Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

An Investigation Of The Relative Water Holding Capabilities Of Various Synthetic Adhesives, Kenneth J. Long

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

During the investigation of the water holding capacity of various latexes, the Hercules Size Tester, appeared to be the most consistent and convenient instrument for determining this characteristic. The latexes used in this investigation were those recommended by suppliers as excelling in this capacity.

It was hoped that a correlation could be found between water retention time and ease of obtaining gloss through supercalendering. However, no such correlation was found. In a routine control situation, through backlogging of data on a unchanging coating system, a correlation would be more likely to appear.

The Effects Of Selected Pilot Paper Machine Variables On Web Shrinkage, John Hughes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain machine variables on shrinkage and also to determine a shrinkage and strength profile across the width of the sheet. Machine conditions varied were the draws and the amount of pressure on the presses. Cross direction shrinkage was measured by using felt marking pens to mark three sections across the web. Machine direction shrinkage was determined by using a cogged wheel to punch a series of small holes into the sheet which could then be measured at the reel. Press loading was shown to have no effect on cross …

The Effect Of Clay Particle Size On The Optical Properties Of Filled Handsheets, Arkesh Pandit

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this experiment two coating clays and two filler clays were used as fillers to find the effect of particle size on optical properties on filled handsheets.

Klondyke and Nokarb were used as a filler clays to improve the optical properties. Coating clays, H. T. predispersed and Ultra-white-90 were less effective than filler clays. Scattering co-efficient can be improved with coating clays. The reason may be the smaller the particle size better scattering co-efficient. This experiment suggests alum is not necessary in order to improve the opacity and brightness of filler clays. Retention of Klyondyke and Nokarb increased without alum, …

"The Effects Of Steam Stripping Contaminated Kraft Condensates", Joseph A. Buckholz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effects of steam stripping contaminated Kraft condensates were evaluated in relation to the removal of odorous sulfur-containing compounds. The investigation was carried out in a packed distillation column. The mill streams investigated were multiple effect evaporator condensates, waste heat evaporator condensates, and concentrator condensates.

Measured volumes of distillate were removed and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand by oxidation, and for component make-up by gas chromatography.

This study indicates that the use of steam stripping not only reduces the amount of sulfur-containing compounds, but reduces mill water requirements and the BOD load placed on effluent treatment facilities.

The Effect Of Chemical Cross-Linking Agents On Starch And Starch-Latex Adhesive Mixtures In Coating Color Formulations, Steven F. Rehrauer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Various representative coatings were prepared, run, and resulting papers evaluated with great emphasis placed on keeping conditions constant throughout all experimental work. The study was limited to two types of starches; regular and cationic, and two types of insolubilizers; melamine formaldehyde and glyoxal. The effect of adding some latex to the adhesive mixture, with respect to water resistance, was also explored.

Data received substantiated the superiority of glyoxal over melamine formaldehyde in producing wet-rub resistance in starch base coatings. Calculated results also proved the merit of using a cationic starch, in conjunction with the insolubilizing additives, rather than a regular …

The Effects Of Ph On Cationic Agents To Increase The Efficiency Of Tio2 In Paper, Stanley L. Oakleaf

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of pH on the efficiency of the cationic agents, Kymene 557 (Epichlorohydrin) and Tydex (Polyethylenimine), was studied, and the efficiencies of the two cationic agents were compared.

The pH at which cationic agents are most effective, considering percent retention of titanium dioxide, is pH 5.7 at the time of titanium dioxide slurry addition. The pH for optimum opacity in a sheet is pH 6.0.

A pH that is controlled by alum, rather than independently of alum, produces higher titanium dioxide retentions and opacities. Maximum efficiency is not controlled by pH alone. An alum loading of about 3.5% should …

A Comparison Of Fiber Orientation On Fourdrinier And Verti-Forma Paper Machines Using The Instron Tensile Tester, Paul J. Kiffe

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Many of the fundamental sheet properties are inter-related with the fiber orientation of the sheet. Until recently, this sheet was made of a Fourdrinier machine and the relationships were thoroughly studied. The advent of the Verti-Forma has opened up a new field of study. The objective of this thesis was to compare the fiber orientation in the two-wire Verti-Forma with the conventional Fourdrinier using the Instron tensile tester.

Test samples were acquired from the pilot Fourdrinier at Western Michigan University, a Fourdrinier at Allied Paper Company, and the Verti-Forms also at Allied. Full and split sheet halves were tested for …

The Application Of Stress-Strain Analysis In Routine Control, Richard L. Memmer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Many of the empirical strength tests used for determining end use performance of a paper sheet do not give a true indication of actual sheet properties and performance. The empirical tests of burst, tear, and folding endurance were made on eighteen paper samples of different grades of papers. The fundamental tests of tensile strength, elongation, and tensile energy absorption were also made on the same samples using a stress-strain tester. The fundamental tests were used in showing deficiencies and discrepancies in the empirical test values.

The discrepancies found indicated a need for increased fundamental testing to be use in predicting …

Turbidity Reductions By Enzymatic Hydrolysis, John Nowak

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Turbidity has long been a problem to the paper industry. In the past, it has been mainly associated with secondary fiber mills, among others. However, with the recent increase in the price of virgin pulp, other mills are seriously considering secondary fiber as a substitute for virgin pulp. Therefore, turbidity may become a problem to a larger number of mills in the future. Turbidity arises when starch and a filler are sheared together in a system. It has been noted in the literature that hypochlorite-oxidized starch produces the greatest turbidity phenomenon.

This project assumed that the size of the starch …

The Effects Of Zeta Potential And Flocculant Molecular Chain Length On The Flocculation Of Fines, Kai F. Chiu

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The factors controlling floc formation and cohesion are discussed in terms of fiber entanglement, electrokinetic potential and fiber-polymer bridging. The methods of measurement of zeta potential and degree of flocculation are also considered. In addition, an experiment is designed to relate zeta potential, molecular weight of synthetic polymers and the degree of flocculation of fines.

It is found that fiber length is the most predominant factor controlling flocculation. The bridging effect of polymer comes next. The higher the molecular weight, the greater the degree of flocculation. The electrokinetic potential effect is only influential if simple electrolytes are used as flocculant …

An Investigation Of Offset Printability In Folding Boxboard Using A Letterpress Printing Test, Roger D. Clemens

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The primary reason for this investigation was to determine if a simple letterpress test could be used to predict the print quality of folding boxboard printed by the offset method.

The experimental plan was to compare the objective ranking of print quality in the laboratory prints with the subjective ranking of print quality in the commercial prints. If the rankings correlated favorably, there would be reason to suspect that this type of test might be applicable in predicting the millroom print quality of folding boxboard.

It was found that the hoped-for correlation did not exist in this particular case primarily …

A Study Of The Feasibility Of Using A Pulping Aid With Polysulfide Kraft Cooks, Terrence R. Mccarty

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this paper was to determine the feasibility of using a pulping aid with a polysulfide kraft cook. Since any change in an operation such as pulping must yield a product such that the quality is better or not appreciably reduced and at the same time must be economically acceptible, the feasibility was based on these factors. Tests were made on a standard kraft cook, a polysulfide cook, a cook using the pulping aid alone and a cook using the pulping aid with the polysulfides. From the work conducted, there were no significant changes in the physical and …

Use Of The Vandercook Proof Press To Predict Rotogravure Print Quality, Patrick Phee

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis is to investigate a new idea in predicting printability for rotogravure printing. Present proof presses in the gravure industry are clumsy, expensive, and in most cases, impractical for regular use.

In order to understand the relationship between ink, paper, and plate, it is necessary to consider many variables such as smoothness, ink receptivity, porosity, moisture content, formation, surface strength, and opacity.

The laboratory work performed and presented in this paper shows that a Vandercook proof press may be used to predict printability in the gravure process.

The Effect Of Viscosity On Binder Migration, Richard J. Devries

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Binder migration has caused many problems in practical applications. There are many variables involved in this field including the base stock, percent solids, the type of pigment and adhesive, and the coat weight.

Bind migration seems to be a function of three almost simultaneously occurring events. These are, migration due to capillary action, pressure, and redistribution during drying.

The procedures used to determine migration in this study included an embedding technique, an infrared technique, and a technique using the IPC brightness meter. The first two techniques failed and only limited information was obtained using the other technique. The most important …

Strength Properties Of Secondary Fibers Repulped Under Various Conditions, David J. Deyoung

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The inability of fibers to swell to their original extent is probably the largest single factor contributing to strength losses of repulped fibers. This lack of swelling lessens the number and strength of fiber to fiber bonds in the sheet formed. It is this fact which leads to the decreased mullen, tensile and stretch of the sheet, and the increased tearing resistance. This paper is a study of the effects of temperature, pH and surfactants on the strength properties of secondary fibers. It was shown that a surfactant is very detrimental to strength properties. While not affecting some strength properties, …

Influence Of Magnitude Of Printing Ink And Printing Pressure On Printing Quality, C. Lee Brandyberry

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the influence of the magnitude of printing ink and printing pressure on the printing quality of various grades of paper with the ultimate objective of obtaining a standard press setting at which a wide range of papers may be run to determine printing quality. The procedure consisted of printing at various impressions with two different amounts of ink on each grade of paper, measuring the printed samples for ink coverage and printing fidelity to calculate printing quality, and finally, comparing these results to the inherent paper properties. The conclusions drawn show that …

Deinking And Bleaching Of Waste Paper In One Stage, Suleiman Yusuf Dadabhoy

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The scope of this project was to explore the possibility of deinking and bleaching of wastepaper in one stage.

All the experiments were run under the same conditions and using the same equipment.

From the results obtained, it is concluded that it is possible to deink and bleach in one stage. It was found that deinking and bleaching of groundwood paper at the same time, shows more improvement than paper with less groundwood in it.

When paper is deinked and bleached at the same time, the consumption of chemicals is little more, but on the other hand, one could make …

Pressurized Oxygen-Hot Alkali Pulping System, Robert A. Dinehart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study concerns the area of pulping, using an oxygen-hot caustic-magnesium carbonate system. The literature study includes the use of a similar system by French scientists in the bleaching of pulps. The few who have worked in the pulping field using oxygen are also cited, but apparently no one has investigated an oxygen-hot caustic-magnesium carbonate pulping system.

In this study, red pine chips have been treated under varying conditions of oxygen pressure and magnesium carbonate concentrations and tested for brightness, yield, permangenate number, mullen and tensile strength. It was found that the oxygen-caustic pulping system had no advantages over the …

The Influence Of Coating Adhesives On The Stiffness Of Paper, Chinu S. Dalal

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The main purpose of this project was to study the effect coating adhesive has on the stiffness of paper. This work enables one to compare data on what influence adhesive with and without supercalendering has on the stiffness and caliper of the paper. The project was performed with six formulations with a different adhesive or adhesive combination in each. The adhesives were six types, casein, protein, starch, casein + latex, protein + latex and starch + latex.

It has been found in general that stiffness of all the paper samples increased when coating adhesive was applied on the surface. The …

The Use Of The Streaming Current Detector For Determining Dye Adsorption Characteristics Of Papermaking Fibers, Thomas Meersman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study the dye adsorption characteristics of cellulose by means of the Streaming Current Detector. The influence of electrolytes on dye adsorption, and the electrokinetic phenomena of two-sided dyeing were areas of particular concentration.

Contrary to general belief, it was found the addition of sodium chloride was not necessarily beneficial to dye adsorption and in some cases it could actually be detrimental. The Streaming Current Detector was found to be a useful tool for predicting this effect.

The higher charge of fines was found to be an important factor in the increased dye adsorption …

The Schulze-Hardy Law And The Hofmeister Series Of Ions In Coagulations Of Starch-Titanium Dioxide White Water, Thomas R. O'Hara

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In recent years the problem of pollution has gained more importance in the pulp and paper industries due to the pressures applied by the State and Federal Governments. One of the areas in which the industry has been weak is the coagulation of starch-titanium white water. The problem is largely due to the stabilizing power of the modified starches used in the industry today. These starches peptize the pigment which is present in the white water and form a highly stable colloidal system.

The coagulating rules set down in the Schulze-Hardy Law and the Hofmeister Series state that the higher …

The Effects Of Stress During Drying Upon Physical Characteristics, Keith R. Stanley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stress during drying upon the strength of the paper.

This study consisted of two machine runs on a pilot paper machine. The machine was operated with minimum tension in all draws to provide a standard condition. For experimental conditions, tension was applied at various draws and increased until the sheet broke. Samples were taken from the standard condition sets and from-all experimental sets for evaluation purposes. The samples were evaluated for machine and cross-machine direction elongation, machine and cross-machine direction tensile, mullen, and machine and cross-machine direction tensile energy …

The Effects Of Ph On Alkaline Sizing Of Bleached Hardwood Pulps With Aquapel, David K. Dekam

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effects of pH on alkaline sizing of two bleached hardwood pulps, kraft and sulfite, was investigated. The pulps were refined in a Noble and Wood cycle beater and handsheets were made with a Noble and Wood handsheet making system. The handsheets were internally sized with 0.15 percent Aquapel using 0.05 percent Kymene 557 as a retention aid. Upon varying the pH of sizing of bleached hardwood sulfite pulp the Hercules Ink Photometer measurements of 258, 636, and 563 seconds were observed at pH's of 7.0, 8.5, and 9.5 respectively. The sizing increased with pH up to a certain pH …

The Effect Of Machine Draw Tensions On Sheet Properties, James C. Wyrick

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A machine run was made on 75% softwood, 25% hardwood bleached kraft. All variables were kept constant except for the draw between dryer sections. This was varied between -0.2 fpm and 2.0 fpm at approximately 90 fpm wire. speed. Samples were taken at eighteen points between -0.2 fpm and 2.0 fpm and tested for moisture content, basis weight, tensile, elongation and tensile energy absorption. Moisture content was found to vary from 59.5% to 63.2% dryness while the basis weight varied from 39.2 to 41.1 lb. (25x38-500) ream. The basis weight showed no effect on percent dryness. Both the percent elongation …

Effect On Starch On Pigment Particle Packing And Its Effect On The Sheet Properties, Michael L. Armstrong

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The starch-clay suspension is the basis for the coating industry. This study shows that cationic and anionic starch at levels of addition below 10 parts per hundred can disperse the clay to obtain maximum particle packing or minimum void volume. The particle packing effect showed a relatively small effect on the sheet properties. But due to the large variation in coat weight and the physical effects of the adhesive only very general trends could be realized on these sheet properties.

The Effect Of Infra-Red Radiation On The Curing Rate Of An Alkylketene Dimer Sizing Agent, Roland A. Johnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The contents of this thesis examine the principles behind and the effects of the application of infra-red radiation on a sheet sized with an alkylketene dimer. Handsheets were formed by the Noble and Wood procedure from bleached softwood kraft pulp beaten to a Canadian standard freeness of 390. They were sized with the dimer to a 0.2% concentration on the weight of the oven dry fiber combined with a cationic retention agent to a 0.05% concentration. It was found that infra-red radiation improved the sizing effects of the dimer.

Characterization Of Fiber Fines By Drainage Resistance Analysis, Edward J. Grys

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis begins by developing a literature background for a variety of pulp characterization methods and relating them to present-day techniques.

Two methods are evaluated and compared with the Canadian Standard Freeness (C.S.F.) test. They are the Centrifugal Water Retention (C.W.R.) method and the constant rate filtration resistance method using the Pulmac Permeability instrument. A standard pulp was used and the fines content was varied from 0% to 25% at 5% intervals. Handsheets were made and the pulp characterization values were related to sheet strength values.

In general, the data indicated that the specific surface area, from the constant filtration …

The Effect Of Ph On Alkaline Sizing Of Kraft And Sulfite Softwoods, Stephen M. Courtney

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkaline sizing has many inherrent advantages over conventional sizing with rosin and alum. The presence of alum alone in the papermaking system can be a detrimental factor to some characteristics of the process and the final sheet. By sizing under alkaline conditions not only is alum eliminated from the system but also a superior grade of sizing is achieved.

For the sizing of softwoods with Aquapel, an alkyl ketene dimer, it was found desirable to size in the pH range 8.0 to 8.3 and Canadian Standard Freeness 500 to 530. The kraft softwood was found slightly more susceptible to alkaline …

The Effect Of Moisture On Ply-Bond Strength Of Paperboard, Danny L. Breen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect on the ply-bond strength of the moisture content of the plies of a multi-ply sheet at the time of joining.

Two-ply sheets were formed with the plies at various moisture contents at joining. The resulting ply-bonds were evaluated by three methods, viz. Instron peel, Mullen ply-bond, and z-direction tensile. Each method showed the same trend of ply-bond strength dependence on moisture and within the range of experimental error the average values of the three techniques correlated well.

This study showed that the moisture content of the plies at joining is extremely …

Influence Of Sheet Extensibility On Tearing Strength, Thomas C. Axel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This paper investigates the possibility that there is a relationship between the tearing properties and elongation properties of a sheet of paper. A lack of specific information in the literature and the advent of the in-plane tear method contributed to the need for work to be done in this area. Pulp was prepared according to TAPPI Standards and handsheets formed on a Noble And Wood sheet mold. After wet pressing, sheets were stretched with a hand made device to varying degrees, and dried in an oven in the stretched position. An Instron machine was used to determine the percent elongation, …