Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons^™

Automated Analysis Of Amino Sugars Using The Elson-Morgan Reaction, Lee Van Lenten

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

A combined chromatographic and analytical system is described for the specific determination of amino sugars. An adaptation of the Elson-Morgan reaction has been made using the equipment of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. The colorimetric procedure is based partly on the work of Lewy and McAllan . The Elson-Morgan reaction is a two-stage reaction which involves first the reaction of the amino sugar with acetic anhydride or 2 ,4pentanedione and the formation of cyclic intermediates by heating in an al kaline medium. In the second stage, the medium is acidifed and the intermediates coupled with p_-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to give a colored product. In …

The Complex Formation Of Silver Ion With Ribonucleic Acid, Guanosine, Inosine And Related Compounds And Peroxidase-Like Activity Of A Haemundecapeptide Prepared From Horse Heart Cytochrome C, José Angel Reinosa

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The importance of nucleic acids in plant and animal cells as carriers of genetic information and as protein biosynthesis agents is well recognized. It is also known that nucleic acid is a component of all viruses.

Takahashi (45) and Fraenkel-Conrat (16) demonstrated that the protein component of tobacco mosaic virus is non-infectious to the host plant, although it is identical to the original virus morphologically. The virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) alone was infectious, however.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is present in chromosomes, displays a very specific function. The chromosome long has been accepted as the carrier of the hereditary unit, …

Saponin Content And Some Pod And Blossom Characteristics Of Alfalfa As Related To Seed Infestation By The Alfalfa Seed Chalcid, Ronald D. Morse

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The alfalfa seed chalcid, Bruchophagus ruddi Guss., is a jet-black hymenopteran wasp. The destructive nature of this pest has been recognized since the latter part of the nineteenth century. Every year thousands of acres of alfalfa seed are destroyed, with infestation reaching as high as 8 5 percent in some areas. In Utah the chalcid annually ruins from 5 to 25 percent of the alfalfa seed. Much of this damage goes unnoticed, as infested seed is commonly blown out in the trash during harvesting and cleaning operations . The extent of damage is not restricted to the United States. Wherever …

Compartmentation Of Glutamic Acid Metabolism In Brain Slices / Donald D. Clarke And Soll Berl Columbia Univ. School Of Medicine, N. Y. C., Donald Dudley Clarke Phd, Soll Berl

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The presence, in brain, of metabolic pools of glutamic acid have been demonstrated in vivo but not in tissue slices. Brain tissue slices prepared in the cold in Ringer's-bicarbonate containing 1% glucose and stored in an ice bath go not show compartmentation when incubated at 37 (10-20 min.) in a similar medium which contains tracer quantities of C aspartic acid, U.l.; the specific activity of glutamine remains considerably below that of glutamic acid. If such tissue slices are pre-incubated at 37° for 10 min. and then transferred to fresh medium containing radioactive tracer, after 10 min. at 37 , the …

Automation Of The Assay For Transglutaminase / Donald D. Clarke And Ruth Nicklas, Donald Dudley Clarke Phd, Ruth Nicklas

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Transglutaminase is an enzyme which catalyzes the Ca++-activated incorporation of amines into proteins. More detailed studies of the action of this enzyme showed that the incorporated amines displaced ammonia, and that only L-glutamine and not asparagine residues in the protein or peptide are substrates for this enzyme. This enzyme will not act on free glutamine, hence is not to be confused with glutaminase or transamidases which will act on free glutamine as a substrate. A variety of substituted glutamine peptides have been found to have substrate activity for this enzyme. Neidle and Acs, and more recently Folk and Cole, have …

Investigations On Lignins And Lignification Pt. Xxxi Characterization Of Metasequoia 'Milled-Wood' Lignin / By Michael J. Reale, Donald D. Clarke, Walter J. Schubert And F. F. Nord Laboratory Of Organic Chemistry And Enzymology), Fordham University, Bronx, New York, Michael J. Reale, Donald Dudley Clarke Phd, Walter J. Schubert, Friedrich F. Nord

Chemistry Faculty Publications

A young Metasequoia tree was debarked; its branches and heartwood were removed. The branches, sapwood and heartwood were separately ground to 8o mesh and air-dried. The moisture and lignin contents of these were determined. "Milled-wood" lignin was isolated from the sapwood sawdust, and was characterized by means of its ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra. As a means of determining the empirical formula and the number of certain functional groups present in this lignin, an acetylated derivative and a phenylhydrazone were prepared. These were also studied spectroscopically. Elemental, methoxyl and acetoxyl analyses were performed on the original lignin and on its …

Electron Capture Properties Of Halogenated Amine Derivatives / By Donald D. Clarke, Sherwin Wilk, And Stanley E. Gitlow, Donald Dudley Clarke Phd, Sherwin Wilk, Stanley E. Gitlow

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The use of gas-liquid chromatography (G.L.C.) for the analysis of amines of biological interest is currently under investigation in our laboratory. An intensive study of the chromatographic properties of a number of derivatives was presented by VandenHeuvel et al. (1), and this laboratory in a short communication reported on the possible use of heptafluorobutyrylated amine derivatives (2). As was noted in this early communication, sensitivity considerations must maintain priority in any proposed assay because of the extremely small quantities of these compounds present in biological fluids. For this reason, we have chosen to employ the electron capture detector (3). Trifluoroacetyl …

Organo-Phosphorus Insecticides For Control Of Red-Legged Earth Mite And Lucerne Flea, J A. Button

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

MOUNTING CONCERN over residue problems arising from the use of D.D.T. and other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on pasture has highlighted the need for alternative chemicals capable of providing satisfactory control without undesirable side effects.

Genetic And Biochemical Aspects Of O-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Synthesis In Melilotus Alba, Herman J. Gorz, Francis A. Haskins, A. Kleinhofs

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

In sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) the cis- and trans-isomers of o-hydroxycinnamic acid occur primarily as the respective, β-D-glucosides. Available evidence indicates that these glucosides are formed via the following pathway: phenylalanine (formed from shikimic acid) → trans-cinnamic acid → o-coumaric acid (trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acid) → o-coumaryl glucoside (trans-β-D-glucosyl-o-hydroxycinnamic acid) → coumarinyl glucoside (cis-β-D-glucosyl-o-hydroxycinnamic acid). In tissues that are disrupted, coumarinyl glucoside is rapidly hydrolyzed by the action of endogenous β-glucosidase to yield coumarinic acid, which lactonizes spontaneously to form coumarin. The cu …

The Role Of Thiamine Pyrophosphate In Regulating The Level Of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid In The Central Nervous System, Bryant L. Adams

Theses and Dissertations

The level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the brains of white rats suffering from thiamine deficiency symptoms resulting from pyrithiamine or oxythiamine antagonism of thiamine or from thiamine deprivation was measured. The level of this amino acid was 17.5% lower in the brains of pyrithiamine-treated rats and 20.0% lower in the brains of thiamine-deprived rats than in the control rats. Daily injections of ten times the required amounts of vitamin B6 in rats treated with pyrithiamine or oxythiamine or by thiamine deprivation had no effect on the level of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid or on the psiological behavior of these rats. The …

Studies Of Rat Brain Thiamine Pyrophosphokinase, Lavell Rolfson Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

The enzyme ATP:thiamine pyrophosphotransferase (thiamine pyrophosphokinaseJ was purified from acetone powders which were prepared from rat brains up to the chromatography on alumina C_γ step by a modified procedure that Mano (Y. Mano, J. Biochem., 42, 283 (1960)] developed for the purification of the rat liver thiamine pyrophosphokinase. The enzyme was purified 12 fold over that in the original extract of the acetone powder. A spectrophotometric assay for the brain thiamine pyrophosphokinase was developed utilizing brewer's yeast apotransketolase. The transketolase assay was able to detect less than 10^-11 moles of thiamine diphosphate, which was synthesized by the kinase, in the …

Water Chemistry Survey Of Boulder Basin, Lake Mead, P. R. Tramutt, Bureau Of Reclamation

Publications (WR)

The survey results indicate that the impoundment of water behind Hoover Dam has not adversely affected the dissolved oxygen (DO) content and that water quality and DO content were uniform regardless of depth. The study made in April-May 1964 will provide water quality data of Lake Mead prior to releases from Lake Powell as a basis for evaluating Lake Powell's effect on water quality and limnology of Lake Mead. The performance of a DO analyzer was tested and found unsatisfactory at depths below 150 ft. Parameters tested by standard chemical analyses of water samples in the Denver Laboratory and by …

The Effect Of Fluoride On C14O2-Fixation And The Synthesis Of Organic Acids, Amino Acids, Protein And Carbohydrates, Chin-Fung Li

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Many studies have been conducted on the effect of fluoride on plants, but the exact mechanisms by which fluoride causes damage is little understood. The following physiological and metabolic processes are known to be affected by fluoride: a decrease in chlorophyll (McNulty and Newman, 1961), a diminished rate of photosynthesis (Thomas and Hendricks, 1956; Bishop, et al., 1958), decreased plant growth (Bonner and Thimann, 1950), inhibition of ascorbic acid synthesis (Smith, 1952), variation in starch and total polysaccharides (Donald and Emerson, 1961), inhibition of glucose transport (Jiri, et al., 1962), inhibition of metabolism (Ordin and Skoe, 1963), effects …

A Study Of 5-Fluorouracil: Its Effects And Mode Of Action In Drosophila Melanogaster, John B. Jenkins Jr.

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Investigations involving the fluorinated pyrimidine, 5-fluorouracil, and its effects on viruses, bacteria, plants and mammals, have brought to light the following facts: FU inhibits the growth of bacteria, plants and mammalian cells and it decreases the ability of certain viruses to produce progeny. In other words, FU is an antimetabolite that inhibits growth and/or reproduction. Two mechanisms have emerged from these studies to define the mode of action of FU. The first mechanism involves the incorporation of the compound into the RNA of the organism thus altering the base sequence and creating a non functional or damaging nucleic acid. The …

Interrelationships Of Certain Metabolic Responses To Threonine Deficiency And To Various Dietary Carbohydrates In The White Rat, Elizabeth Bright

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Effects Of Saturated And Unsaturated Long Chain Fatty Acids On Various Components Of Lipid And Carbohydrate Metabolism, Joyce T. Burgess

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Dietary Galactose Vs. Glucose With Corn Oil And With Hydrogenated Coconut Oil On Various Metabolic Functions In Rats, Mabel R. Coleman, Catherine Carroll

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

A Quantitative Assay For Vanillylmandelic Acid (Vma) By Gas-Liquid Chromatography / Sherwin Wilk From The Department Of Medicine, Th Emount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York And The Department Of Chemistry, Fordham University, New York, N.Y. Stanley E. Gitlow And Milton Mendlowitz From The Department Of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York Morton J. Franklin And Herman E. Carr From The Department Of Psychiatry, Boston University, School Of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts And Donald D. Clarke From The Department Of Chemistry, Fordham University, New York, New York, Sherwin Wilk, Stanley E. Gitlow, Milton Mendlowitz, Donald Dudley Clarke Phd

Chemistry Faculty Publications

Until the discovery of the major product of catecholamine n1etabolism, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), by Annstrong in 1957 (1), biochemical studies of epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolism were dependent upon determination of the small quantities of these materials excreted unchanged in the urine. The methods designed to measure VMA have proved adequate to detect the gross abnormalities in metabolism usually associated with catecholamine-producing tumors (2-7), but more exact procedures are required for quantitative metabolic studies. Present spectrophotometric and electrophoretic methods are nonspecific in that they yield values for VMA that are higher than those obtained by chromatographic and isotope dilution techniques (5). …

Effect Of Some Oral Hypoglycemic Agents On Hepatic Protein Synthesis, Lawrence Dechatelet

Master's Theses

No abstract provided.

Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis, Sheldon Nicol

Honors Projects

The unprecedented growth of interest in protein synthesis among biochemists is both a result of, and has contributed to, our rapidly advancing knowledge of the chemistry and metabolism of the nucleic acids. Over the past two decades, evidence has accumulated which points to an intimate association between cellular nucleic acid and protein synthetic activity. A large number of experiments in bacterial systems have shown that ribonuclease disrupts the cell's protein synthetic machinery and that ribonucleic acid (RNA) can frequently restore it. Studies of bacterial transformation (Hotchkiss, 1957) and the discovery of the autonomous infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus RNA (Gierer …

Studies On The Relationship Of Serum Lipids And Dietary Intake Of Fat In Senior Citizens, Lina Wu

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A number of research studies have shown that aging is a continuous and cumulative process of biological changes which frequently result in cardiovascular diseases in the older age group. Degenerative diseases of old age such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases appear to be related to abnormal lipid metabolism. The findings which indicate serum cholesterol values rise with age are by no means unanimous. The combined evidence in the literature points out that serum cholesterol of newborn infants is low, then rises steadily with age in both sexes from adolescence through middle age with a higher value in males than …

Effect Of Fluoride On The Respiration Of Leaves From Higher Plants, Ming-Ho Yu

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Studies concerning the effects of fluoride on the metabolism of both animals and plants have been of interest to many workers. In plants, it has been known that fluoride will inhibit the growth, that it will induce chlorosis as an evidence of visible injury, and that necrosis will eventually result. The economic importance associated with fluoride damage has been widely recognized, and, as a consequence, fluoride has become a major problem of air pollution.

Studies Of The Incorporation Of 5-Fluorouracil Into Tobacco Mosaic Viral Rna By Cell-Free Synthesing Systems Isolated From Infected Tobacco Plants, Helen Lu-Sheng Wang

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Research on biosynthesis of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) ribonucleic acid in vitro has been reported by a number of laboratories (8, 16, 17). Bonner et al. postulated that ribonucleic acid could be synthesized from nucleotides by chromatin extracted from nuclei of pea seedlings (5, 14, 22). The evidence from in vitro synthesis of viral RNA suggested that an enzyme, RNA polymerase, links the four nucleotides (ATP, UTP, CTP, GTP) with viral RNA present as a primer and magnesium ions participating as a catalyst (7, 8).

Neutral 17-Ketosteroids And 17, 21-Dihydroxy-20-Ketosteroids In Urine Of University Students, Shon-Hua Yu

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Degenerative disease of old age such as atherosclerosis and cerebral hemorrhage appear to be related to abnormal lipid metabolism. Many investigators have studied the role of steroid hormones on lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats and chickens. The results have consistantly indicated that both corticosteroids and sex hormones play an important role in the regulation of lipid and cholesterol metabolism, in vivo. Serum cholesterol values in humans have been decreased by estrogens, while androgen administration tends to increase circulating cholesterol. Estrogens have been shown to decrease circulating cholesterol and prevent cholesterol-induced coronary atherosclerosis in chickens. A study of the …

Acid Hydrolysis Of 3-Phenylsydnone-2-N15 / Joanne Staley And Donald D. Clarke Chemistry Department, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, Joanne Staley, Donald Dudley Clarke Phd

Chemistry Faculty Publications

When N -phenylsydnone is hydrolyzed by acid, an internal oxidation- reduction reaction takes place with the formation of phenylhydrazine, formic acid, and carbon dioxide. The mechanism shown below was suggested for this reaction by Baker and Ollis. Aside from the nature of the end products of this hydrolysis, the strongest evidence cited by Baker and Ollis in support of their mechanism is the paper by Kenner and Mackay who reported the isolation of a-acylhydrazines when the hydrolysis was carried out in benzene with stoichiometric quantities of water and hydrochloric acid. However, Kenner and Mackay gave no experimental evidence to support …

Quantitative Aspects Of Co2 Fixation In Mammalian Brain In Vivo / H. Waelsch, S. Berl, C.A. Rossi, D. D. Clarke, And D. P. Purpura New York State Psychiatric Institute And Departments Of Biochemistry And Neurological Surgery, College Of Physicians And Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., Heinrich Waelsch, Soll Berl, C. A. Rossi, Donald Dudley Clarke Phd

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The rate of fixation of carbon dioxide in vivo into aspartate, glutamate, oxoglutarate, and glutamine of cerebral cortex and liver in the absence and presence of elevated concentrations of tissue ammonia was studied. The specific activities of the isolated metabolites were related to the specific activity of the tissue CO2. It was attempted to obtain an approximate steady state level of tissue 14CO2 by maintaining a constant isotope concentration in the venous and arterial blood through continuous intravenous administration of NaH14CO3. 1. In the absence of ammonia, aspartic acid achieved the highest specific activity in both brain and liver; the …

Viral Infections Of Domestic Animals, George A. Young

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

There is a strong tendency in current research on mammalian virus diseases to concentrate on virus activity at a cellular or subcellular level. This trend is summarized adequately by Enders in relation to viral replication as follows: ','The large and ever-increasing volume of published experimental work on viral replication strikingly reveals the central position of this phenomenon in contemporary virological research. There are good reasons, both biological and practical, underlying this intensive effort to understand, i n detail, how a virus particle, without energy transforming apparatus of its own, manages to utilize the metabolic equipment of the cell to produce …

A Cytological Study Of Tripling Conjugation In Tetrahymena Pyriformis, Marilyn (Lindy) Hatch

Theses & Honors Papers

No abstract provided.

The Respiratory Chain Involved In Oxidative Phosphorylation On Higher Plants In Relation To Carbon Dioxide-Bicarbonate Inhibition, Wan-Jean Young

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Increased concentrations of CO₂ with the accompanying high bicarbonate level in the culture medium have been reported to have a depressing effect in certain plant species on growth (34), respiration (23, 33), oxidative phosphorylation (9), mineral nutrient absorption (17), certain enzymatic reactions (4, 22, 27), accumulation of organic and amino acids (11), and protein synthesis (16). Since accumulation of organic acids occurs in lime-induced chlorotic tissue together with a depression in the respiration of plant tissue, an effect on the energy transfer mechanism of such plants is suspected. Inhibition of electron transfer from the substrate level could result in …

Biosynthesis Of Infectious Cucumber Mosaic Virus Ribonucleic Acid In A Cell-Free Medium, Men Hui Lee

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The mechanism of biosynthesis of the nucleic acids, RNA, remained obscure until 1955 when the announcement was made (14) that an enzyme isolated from bacterial sources catalyzes the synthesis of ribopolynucleotides from nucleoside-5'-diphosphates. It has been shown that the biosynthesis of polynucleotides occurs through the stepwise polymerization of nucleoside-5'-diphosphates or triphosphates. A great deal of research over the past few years has indicated that isolated nuclei from both animal (1) and plant (19) sources are able to synthesize ribonucleic acids in vitro (18).