Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons^™

Faslpr Gene Dosage Tunes The Extent Of Lymphoproliferation And T Cell Differentiation In Lupus, Ritu Bohat, Xiaofang Liang, Yanping Chen, Chunyu Xu, Ningbo Zheng, Ashley Guerrero, Jiakai Hou, Roshni Jaffery, Nicholas A Egan, Yaxi Li, Yitao Tang, Esra Unsal, Adolfo Robles, Si Chen, Angela M Major, Hadil Elldakli, Sang-Hyuk Chung, Han Liang, M John Hicks, Yong Du, Jamie S Lin, Xiqun Chen, Chandra Mohan, Weiyi Peng

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Sle1 and Fas^lpr are two lupus susceptibility loci that lead to manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. To evaluate the dosage effects of Fas^lpr in determining cellular and serological phenotypes associated with lupus, we developed a new C57BL/6 (B6) congenic lupus strain, B6.Sle1/Sle1.Fas^lpr/+ (Sle1homo.lprhet) and compared it with B6.Fas^lpr/lpr (lprhomo), B6.Sle1/Sle1 (Sle1homo), and B6.Sle1/Sle1.Fas^lpr/lpr (Sle1homo.lprhomo) strains. Whereas Sle1homo.lprhomo mice exhibited profound lymphoproliferation and early mortality, Sle1homo.lprhet mice had a lifespan comparable to B6 mice, with no evidence of splenomegaly or lymphadenopathy. Compared to B6 monogenic lupus strains, Sle1homo.lprhet mice exhibited significantly …

The Effect Of Triaenophorus Crassus On The Condition Of Coregonus Artedi, Alexander Surma

Journal of Earth and Life Science

Cisco Coregonus artedi is, historically, the largest commercial fishery in the Great Lakes. The species is also important to commercial and recreational fisheries in inland lakes. Tapeworm Triaenophorus crassus larvae embed themselves into the flesh of Ciscoes, rendering the fish unmarketable to humans. Triaenophorus crassus is common in inland waters such as Leech Lake and Cass Lake, MN. One Canadian researcher has suggested that the parasite negatively affects the growth and weight of Ciscoes. Poor condition can reduce fecundity, leading to lower recruitment rates. This would mean a detrimental impact on not only individual fish, but the health of …

Rapid Point-Of-Care Testing For Detection Of Antibodies To Toxoplasma Gondii In Black Vultures And Ring-Billed Gulls From Pennsylvania, Alexa Rosypal Von Dohlen, Sydney Randall, Jordyan Grays, Mark A. Dugo, Brian J. Hunt, Justin Brown, Kyle Van Why, Sawsan Ammar, Richard Gerhold

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects most warm-blooded animals, including birds. Scavenging birds are epidemiologically important hosts because they can serve as indicators of environmental T. gondii levels. A rapid point-of-care (POC) test that detects antibodies to T. gondii in humans is commercially available. In this research, we assessed the ability of the human POC test to detect anti–T. gondii antibodies in 106 black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and 23 ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) from Pennsylvania, USA. Serum samples were tested with the POC test and compared to the modified …

Personalized Molecular Therapies For Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Overcoming Heterogeneity To Optimize Treatment Response And Clinical Outcomes, Zuan-Fu Lim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Lung cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers. Novel, paradigm shifting treatments including immunotherapy and targeted therapies have recently been developed to cull the deadly effects of lung cancer, but many challenges remain. There remains a significant unmet need to accurately predict and optimally select for patients who will respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, we investigated a novel live single cell cytokine profiling lab-on-chip platform, IsoLight, using peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells for ICI biomarker development. A total of 55,175 single T-lymphocytes were analyzed in this proof-of-concept study. We found that an …

The Identification And Characterization Of Novel And Improved Antigens For Next-Generation Pertussis Vaccines, Gage Michael Pyles

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by infection with the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis affects all age groups and populations; however, it is most severe in infants who are too young to receive vaccinations and remains a global health concern with more than­­­­ 200,000 cases reported globally in 2023. Vaccines against pertussis have been available in the United States since the 1940’s with the development and widespread use of whole cell pertussis vaccines. Following their introduction, the incidence of pertussis was controlled and limited to fewer than 5,000 cases per year. Despite …

Endogenous Glucocorticoid Signaling Is Required For Normal Macrophage Response To H. Pylori Infection, Stuti Khadka

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Gastric cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, affecting millions of people. H. pylori is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer, with about 90% of the cases strongly associated with H. pylori infection. Half of the world's population is infected with this bacterium. However, only a small subset of the infected population (1-3 %) go on to develop gastric cancer. Diagnosis of the disease at an early stage is the biggest challenge because of the widespread prevalence of H. pylori infection and a long asymptomatic phase before the advanced stages. Patients are left with limited treatment …

Sars-Cov-2 Immunogenicity Models Inform Novel Strategies That Can Improve Mrna Vaccines, Katherine S. Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The onset of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, issued a call to action in the fields of biomedical science and public health to implement strategies to contain and protect against the viral threat. In record times, pharmaceutical companies produced antiviral therapies and novel mRNA vaccines that were approved by the FDA for human use. With time, these vaccines were able to assist in ending the pandemic. However, time also showed the limits of mRNA vaccine induced immunity. Despite antibody responses being initially robust, titers dramatically wane with time and are limited in cross-neutralizing ability. As …

The Sex Chromosome Complement And Gut Microbiome Act Independently And Collaboratively To Impart Sex Dimorphisms In Humoral Immunity, Carly J. Amato-Menker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Sex dimorphisms in immunity are well-documented and have significant clinical implications. While the immunomodulatory effects of sex hormones have been extensively documented, recent recognition of the nuanced contributions of the sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and the gut microbiome to immune sex dimorphisms underscores the need for a more comprehensive understanding. Within this context, the work herein focuses on unraveling the individual and collaborative impacts of the sex chromosome complement and gut microbiota on humoral immune activation. We assessed humoral immune responses to immunization with heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) in Four Core Genotype (FCG) mice and found elevated IgM-secreting …

Distribution And Prevalence Of Antibodies To Trichinella Spp. And Toxoplasma Gondii In Wild Pigs (Sus Scrofa) In The United States, Christopher A. Cleveland, Ellen Haynes, Katherine C. Callaghan, Alinde Fojtik, Sarah Coker, Emily Doub, Vienna R. Brown, Ania A. Majewska, Michael J. Yabsley

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a reservoir for over 100 viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that are transmissible to humans, livestock, domestic animals, and wildlife in North America. Numerous historical local surveys and results from a nation-wide survey (2006–2010) indicated that wild pigs in the United States act as reservoirs for Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, two zoonotic pathogens of importance for human and animal health. Since that time, wild pig populations have expanded and increased in density in many areas. Population expansion of wild pigs creates opportunities for the introduction of pathogens to new areas …

Sialylation As A Mechanism For Preferential Ligand Binding In Cfs1r, Eric J. Beaulaurier

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Macrophages are immune cells that help provide the first line of defense against a wide range of internal and external insults and create the bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses. When macrophage homeostasis is disrupted, disease states occur. Associated disease states include rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. The survival and proliferation of macrophages is largely controlled by signaling through colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Notably, this receptor can be activated by two non-homologous ligands, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and interleukin- 34 (IL-34). These two ligands are differentially required for macrophage homeostasis across body systems and …

Tim/Tam Receptors: A Potential Biomarker For Predicting Sensitivity To Zika Virus-Induced Oncolysis In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers, Shankari Somasekar

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) constitute 80-85% of lung cancers and are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The most common cause is prolonged smoking. Current treatment options for NSCLC include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and immunotherapy. Although these medications are effective in the short term, patients often face issues of drug resistance and debilitating side effects with prolonged use. Currently, the use of Zika virus (ZIKV) is being researched as a possible alternative treatment for cancer, which minimizes side effects and the risk of drug resistance. TIM/TAM proteins are identified as the putative ZIKV receptors on …

Role Of Interleukin 2 Receptor Alpha In The Cellular Response To Dna Damage, Shristi Khanal

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

The interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL-2Rα), which is integral to the functioning of the cytokine interleukin 2, has recently been found to be present in different cell types besides just lymphocytes. Previous studies done by our laboratory showed that several other non-lymphoid cells including smooth muscle cells express IL-2Rα. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) deficient in IL-2Rα exhibited increased proliferation, decreased size, and hypodiploid DNA content when compared to wild type (WT) cells. Previous studies also suggested that VSMC proliferate in response to IL-2 and that IL-2 increases following interventions to stimulate intimal hyperplasia in vivo. These findings, in total, …

Studies Of Selective And Reversible Inhibitors Of Calcium Entry In Immune Cells, Naga Lakshmi Gandi

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Calcium signaling is a crucial regulator in many cellular processes, from immune response modulation to gene expression and apoptosis. Here, I have investigated the dynamics of calcium entry pathways, namely, store-operated calcium entry and store-independent calcium entry using a variety of cell types such as Jurkat T cells, HEK-293 cells and murine macrophages. Using fluorescence calcium imaging and selective inhibitor compounds, I have investigated the contributions of Orai and related calcium channels to calcium entry in both immune and non-immune cell types. The results demonstrate the pharmacological modulation of store-operated and store-independent calcium entry, showing the ability of compounds such …

Cd8+ T Cell Metabolic Flexibility Elicited By Cd28-Ars2 Axis- Driven Alternative Splicing Of Pkm Supports Antitumor Immunity, G. Aaron Holling, Colin A. Chavel, Anand P. Sharda, Mackenzie M. Lieberman, Caitlin M. James, Shivana M. Lightman, Jason H. Tong, Guanxi Qiao, Tiffany R. Emmons, Thejaswini Giridharan, Shengqi Hou, Andrew M. Intlekofer, Richard M. Higashi, Teresa W. M. Fan, Andrew N. Lane, Kevin H. Eng, Brahm H. Segal, Elizabeth A. Repasky, Kevin P. Lee, Scott H. Olejniczak

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Metabolic flexibility has emerged as a critical determinant of CD8+ T-cell antitumor activity, yet the mechanisms driving the metabolic flexibility of T cells have not been determined. In this study, we investigated the influence of the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) adaptor protein ARS2 on mature T cells. In doing so, we discovered a novel signaling axis that endows activated CD8+ T cells with flexibility of glucose catabolism. ARS2 upregulation driven by CD28 signaling reinforced splicing factor recruitment to pre-mRNAs and affected approximately one-third of T-cell activation-induced alternative splicing events. Among these effects, the CD28-ARS2 axis suppressed the expression of the …

Terminally Differentiated Effector Memory T Cells Associate With Cognitive And Ad-Related Biomarkers In An Aging-Based Community Cohort, Edric Winford, Jenny Lutshumba, Barbara J. Martin, Donna M. Wilcock, Gregory A. Jicha, Barbara S. Nikolajczyk, Ann M. Stowe, Adam D. Bachstetter

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Background and purpose: The immune response changes during aging and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementia (ADRD). Terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (called TEMRA) are important during aging and AD due to their cytotoxic phenotype and association with cognitive decline. However, it is not clear if the changes seen in TEMRAs are specific to AD-related cognitive decline specifically or are more generally correlated with cognitive decline. This study aimed to examine whether TEMRAs are associated with cognition and plasma biomarkers of AD, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation in a community-based cohort of older adults.

Methods: Study participants from …

The Characterization Of Vig-1’S Expression Patterns In Ipnv-Infected, Or Dsrna-Treated, Rainbow Trout Cells, Samantha Lum

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

In Canada, annual trout production is valued at over $60M with approximately 10,000 tonnes of trout produced per year. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are one of the most commonly farmed fresh-water fish in Canada. The high-density farming practices involved in aquaculture increase rainbow trout susceptibility to aquatic viruses such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). The innate antiviral immune response in rainbow trout is poorly characterized, and the functions of numerous interferon stimulated genes (ISG) in rainbow trout remain unclear. One such gene, virus-induced gene 1 (vig-1) has been poorly studied; however, the human orthologue for vig-1 …

Assessing The Value And Knowledge Gains From An Online Tick Identification And Tick-Borne Disease Management Course For The Southeastern United States, Catherine A. Lippi, Holly D. Gaff, Alexis L. White, Sadie J. Ryan

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Background

Tick-borne diseases are a growing public health threat in the United States. Despite the prevalence and rising burden of tick-borne diseases, there are major gaps in baseline knowledge and surveillance efforts for tick vectors, even among vector control districts and public health agencies. To address this issue, an online tick training course (OTTC) was developed through the Southeastern Center of Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases (SECOEVBD) to provide a comprehensive knowledge base on ticks, tick-borne diseases, and their management.

Methods

The OTTC consisted of training modules covering topics including tick biology, tick identification, tick-borne diseases, and public health, personal tick …

Natural Enemies Of Varroa Destructor Identified From Eastern North America Honey Bee Colonies: A Biological Survey Of Candidates For Mite Control From Maryland, Usa, Francisco Posada-Flórez, Daniel Sonenshine, Jay Evans, Dawn Boncristiani, Monica Pava-Ripoll, Steven Cook

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

A survey was conducted of microbes and arthropods associated with Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) mites (hereafter, Varroa) collected from honey bee colonies in Maryland, USA. Live Varroa were challenged with samples of both microbes and arthropods and assessed for their potential as biocontrol agents against the mites. To our knowledge, this is the first survey of natural enemies of Varroa conducted in North American honey bee colonies. The survey revealed 21 fungi, 25 bacteria, one nematode, and 8 arthropod species associated with Varroa in honey bee colonies, and from challenge assays using 11 of these, including 4 species of …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 34: Introduction To Diplostomida Olson Et Al., 2003 (Order) [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea, Diplostomida], Lucrecia Acosta Soto, Bernard Fried, Rafael Toledo

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An introduction to the trematode (fluke) order Diplostomida Olson et al., 2003, one of the two main lineages from which subclass Digenea have diversified. Includes a discussion of Diplostomida systematics, general morphology, and human pathogenesis, including schistosomiasis.

Chapter 34 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Lucrecia Acosta Soto, Bernard Fried, and Rafael Toledo. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap034

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 52: Oxyurida (Order): Pinworms [Nemata, Secernentea], Haylee J. Weaver

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the pinworms, order Oxyurida, discussing their key features, life history, ecology, health effects on hosts, systematics, taxonomy, and including summaries of the main groups.

Chapter 52 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Haylee J. Weaver. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap052

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Part 5: Ectoparasites, Griselda Pulido-Flores, Scott C. Cutmore, Thomas H. Cribb, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Sebastian Kvist, Marcela Lareschi, Lajos Rózsa, Haylee J. Weaver, Sue Ann Gardner, Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti, Valeria Castilho Onofrio, Filipe Dantas-Torres

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Part V: Ectoparasites, chapters 60–67, pages 732–841, in Concepts in Animal Parasitology. 2024. Scott L. Gardner and Sue Ann Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States; part V doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap075

Platyhelminthes

Chapter 60: Monogenea van Beneden, 1858 (Class) by Griselda Pulido-Flores, pages 733–742

Chapter 61: Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944 (Family): Ectoparasitic Trematodes by Scott C. Cutmore and Thomas H. Cribb, pages 743–746

Hirudinea

Chapter 62: Hirudinea (Subclass): Parasitic Leeches by Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa and Sebastian Kvist, pages 747–755

Arthropoda

Chapter 63: Siphonaptera Latreille, 1825 (Order): Fleas by Marcela Lareschi, pages 756–770

Chapter 64: Phthiraptera (Order): Lice by Lajos Rózsa and Haylee …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 33: Aspidogastrea (Subclass) [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Aspidogastrea], Klaus Rohde

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the trematode (fluke) subclass Aspidogastrea, a very small group of trematodes with around 80 species, none of them of economic importance, but are of great interest because of their unique structure, their simple life cycles (which may well be the most primitive or ancestral one among the trematodes, and the extraordinarily complex sensory/nervous systems found in some species. Includes a desciption of their general morphology, life cycles, taxonomy and phylogeny, infection process, localization in the host, and ecological infection dynamics.

Chapter 33 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology by Klaus Rohde. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 19: Echinococcus (Genus) [Platyhelminthes, Cestoda, Eucestoda], Akira Ito, Scott L. Gardner

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Discusses the cestode (tapeworm) genus Echinococcus, several species of which infect humans, including their general morphology, taxonomy, systematics, life cycles, host range, and medical and veterinary importance.

Chapter 19 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on the family Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911 by Tomáš Scholz and Roman Kuchta. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap019

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 21: Bothriocephalidea Kuchta Et Al., 2008 (Order) [Platyhelminthes, Cestoda, Eucestoda], Jorge Falcón-Ordaz, Luis García-Prieto

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the cestode (tapeworm) order Bothriocephalidea Kuchta et al., 2008, including a discussion of the main morphological characteristics, the description and summary of a representative species, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) Brabec et al., 2015 (also known as the Asian fish tapeworm), including its prevalence, life cycles, host range, and zoogeography.

Chapter 21 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology by Jorge Falcón-Ordaz and Luis García-Prieto. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap021

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 41: Monorchiata Olson Et Al., 2003 (Suborder): Two Families Separated By Salinity [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea, Plagiorchiida], Nicholas Q.-X. Wee

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the speciose trematode (fluke) suborder Monorchiata Olson et al., 2003, which parasitizes fishes as adults. Includes general morphology, systematics, taxonomy, life cycles, and biogeography for several groups.

Chapter 41 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Nicholas Q.-X. Wee. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap041

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 66: Ixodida Leach, 1815 (Order): Ticks -- Keys To The Ticks [Arthropoda], Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti, Valeria Castilho Onofrio, Filipe Dantas-Torres

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Chapter 66: Ixodida Leach, 1815 (Order): Ticks -- Keys to the Ticks by Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti, Valeria Castilho Onofrio, and Filipe Dantas-Torres.

Supplement to chapter 66 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology. 2024. Scott L. Gardner and Sue Ann Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States.

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 67: Acari Leach, 1817 (Subclass): Mites [Arthropoda], David Evans Walter, Gerald W. Krantz, Evert E. Lindquist

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

A very brief overview from open access sources about mites (subclass Acari Leach, 1817), including discussion of general identifying characteristics, biology, life cycle, scabies (cause by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis), and phylogenetic relationships (through 1996).

Chapter 67 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by David Evans Walter, Gerald W. Krantz, and Evert E. Lindquist. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap067

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 46: Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925 (Family): The Richest Trematode Family [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea, Plagiorchiida, Xiphidiata], Storm B. Martin

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the trematode (fluke) family Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925, the richest of all trematode families, comprising over 1,000 described species presently arranged into about 100 genera. Adult opecoelids are benign endoparasites, typically residing in the intestines, pyloric ceca, or rectum of phylogenetically and ecologically diverse teleost fishes worldwide. They exploit both marine and freshwater fishes and are among the best represented trematode lineages known from polar and deep sea fishes. Therefore, although no opecoelids are known to have any economic importance, they are often among the lineages of trematodes most frequently encountered by ichthyoparasitologists in the field.

Includes a …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 05: Life Cycles [Parasites In Relation To Other Organisms], Matthew G. Bolek, Kyle D. Gustafson, Gabriel J. Langford

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Discusses the complex life cycles of parasites, their infection sites, and host range in relation to various host species.

Chapter 5 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on life cycles by Matthew G. Bolek, Kyle D. Gustafson, and Gabriel J. Langford. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap005

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 65: Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (Subfamily): Kissing Bugs [Arthropoda], Sue Ann Gardner

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview compiled from open access sources about kissing bugs, subfamily Triatominae Jeannel, 1919, including their hemtaophage biology, morphology of a representative species, Triatoma sanguisuga, history of the subfamily, biogeographic history, phylogeny, life cycle, triatomines serving as a vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, triatomine behavior, and medical importance.

Chapter 65 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, compiled by Sue Ann Gardner. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap065

Compiled from the work of: C. Nunes de Araújo, T. V. Azeredo-Oliveira, I. Marques Dourado Bastos, K. L. da Silva Bentes, C. …