Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effects Of Molecular Weight, Agitation And Zeta Potential Of Retention Aids On Filler Retention, Trieu Nguyen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

When it comes to filler retention, the most frequently studied parameters are: Molecular weight of the retention aid, degree of agitation, and zeta potential.

Alum, as an electrolyte, and various polymers of the same chemical structure, but different molecular weights were evaluated for their performances in retaining TiO₂. Different degrees of agitation were introduced to the stock to investigate the effect of turbulence on retention, and, finally, zeta potential was varied to observe its effect.

Higher molecular weight polymer was found to produce better retention. On the other hand, agitation reduced it. Retention seemed to be favorable with …

The Effects Of Speed Of Web On The Coat Weight Variation In Blade Coating, Pak Kee Lee

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Numerous works have been done on the investigation of coat weight variations by various researchers. The mechanism of the variation, in a given base stock, is explained by the two models - the hydrodynamic pressure which is a strong function of the web speed, and the visco-elastic or normal force. For a given coating color, viscosity is a function of the web speed which causes the shearing action to take place. Increasing the speed will cause an increase in hydrodynamic pressure as well as visco-elasticity, which tend to lift up the blade and thus a higher coat weight will be …

Effects Produced By Varying Types Of Drying On Starch Coated Paper Properties And Binder Migration, Mark J. Schaefer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The major concern of this report is binder migration and the factors which play a major role contributing to its presence. The major factors studied were coatings using varied drying methods, adhesive levels, % solids and types of starches.

Results obtained show that to obtain minimal migration coatings should be dried evenly throughout using infrared sources of heat.

Coating with different adhesive levels will vary optical and strength properties. Binder migration is more evident when using lower adhesive levels.

Coating at different % solids did not have any real significant effect in this study due to a very short span …

Machine Variables In Basis Weight Control, Barry L. Hess

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of machine variables as they affect the scan average basis weight readings obtained from the Industrial Nucleonics basis weight gauge on the fourdrinier paper machine of the Department of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University. The variables used in this study were machine speed, machine chest and tray white water consistencies, tray white water flow, flow to the headbox, stock valve position and head on the stock valve. Each of the above variables was sampled every ten minutes.

There were definite correlations between basis weight variation and machine …

Effects Of Controlled Overdrying On Some Physical Characteristics Of Paper Related To Printing Press Performance, Kenneth C. Pearson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain drying variables on some physical strength properties when these variables were controlled to bring about overdrying conditions. The variables under study were length of time and degree of temperature in relation to amount of drying produced. The results were then related to dimensional stability, tensile, stretch and mullen in an attempt to establish a relationship of overdrying to these physical characteristics.

The dimensional stability was run on the Neenah Multiple Specimen Expansimeter with tensile, stretch and mullen all run according to respective Tappi Standards.

From the study it …

How The Paper Industry And Its Associated Industries View Metrication And Standardization, David H. Evaul

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to indicate the reactions of the paper industry and its associated industries to metrication, standardization, and their effects on the industry. In this thesis a history of the metric system is given. The metric system, as it relates to the paper industry and its associated industries, is discussed. To get direct views on how the paper manufacturers, paper merchants, and printers felt about metrication and standardization a survey was made. From this survey, the questionnaires returned indicated that the majority of the paper manufacturers, paper merchants, and printers were mildly in favor of metrication …

Recovery Of Fillers From Paper Mill High Ash Sludge By Froth Flotation, Prakasha Chandra Misra

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this project was to recover filler materials (most of which are clay) from the paper mill primary clarifier high and sludge utilizing froth flotation.

Initial attempts to determine the dosage of a water soluble cationic surfactant EHDA-Br did not prove successful. It was discarded, an a partially water soluble cationic surfactant was taken up next. With a dosage of 0.75% (based on suspended solids) and an air flow rate of 1.5 - 1.75 1/min. it was possible to increase the ash content over 68% (minimum 66.5%, maximum 69.5%) in the foam fraction after single stage flotation, compared …

Investigation Of The Printing Evaluation Of Gloss Ink Holdout Of Finished Papers, John W. Harwood

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Gloss ink holdout is a description of an end result of a process involving many variables. The variables are the receptivity or absorbancy of the sheet for ink, the rate of penetration of the ink into the sheet, and the amount and type of ink used.

This experiment kept the amount and type of ink constant and looked at the absorbancy of the sheet and the penetration of the ink into the sheet.

The IGT Printability Tester was used to apply the ink, an infrared heat lamp to dry the sample, and the Hunter lab Glossmeter to measure the gloss. …

The Effects Of Relative Humidity And Temperature On The Strength Properties Of Corrugated Board, James E. Mcfarland

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was the determination of the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the strength properties of corrugated board.

A testing laboratory was set up in a controlled humidity room. Both temperatures and humidities were varied to form testing levels. The temperatures ranged from 32°F to 92°F. The humidity varied from 25% to 75%. Extreme conditions in either direction were not used so as to avoid damage to the room and testing equipment. Three tests were performed on the exposed board. They were H & D flat crush test, G.E. puncture test, and the mullen test. …

The Effect Of Ph On Retention Aids: A Study Of Retention, Optical Efficiency And Filler Distribution, David H. Soule

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This paper was designed to develop insights on the retaining, optical efficiency and filler distribution properties of retention aids at various pH levels. Three leading retention aids; Cato 15, Natron 86 and Nalco 623 were studied in the normal papermaking pH range 3.5 to 6.5 to determine the effect of pH.

The results indicated pH played an important role in producing conditions of optimum retention and optical efficiency. pH also contributed to the distribution of the filler in the handsheets. The results further indicated, when using retention aids, optimum retention of titanium dioxide does not always yield the highest scattering …

A Study Of The Blocking Of Polyvinylidene Chloride In A Rewound Roll, Lowell L. Knapp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The blocking tendency of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) coated paper, front to back, in a rewound roll against a clay-coated surface was investigated. Pressure, temperature, contact time, relative humidity, and thickness of the PVDC layer or layers were all found to be important in the blocking of PVDC coated paper. Autohesion was considered to be the most probable mechanism of blocking. Autohesion involves the interweaving of the polymer molecules of both coated surfaces when they are in contact and under pressure at high temperatures. One way of eliminating blocking is by completely drying (crystallizing) the PVDC film and thereby reducing the …

Effects Of Some Commercial Enzymes In The Deinking Of Newsprint, James O. Prickett

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The trend of industry, in general, today is one of recycling. This is brought about as a means of conserving our dwindling natural resources and to help abate the pollution problem.

The design of this paper is to see if enzymes can be used successfully and economically in the deinking process of newsprint. Varying concentrations of enzymes, both an amylase and a protease, and a biodegradable detergent were used in a handsheet study. Temperature and pH were controlled so as to not denature the enzymes. It was found that the brightness increase was only minimal with a protease and brightness …

Total Free Pulping Of Aspen Chips By The Nssc Process For Use In Corrugating Medium, John C. Krc

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The recent trend of industry toward materials cost savings and environmental control encourages research in the area of total-tree utilization. One possible way to utilize the whole tree is by harvesting with the Metro Chip Harvester. The development of the Metro Chip Harvester prompted this work which primarily was concerned with comparison of various blends of standard Aspen chips and Metro Harvester Aspen chips. One possible use for Metro Harvester chips in the production of corrugating medium.

The results of this work indicate that there is a possibility that 25% Metro Harvester chips can be used in a corrugating medium …

The Effect Of Temperature On Refining, Richard Granger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The results of this work indicate that elevated beating temperature drastically increases beating time and produces detrimental effects on the physical characteristics of the formed sheet as evaluated by wet web strength, tear and tensile.

It is thus indicative of the value of cold temperature refining.

The Pulping Of Hardwood Sawdust By The Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Process For Use In Corrugating Medium, James O. Mcclelland

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The need for using less expensive raw materials is ever increasing. Here the use of hardwood sawdust as one of these raw materials was investigated for use in Semichemical Corrugating Medium. It was found that 20 to 30% sawdust could be used in the furnish without a significant loss in sheet strength. It was also found that sawdust could be pulped either separately or combined with hardwood chips giving the same product quality. This was accomplished by either a regular neutral sulfite semichemical cook or by a vapor phase cook. The conventional disk refiner was found to do the best …

The Evaluation Of The Banana Tree As A Source Of Papermaking Fiber, Ivan T. Mascarenhas

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This investigation is conducted under found broad categories - effect of various cooking methods, blending with softwood, CEHD bleaching and fiber microscopy.

It is found that the leaves are unpulpable but the stalks and stems give fibers comparable to hardwoods.

Banana pulps are uneconomical to bleach due to high Kappa numbers and acid pretreatment requirement.

The individual fibers are long, slender and stiff similar to bamboo and rice fibers. Peculiar hairlike structure are dominant.

Banana pulp can be substituted for hardwood pulp in the manufacture of bags and wrapping paper and especially advantageous for liner board due to its high …

Fiber Orientation As A Means To Control Formation On The Ultra-Former Through Changes In The Spouting Jet To Wire Speed Ratio And Stock Consistency In The Headbox, Gerald R. Haw

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The Ultra-Former is a new type of multi-ply board machine. It uses a cylinder mold without a vat and has a stock delivery system that uses a headbox similar to that found on a fourdrinier machine. The board made on the Ultra-Former has several improved qualities over the board made on the conventional type board machines. Of these several improved qualities formation is one of the most important.

Formation is important because it affects the physical properties of the finished product. One of the major physical properties affected is the tensile strength of the sheet. The tensile strength is reduced …

The Effects Of Starch On Pickup, As Influenced By Solids, Temperature, Viscosity And Depth Of Penetration On Sheet Properties, James W. Ramp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This reporting is a review of the current issue of knowledge in the area of size press variables. It delves into the sheet properties affected by the application of surface size.

A pilot plant study was conducted which evaluated the affect of Penford Gum 280. This starch was applied to the 46 pound 50% hardwood, 50% softwood, 15% clay filled sheet being formed on the 30 inch wide pilot papermachine at Western Michigan University. Starch application was made at various temperature and solids concentrations to obtain different amounts of pickup and variables deaths of penetration.

The results of this study …

The Use Of Activated Carbon For Removal Of Dyestuffs From Secondary Paper Mill Effluent, Duane L. Zomer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Adsorption of colored materials, dyestuff from simulated paper mill effluents by activated carbon columns appears to be a very effective method of removing color from waste effluents. Laboratory investigations have indicated that materials commonly encountered in paper mill effluents tend to slow the adsorption of color molecules. This phenomenon is overcome by allowing more time for adsorption. This lends itself to a diffusion-limited type adsorption mechanism with multi-layering adsorption on the carbon surface.

Using carbon of not less than 45 mesh, carbon adsorption columns appear to become feasible for large volume color removal. There appeared to be no significant head …

The Use Of Activated Carbon For Removal Of Dyestuffs From Secondary Paper Mill Effluent, Duane L. Zomer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Adsorption of colored materials, dyestuff from simulated paper mill effluents by activated carbon columns appears to be a very effective method of removing color from waste effluents. Laboratory investigations have indicated that materials commonly encountered in paper mill effluents tend to slow the adsorption of color molecules. This phenomenon is overcome by allowing more time for adsorption. This lends itself to a diffusion-limited type adsorption mechanism with multi-layering adsorption on the carbon surface.

Using carbon of not less than 45 mesh, carbon adsorption columns appear to become feasible for large volume color removal. There appeared to be no significant head …

Variance Analysis Of Basis Weight Variation On The Pilot Machine, Timothy A. Armstrong

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of the variations of the pilot machine of the Department of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University by variance analysis conducted on basis weight profiles obtained from the Industrial Nucleonics scanning basis weight gauge. The profiles obtained from the basis weight gauge were subjected to a computer program which computed the cross-direction, machine-direction, and random component variations and determined F-ratios. The F-ratio shows the significance of the component variation. Cross-direction variation was found to decrease with speed. Machine-direction variation showed no significant trend and the random variation decreased …

Addition Of Ba (Oh)2 To A Closed White Water System As A Means Of Controlling Acidity And Sulfate Ion Build Up, Charles R. Tobey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In an effort to reduce the intake of fresh water into a mill a greater quantity of white water must be recycled to meet the demands of production. Unless some action is taken, continued reuse of the water produces a badly deteriorated paper-making system.

It is believed that the buildup of free acid and sulfate ions from the addition of paper-maker's alum causes the degradation. A bench trial using a Noble and Wood hand-sheet maker capable of recirculating white water was used to duplicate such a deteriorated system and then to restore it with the introduction of Ba(OH)₂. …

The Comparison Of A Primary And Secondary Amine As Collectors In Froth Flotation Techniques For Primary Clarification Of Paper Mill Effluent, Gerard M. Marshall

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following investigation deals with primary clarification by use of froth flotation techniques. A primary amine was compared to a secondary amine in their collection properties at three pH values. pH variation was found to have an effect on the water content in the foam and the amount of solids collected. A higher pH showed less water content in the foam resulting in higher solids content.

The study indicated that sedimentation had better percent solids coupled with it being a less expansive operation enables it to continue while more efficient methods in flotation are sought out.

"The Application Of Zeta Potential For The Effective Retention Of Titanium Dioxide In Chemically Modified Systems", John W. Clapp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was done to determine how to obtain maximum effective filler retention in a fiber and titanium dioxide system. Retention of fillers in a fibrous system is greatly influenced through the use of high molecular weight polymers. It was found that by using cationic and anionic polymers in the same system, a synergistic effect results which yields a higher effective retention than if either polymers were used along. Furthermore, by precisely controlling the amounts of each polymer so as to obtain the isoelectric point in zeta potential; the peak effective retention is reached.

The Effect Of Filler Distribution On Sheet Optical Properties, David T. Rasley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is becoming increasingly important to the paper industry to be able to produce paper with high brightness and opacity. Good formation is also highly important. For these reasons, the industry is investigating the way the fines, fiber, and filler are distributed using the different types of paper machines.

Through this thesis work, it will be investigated how the filler distribution affects the optical properties of a sheet and what filler distribution will give maximum scattering power, brightness and opacity. From this it may be possible to suggest what paper machine variables will give filler distributions with improved optical properties.

A Study Of The Influence Of Reworked Fibers On Dimensional Stability And Physical Characteristics Of Paper, Martin L. Smith Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Secondary or re-pulped fibers, refined to the same degree in terms of freeness, exhibit different physical and optical characteristics than the same fiber in the virgin state. Paper which contains various ·per cent of secondary fibers have better opacity, less sensitivity to moisture and humidity, in the sense of hygro-expansivity, reduction of tendency to curl with addition of moisture to one side of the sheet, and less tensile elongation. The advantages listed above are offset to some extent by a loss in tensile strength, fold endurance and porosity.

The Effectiveness Of Some Enzyme-Containing Detergents Of The Deinking Of Newsprint, Peter T. Aylward

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

With an ever increasing use of wood by the paper industry and pollution of our waterways, it is only natural that we turn to recycling of our products.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possible use of enzymes detergents as a means of deinking newsprint. It was decided to deink several issues of newspaper by varying the concentration of enzyme detergent over a wide interval of temperature. The pH of the systems was monitored so as not to denature the enzyme. This method yielded pulp with a brightness three or four points over that of the untreated …

Performance Evaluation Of The Moistron And Inframike Moisture Gauges On The Pilot Paper Machine, David L. Forsman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following work pertains to the correlation of the Industrial Nucleonics Moistron moisture meter and the General Electric Inframike. The readings from these two devices were compared to each other and to moisture on an oven dry basis. The moisture readings were taken on a furnish of a 50-50 hardwood, softwood mixture which had various additives added by means of metering pumps. The basis weights of the furnishes were varied for each of the additives.

The readings on the Moistron were not taken from the machine chart but rather from a calibration tape placed below said chart. The General Electric …

High Temperature, High Pressure Oxidation Of Primary Sludges, Dale R. St. Peter

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The problem of disposal of high ash papermill sludges has yet to be resolved. High temperature, high pressure wet air oxidation may have the potential to fill this gap in our technology.

A sample of high ash primary sludge was obtained, thickened, wet air oxidized, purified, and evaluated for brightness and abrasiveness. The product was grossly discolored with iron oxide. However, removal of the oxide yielded a high brightness product with low abrasiveness. This product appeared to be well suited for use as a filler material.

In order for this process to be acceptable as a method for obtaining a …

The Effect Of Sample Length, Fiber Length And Rate Of Loading On Tensile And T.E.A., Rajendra Patel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of fiber length, sample length and rate of loading on tensile and TEA. The most important aspect of this study was the elimination or controlling of variables which appeared in all related studies to date. With this in mind, an experimental procedure was drawn up which would eliminate or control these variables. The original pulp was taken without any cutting, formed into handsheets, and pressed. The handsheets were then cut in order to reduce the fiber length while the handsheets were wet. Cutting the fibers was done with a paper …