington Jul 2006

Consistent Effects Of Tsg101 Genetic Variability On Multiple Outcomes Of Exposure To Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Arman A. Bashirova, Gabriela Bleiber, Ying Qi, Holli Hutcheson, Traci Yamashita, Randall C. Johnson, Jie Cheng, Galit Alter, James J. Goedert, Susan Buchbinder, Keith Hoots, David Vlahov, Margaret May, Frank Maldarelli, Lisa Jacobson, Stephen J. O'Brien, Amalio Telenti, Mary Carrington

Biology Faculty Articles

Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) encodes a host cellular protein that is appropriated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the budding process of viral particles from infected cells. Variation in the coding or noncoding regions of the gene could potentially affect the degree of TSG101-mediated release of viral particles. While the coding regions of the gene were found to lack nonsynonymous variants, two polymorphic sites in the TSG101 5' area were identified that were associated with the rate of AIDS progression among Caucasians. These single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located at positions -183 and +181 relative to the …

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Marine And Freshwater Cyanophages In A Laurentian Great Lake: Evidence From Infectivity Assays And Molecular Analyses Of G20 Genes, Steven W. Wilhelm, Matthew J. Carberry, Melanie L. Eldridge, Leo Poorvin, Matthew A. Saxton, Martina A. Doblin Jul 2006

Marine And Freshwater Cyanophages In A Laurentian Great Lake: Evidence From Infectivity Assays And Molecular Analyses Of G20 Genes, Steven W. Wilhelm, Matthew J. Carberry, Melanie L. Eldridge, Leo Poorvin, Matthew A. Saxton, Martina A. Doblin

OES Faculty Publications

While it is well established that viruses play an important role in the structure of marine microbial food webs, few studies have directly addressed their role in large lake systems. As part of an ongoing study of the microbial ecology of Lake Erie, we have examined the distribution and diversity of viruses in this system. One surprising result has been the pervasive distribution of cyanophages that infect the marine cyanobacterial isolate Synechococcus sp. strain WH7803. Viruses that lytically infect this cyanobacterium were identified throughout the western basin of Lake Erie, as well as in locations within the central and eastern …

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Cross-Subtype T-Cell Immune Responses Induced By A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Env Immunogen†0--, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Zenaido T. Camacho, Fatiha Moukdar, Hua-Xin Liao, Ben-Jiang Ma, Mark Muldoon, James Theiler, Gary J. Nabel, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, Feng Gao Jul 2006

Cross-Subtype T-Cell Immune Responses Induced By A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Env Immunogen†0--, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Zenaido T. Camacho, Fatiha Moukdar, Hua-Xin Liao, Ben-Jiang Ma, Mark Muldoon, James Theiler, Gary J. Nabel, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, Feng Gao

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The genetic diversity among globally circulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains is a serious challenge for HIV-1 vaccine design. We have generated a synthetic groupMconsensus env gene (CON6) for induction of cross-subtype immune responses and report here a comparative study of T-cell responses to this and natural strain env immunogens in a murine model. Three different strains of mice were immunized with CON6 as well as subtype A, B, or C env immunogens, using a DNA prime-recombinant vaccinia virus boost strategy. T-cell epitopes were mapped by gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot analysis using five overlapping Env peptide sets from …

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The Role Of Cd4 T Cells In The Pathogenesis Of Murine Aids, Wen Li, William R. Green Jun 2006

The Role Of Cd4 T Cells In The Pathogenesis Of Murine Aids, Wen Li, William R. Green

Dartmouth Scholarship

LP-BM5, a retroviral isolate, induces a disease featuring retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency, designated murine AIDS (MAIDS). Many of the features of the LP-BM5-induced syndrome are shared with human immunodeficiency virus-induced disease. For example, CD4 T cells are critical to the development of MAIDS. In vivo depletion of CD4 T cells before LP-BM5 infection rendered genetically susceptible B6 mice MAIDS resistant. Similarly, MAIDS did not develop in B6.nude mice. However, if reconstituted with CD4 T cells, B6.nude mice develop full-blown MAIDS. Our laboratory has shown that the interaction of B and CD4 T cells that is central to MAIDS pathogenesis requires ligation of …

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