Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effects Of Cationically Charged Titanium Dioxide On Particle Dispersion In The Sheet Of Paper, Neil A. Hartman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Comercial bleached soft wood sulfite pulp was used. The pulp was refined in a Standard Valley Beater to a Canadian Standard freeness of 428. This pulp was preserved and used to make all of the handsheets, on a Noble and Wood handsheet mold.

The Titanium dioxide added to the handsheets was prepared in three different ways: simple dispersion, dispersion of the Titanium dioxide along with cationic substances, and addition of the dispersed Titanium dioxide and the cationic substance to the pulp without previous co-dispersion. The optical properties of the sheets were measured and the Titanium dioxide in the sheets was …

A Study Of The Relationship Between The Sugar Content Of Enzyme Converted Starch And Pick Values Of A Coated Sheet, David A. Mrochek

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this experiment was to convert starch by the use of enzyme. The conversion was carried out in a way to produce variations in the reducing sugar contents of the cooked starch. These starches were then applied as the adhesive in a coating mixture. Draw downs were made using the variety of coatings and then the sheets were tested for surface strength. The IGT Pick Tested was used. It was hoped that a definite relationship between sugar contents and pick values could be obtained. This, however, was not the case and the experiment would have to be considered …

A Study Of The Effect Of Fiber Length Distribution On The Tear Strength Of A Synthetic Fiber Sheet, Kit Funderburk

Masters Theses

No abstract provided.

The Dispersion Of Titanium Dioxide In Paper, Michael James Gallagher

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It has been recognized in the past that certain means of dispersing titanium dioxide in paper yielded better results. An optimum dispersion is one that results in the best optical efficiency of the pigment in the sheet.

In an attempt to pinpoint the optimum conditions the following facts were revealed. Increased mechanical action on the stock slightly increases the brightness and opacity. Pigment addition to higher consistency stock increases brightness and opacity considerably. The alum agglomerated impurities of soft water slightly increase opacity and decrease brightness in unpigmented papers; do not appreciably change the optical properties of pigmented sheets. Untreated …

The Effect Of The Sequence Of Dilution Upon The Potential Brightness Of Coated Board, Michael G. Lindquist

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study has been to determine the influence of the sequence of dilution upon the potential brightness of coated board. The sequence of diluting a coating slurry was varied and its effect upon the brightness of doubly coated board was noted. Besides the measurement of brightness, the coat weight and scattering coefficients were determined. The brightness was determined on the standard I.P.C. Brightness meter. The coat weight was determined from a modification of Tappi Standard T-627m58 while the scattering coefficient was determined from a table of brightness and scattering power.

The results indicated that diluting a coating …

The Effect Of Shear On Aqueous Alkaline Protein Solutions, Ronald E. Hostetler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of shear on aqueous alkaline protein solutions of casein and a medium viscosity soybean was studied. A Haake Rotovisco viscometer and an Eppenboch agitator were used as shear sources. The light scattering technique was employed to note the changes in molecular weight.

The protein solution was sheared at 20% solids, and clarified by centrifugation and filtration. The solutions were investigated with the light scattering photometer, at pH 10.3, 13% ammonium hydroxide (based on weight of protein), 23°C and between 0.2 and 2.0% concentration.

Results showed that denaturization, causing aggregation, resulted from pressure filtration during clarification of …

The Effect Of A Weight Agent On The Process Of Waste Activated Sludge, Ciro A. Mazzola

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of clay as a weighted agent on waste activated sludges generated from the activated sludge process was measured with respect to the gravity thickening rate. In addition, final thickened sludge consistency, centrifuge and pressurized cake dryness, and filterability were measured.

The Effect Of Molecular Weight On The Retrogradation Of Amylose, Darryl O'Daye

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of molecular weight on the rate of retrogradation of amylose was studied by monitoring turbidity (corrected for molecular shape) with a light scattering photometer. The results obtained showed that by acid modification of the amylose fraction of starch, the chain length of amylose molecules were reduced. The rate of retrogradation increased with decreasing molecular weight until a maximum was reached at 1 1/2 hours of hydrolysis. The rate of retrogradation then decreased with further decreasing molecular weight until retrogradation began to lessen.

The Pulping Of Wood With A N-Butyl Alcohol-Water System, John D. Sinkey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Aspen chips were cooked in liquor composed of equal volumes of n-butyl alcohol and water, at reflux and at 150 and 185 degrees Centigrade, in order to investigate the potential use of this organic liquid as a pulping agent. Of particular interest were the effects of adding certain substances to the liquor, the effects of time and temperature, and the effects of liquor pH, as controlled by various reagents. Pulping action increased and yields decreased with increasing digestion time and temperature. No apparent advantage in pulping was demonstrated when polysulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or sodium xylene sulfonate was added to the …

Profile Studies On Pigmented Coatings Under Different Drying Conditions, Andrew M. Lukas

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Experimental procedures were conducted to observe the latex migration tendencies under various drying conditions, by physical and optical analysis. Gloss, calendered and uncalendered and smoothness may be increased by heat drying the coated side of the sheet while brightness tends to decrease. Magnification of 1200 X and 17000 X were used to optimetrically observe the latex particle distribution in the sheet.

The High Consistency Refining Of Reclaimed Paper Stock, David M. Farrell

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

By subjecting reclaimed paper stock to high consistency refining (HCR) the strength of the paper was developed, without having an adverse effect on the drainage. HCR was performed on the stock at (29% ± 1%) consistency in a Bauer single disc refiner. The HCR stock was compared to conventional refining at 4.5% consistency, which was also refined in the disc refiner.

It was shown that the conventional refining of the paper stock has an adverse effect on drainage because it developed a large percentage of fines and shives. It is believed that these were developed because the reclaimed paper stock …

Pigment Particle Packing And How It Effects Properties Of The Coated Sheet, James S. Vaughan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study shows the relatively small effect that pigment particle packing has on properties of the coated sheet. An attempt was made to vary the degree of flocculation of the coating without effecting its other properties. The test run on the coated sheets were brightness, opacity, glass and K & N ink absorption. The results showed no change in both brightness and opacity with an increase in flocculation, and only slight trends in decrease in glass and K&N absorption as the flocculation increased.

Hydrogen Ion Concentration Of Sheet Making Water And Its Relationship To The Hygroexpansion Of Paper, James M. Rischar

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The hygroexpansivity of paper is of particular importance in the paper industry. As paper dimensions become more critical, the problem of hygroexpansivity in paper necessarily becomes more critical. Since the hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) of papermaking water effects the use of fillers, dyes, size, and the quality of the final product, the relationship between hygroexpansivity of paper and the pH of papermaking water is, therefore, an important consideration. Fortunately, the experimental evidence from this project indicates that the pH has little effect upon the hygroexpansion of paper. But rather, this project found the sheet density to have a far greater …

Investigation Of Factors Influencing The Use Of Wet Strength Resin On Unwashed Nssc Pulp, James L. Latta

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

To improve the wet strength of paper, colloidal dispersions of thermosetting wet strength resins are added to the papermaking furnish. However, these resins show low efficiency when applyed to unwashed neutral sulfite semichemical corrugating medium. To determine the reason for this, experiments were made in which corrugating mill stock was made into handsheets using Paramel HE and Kymene 557 wet strength resins.

It was found that Kymene 557 gave poor wet strength when used at levels less than .67%, but that further addition brought increasingly larger gains. The wet strength attained with Paramel HE showed a rapid rise up to …

Using Kelgin To Increase Heat Resistance And Strength Of The Sheet Of Paper Against Prolonged Heating, Jeffrey Atkinson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this paper has been to examine what properties of sheet strength may be stabilized by the use of kelgin in a size press application and after a subsequent heating period.

A softwood kraft pulp was used because of the strength properties which it possesses. Alkaline sizing with Aquapel and Kymene was felt to be the best because of the alkaline p.H. range which was desired. The sheets were sized with solutions of Kelgin (M .V.) of varying concentrations and treated at 150 and 175 °C. The effects were studied using the M.I .T. Fold Test, the Instron …

A Study Of The Conductivity Of Several Conductive Polymers, Howard W. Renner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to compare the conductivities of several solutions now in use in producing electroconductive paper. The testing procedure involved the use of a Kiethyl 610 B electrometer with two aluminum discs for conductance through the sheet and two brass strips for conductance across the sheet. Attempts were made to improve the conductance of the solution by the addition of surface agents in the belief that this would lead to better dispersion and thus to better film continuity. No effective method was found to improve the conductivity of a solution of given concentration. Increasing the concentration …

The Effect Of Relative Sediment Volume On Sheet Properties Of Coated Paper, James A. Chalfin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The degree of dispersion of pigment has been claimed to be an important variable in the determination of sheet properties such as smoothness and gloss. The degree of dispersion of a pigment can be related to relative sediment volume (RSV) by comparison of the solid and void volumes of a clay slip. One school of thought suggests that there is a relation between RSV and coated sheet properties; this relation being, as RSV decreases, smoothness and gloss increase. It was decided that an attempt to relate RSV (degree of dispersion) to optical properties of coated paper could be valuable. Because …

The Effect Of Fiber Length On Tear Strength, Kit Funderburk

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect that fiber length had on the tear strength. Of utmost importance to the results of this study was the elimination or controlling of variables which have appeared in all related studies to date. With this in mind, an experimental procedure was drawn up which would eliminate or control the variables. Long, whole fibers were isolated, formed into handsheets, and dried without having been pressed. The handsheets were then cut in order to reduce the fiber length. Cutting of the fibers was done with a paper cutter and was followed by …

The Effect Of Changing Dryer Temperature On The Gloss Characteristics Of Coated Paper, Dan Kaiser

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to note the effect of varying drying temperatures on the gloss of papers coated with three different coating formulations. The three coatings studied contained Polyvinyl Acetate, a combination of styrene butadiene and casein, and a formula using casein and styrene butadiene as binders in conjunction with a fine particle size clay. Coating applications and drying were accomplished with a Keegan Laboratory Coater.

The results indicated that increasing drying temperatures decreased gloss, and that overdrying increased gloss.

The Affect Of Fiber Length On Wet-Web Rheology, Jeff Lowe

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A spruce bleached kraft pulp was cut to varying degrees in an attempt to determine the influence of fiber length on the rheological properties of the wet-web. The results indicated that greater fiber lengths increased wet-web strength properties. The rheological data implied surface tension as the basic mechanism of strength properties between 16% and 30% solids, and on this data the mechanism of wet-web behavior under stress was proposed.

Effect Of Dispersant On The Centrifugal Dewatering Of A High Ash Primary Clarifier Underflow, George J. Renner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dispersants on the centrifugal dewatering of a high ash, paper mill, primary clarifier underflow. By using dispersants a higher cake dryness and smaller sludge volume could save the paper industry money.

With this objective in mind, primary deinking sludge samples were defibered and evaluated as to the effect of a dispersant during centrifugal dewatering. The effect of fiber on the dispersants was determined by evaluating sludges with predetermined amounts of fiber fines added prior to centrifugation.

It was found that use of dispersants during centrifugal dewatering resulted in an …

The Effect Of Surface Tension And Viscosity On Wet-Web Strength, Wayne H. Nay

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study of the effects of surface tension and viscosity on wet-web strength shows that they are related. Hand sheets were made and pressed on the Noble and Wood Sheet Mold. Tests were run on sheets with solids varying from 18 to 28 percent. The Instron Tensile Tester gave more consistant results for wet-web testing than did the Brecht Tester. Carboxy propyl methyl cellulose, a cationic starch, oleic acid, and sodium hydroxide were used to vary the surface tension and viscosity of the entrained water in the web. It was found that as the surface tension was lowered, the wet-web …

The Use Of Cationic Agents To Increase The Efficiency Of Titanium Dioxide In Paper, Richard Clapp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Handsheets were made with a bleached sulfite pulp, titanium dioxide and cationic agents. The optical properties of these sheets were studied in order to determine and compare the efficiency of the titanium dioxide retained. The cationic agents used in this study were a quaternary ammonium salt, a polyamide, cationic starches made with these two chemicals, and a commercial cationic starch.

When the optical properties of handsheets made from these substances were compared, it was found that the quaternary ammonium salt gave the highest opacity but the lowest retention. The polyamide gave lower opacities but higher retentions. The cationic starches made …

Effectiveness Of Titanium Dioxide In Beater And Coating Applications, Alptekin Akman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Titanium dioxide has been used as a filler and coating pigment in the manufacture of paper products for many years. In addition to its ability to make papers whiter and brighter, it is a most important opacifying material.

Since brightness, whiteness, and opacity are very important properties of paper, this report deals with beater applications where the pigment serves to brighten and opacify the sheet with minimum loading or filling, coating applications, and the combination of both. The effectiveness of the titanium dioxide is investigated by testing the coated and the loaded hand sheets for brightness, opacity, and gloss.

Peracetic Acid Pulping Of Aspen Chips, Robert F. Dillman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Ten cooks were carried out after an acceptable experimental procedure was found.

The brightness obtained was extremely high when compared to conventional cooks. All cooks gave a very low permanganate number. The yield ranged from 60 percent to 54 percent with 58 to 96 percent peracetic acid on the oven dry weight of the chips.

Enzyme Hydrolysis As A Method Of Rendering Casein Adhesives Suitable For Use In High-Solids Paper Coating, Robert E. Julianus

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to explore the use of enzyme conversion as a method of reducing the viscosity of casein without substantially affecting its adhesive strength. By doing so casein could be made applicable for use in high-solids coatings, where both low coating viscosity and high adhesive strength as desirable.

With this objective in mind casein samples were hydrolized to different degrees using enzymes, and the strength and viscosity properties of the adhesive were studied. Coatings were prepared at various solids contents using the converted casein as the coating adhesive. The viscosities of the coatings were measured, and …

The Influence Of Refining Upon Stormer Viscosity Values, Louis Wilhelm

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this paper the author has attempted to investigate the influence of refining upon Stormer Viscosity readings. The variable controlled were beating time, consistency and temperature.

The instruments used were the Valley Beater, the Stormer Viscometer and the Bauer McNett Fiber Classifier.

The Effect Of Variables On The Penetration Of Starch Applied At The Size Press And The Relationship Of Penetration To Strength Properties, Charles H. Durfy

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A sheet internally sized with rosin was impregnated at the size press with starch under varying conditions of temperature, moisture, and speed.

Penetration was studied with a view to final sheet properties. A sliding microtome was used to cross-section the sheets. The sections thus obtained were extracted with hot water and hydrochloric acid. A photocolormetric determination of starch was used utilizing the characteristic starch iodine reaction.

Increased temperature increased the pickup and penetration of starch. Increased moisture of the base paper initially aided pickup and penetration. High moisture tended to be retard pickup and penetration. Increasing machine speed increased pickup …

A Study Of The Efficiency Of Certain Starch-Cationic Resin Complexes, William E. Hellman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An attempt is made herein to compare the efficiency of commercially available cationic starches and those prepared in the laboratory using a pearl corn starch and different cationic resins. The efficiency of each is determined through evaluation of the resulting wet-web strength and dry strength tests. Results show that cationic starches can be prepared in the mill and comparable strengths are obtained with their use.

It has long been known that cellulose developes a negative charge from the carboxyl groups when dispersed in water. The same effect is found when starch is diluted in water. Wet end addition of starch …

Peracetic Acid Oxidation Of Lignin Model Compounds, Ron Mckelvey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Peracetic acid is being used to a limited extent as a bleaching agent for newsprint (1), and to a lesser extent, as a pulping agent, at least at the laboratory level (2). Haas, Schoch, and Ströle (3) report that peracetic acid is an excellent reagent for the preparation of holocellulose from wood. Ogait (4) also found that bleached cellulose could be obtained in 60 to 65% yield from wood and straw by the reaction of peracetic acid at 60 to 80°C. Haney, Martin and Sherk (5), and Poljac (6) have patented methods of oxidizing lignin in wood by peracetic acid. …