Ornithology Commons^™

Nest Success And Nesting Habits Of Eastern Kingbirds And Other Flycatchers, Michael T. Murphy

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Patterns of nest placement and its relationship to nest success in the Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) were studied in populations breeding in New York and Kansas. Data were augmented with information on nest placement in other open-nesting tyrannids in order to examine the hypothesis that these flycatchers place their nests chiefly so as to conceal them from predators. Nesting success was significantly greater in New York than in Kansas but was relatively high in both populations, as is apparently true of North American breeding flycatchers in general. Geographic variation in nest placement in the Eastern Kingbird was relatively small and …

Clutch Size In The Eastern Kingbird: Factors Affecting Nestling Survival, Michael T. Murphy

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Observational and experimental procedures were used to evaluate the potential importance of brood size and weather on the evolution of clutch size in the Eastern Kingbird. Modal clutch size was three eggs, yet broods of four were most productive. Nestling size varied inversely with brood size, so that "nestling quality" was lower in broods of four than in broods of three. Asymptotic weight of nestlings in broods of three was directly and significantly correlated with ambient air temperature, followed by hatch order. Because larger broods were being fed during a period of relatively cool and wet weather, the effects of …

Breeding Success And Nest Site Characteristics Of The Western Bluebird On Parrett Mountain, Marcia Diane Sims

Dissertations and Theses

The lack of suitable nest sites may be a limiting factor for Western Bluebird populations inhabiting the upper Willamette Valley. Nest box trails have been established on the hills surrounding the Portland metropolitan area. Since their placement, approximately 25% of the boxes available have been used by Western Bluebirds as nest cavities. This study was undertaken to identify factors which might determine the selection of a nest box by Western Bluebirds and the subsequent nest success or failure.

The breeding biology of Western Bluebirds using the nest box trail located on Parrett Mountain, Oregon in 1979 was investigated. Breeding season, …

Kentucky Warbler (Vol. 59, No. 1), Kentucky Library Research Collections

The Kentucky Warbler

No abstract provided.

Cranes Of The World [Complete Work], Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes are a group of birds that can lift the human spirit as few other wild animals can do; their great size, marvelous soaring abilities, humanoid traits such as "dancing," and penetrating voices, all strike deep into the human psyche and forcefully remind us of the beauty and mystery of the natural world around us. We cannot lose even a single species of crane without seriously rendering our own existence that much poorer. It is in that spirit that I decided to write the present book, which I hope will be of value to ecologists, ethologists, conservationists, aviculturalists, and anyone …

Avian Use Of Nest Boxes In Minnesota Farmstead Shelterbelts, Richard H. Yahner

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

A study of nest box use from November through August by birds in Minnesota farmstead shelterbelts was initiated subsequent to a two-year study showing that cavity-dependent species were absent from shelterbelts during winter and spring. The purpose of the study was to determine use of nest boxes by birds in shelterbelts otherwise devoid of cavities for roosting and nesting purposes. Fifteen of 22 boxes (68%) were used as nest sites in spring and summer by house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) and black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus). Neither nested In the shelterbelts before the nest boxes were available. Red-breasted nuthatches (Sitta canadensis) roosted …

Cranes Of The World: Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides Virgo), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
None in General English use; Shuai-yu-hao (Chinese); Grue demoisella, Demoiselle de Numidae (French); Jungfernkranich (German); Karkarra (Hindi); Aneha-zuru (Japanese); Krasavka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla damisela, Grulla moruria (Spanish).

Range:
Bred at least formerly in northwestern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, possibly northern Morocco); currently breeds in Europe from the southern IJkraine and the Crimea through southeastern Russia (north to the region of Volgograd and south to the steppes to the east of the lower Volga), eastward through the steppes of the Kirghiz, western Siberia, southern Minusinsk, and the Altai, Lake Baikal, and of southern Transbaikalia, to the steppes of northwestern …

Cranes Of The World: 5. Comparative Reproductive Biology, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

The reproductive biologies of cranes are surprisingly similar. All crane species are strictly monogamous, have long pair bonds and a prolonged period of juvenile dependency, and are highly territorial during the breeding season. All cranes also have an extremely limited reproductive potential, resulting from their deferred sexual maturity, low clutch size, and limited renesting tendencies following the loss of a clutch or hatched young.

Cranes Of The World: Crowned Crane (Balearica Pauonina), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Blue-necked or gray crowned crane (regulorum and gibbericeps), Black-necked or dark crowned crane (pavonina and ceciliae); Ma-hem (Afrikaan); Grue couronnee, Grue ronnee du Cap (French); Konigskranich (German); Minima kanmuri-zuru (Japanese); Makoka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla corona (Spanish); I-hem (Xhosa); U-Nohemu (Zulu).

Range:
Resident in open country over most of Africa south of the Sahara, excepting the Congo Basin and the driest portions of southwestern Africa.

Cranes Of The World: Epilogue, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

And as wee see strange Crane are won’t to doe
First stalke a while ere they their wings can finde,
Then soare from ground not past a yard or two,
Till in their wings they gathered have the winde;
At last they mount the very cloudes unto,
Trianglewise according to their kind.
-Topsell, 1972

Cranes Of The World: Key To The Species And Subspecies Of Cranes Of The World, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Key to the Families of Gruoidea
Key to Cranes of the World

Cranes Of The World: Whooping Crane (Grus Americana), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Whooper; Big white crane; Grue de Amerique, Grue blanche Americaine (French); Schreikranich, Trompeterkranich (German); Amerikanishiy krikpivy zhuravl (Russian); Grulla griteria, Grulla blanca (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in Wood Buffalo National Park, Northwest Territories. Migratory, wintering at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, coastal Texas. Formerly much more widespread, breeding south to North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois, and reported from as far west as Utah, east to Cape May New Jersey, and south to coastal Louisiana. Birds hatched from eggs recently transported to Grays Lake, southeastern Idaho, have been reared by greater sandhill cranes and now winter with them in …

Cranes Of The World: Australian Crane (Grus Rubicundus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Brolga, Native companion (Australia); Grue d'Australie (French); Australischer Kranich (German); Goshu zuru (Japanese); Australiyka zhuravl (Russian); Grulla Australiana (Spanish).

Range:
Resident in grassland habitats in lowland New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia, more rarely to southern and southeastern Australia.

Cranes Of The World: 6. Aviculture And Hybridization, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

The keeping of cranes in captivity, either as pets or as animals to be fattened for the pot, is evidently a very old practice. Captive cranes are depicted on the walls of the Temple of Deir-el-Barari of the Nile Valley, where cranes are shown walking in stately fashion between slaves. Each crane's bill is tied down close to its neck, which would upset its balance and thus prevent it from flying away (Whymper, 1909). Armstrong (1979) noted that cranes were apparently domesticated in ancient Greece, and that Plutarch (c. A.D. 46-c. A.D. 120) mentions the nesting of tame cranes, presumably …

Cranes Of The World: Black-Necked Crane (Grus Nigricollis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
None in general English use; Grue á cour noir (French); Schwarzhals Kranich (German); Cheniozheuleu zhuravl (Russian); Grulla de cue110 negro (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds from Ladakh east through Tibet (Xizang Zizhiqu) to the Koko Nor Region in eastern Tsinghai (Qinghai), probably mostly between 4,300 and 4,600 meters elevation. Migratory, and reported on migration or during winter from central and eastern Sikang, Yunnan, and Tonkin (Vaurie, 1965). Also winters in small numbers in the southern Himalayas (Bhutan and Frontier Division of Subansiri Pradesh) at elevations of 1,500-3,000 meters (Ali, 1976).

Cranes Of The World: Blue Crane (Anthropoides Paradises), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Stanley crane; Bloukraan (Afrikaan); Grue bleue (French); Paradieskranich (German); Hagoromo zuru (Japanese); Chetyrekhkrydy zhuravl (Russian); Grulla azul (Spanish); Groote Sprinkhaan-vogel (Boers, Transvaal).

Range:
Resident in the upland interior of South Africa and possibly adjacent Mozambique north almost to the Zambezi, and with a small isolated population near the Etosha Pan of Namibia (South- West Africa).

Cranes Of The World: 1. Classification And Evolution, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes and their relatives the limpkins and trumpeters are fairly closely related members of the order of birds (Gruiformes) that also includes rails, gallinules, coots, and other marsh-adapted birds. Cranes, limpkins, and trumpeters are usually included within a superfamily, Gruoidea, although at least one recent authority (Cracraft, 1973) has suggested that the three groups all be included within a single family, Gruidae. However, traditionally only the cranes have been included within the Gruidae, and only the cranes will be dealt with in detail in this book. Nevertheless, the limpkins and trumpeters must be considered if the evolution of cranes is …

Cranes Of The World: Color Plates, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Color photographs:

1. South African crowned crane, adult. Photo by K. B. Newman.
2. West African crowned crane, adults. Photo by author.
3. South African crowned crane, adult at nest. Photo by W. R. Tarboton.
4. Blue crane, adult incubating. Photo by K. B. Newman.
5. Blue crane, adults at nest. Photo by K. B. Newman.
6. Demoiselle crane, adult. Photo by author.
7. Wattled crane, adult incubating. Photo by W. R. Tarboton.
8. Wattled crane, adult. Photo by author.
9. Siberian crane, adult. Photo by author.
10. Siberian crane, adult. Photo by author.
11. Australian crane, adult. Photo by …

Cranes Of The World: 0. Contents -- Foreword -- Preface, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

I. Comparative Biology of Cranes
1. Classification and Evolution / 3
2. Individualistic and Social Behavior / 11
3. Vocalizations / 25
4. Ecology and Population Dynamics / 35
5. Comparative Reproductive Biology / 44
6. Aviculture and Hybridization / 51
7. Endangered Species and Conservation / 60
8. Cranes in Myth and Legend / 70

II. Natural Histories of Individual Crane Species
1. Crowned Cranes / 77
2. Blue Crane / 87
3. Demoiselle Crane / 95
4. Wattled Crane / 121
5. Siberian Crane / 131
6. Australian Crane / 141
7. Sarus Crane / 151
8. White-naped …

Cranes Of The World: 8. Cranes In Myth And Legend, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Wherever cranes occur in the world, their stature, intelligence, wariness, and sociality have captured the human imagination and have given rise to a variety of legends, myths, and folktales. Among the best sources of such information for England and southern Europe are the manuscript writings of Edward Topsell (1572-1625), which have been edited and recently republished (1972). Topsell reported that "when fables ruled the world" it was believed that a proud queen of Pygmies named Oenoe or Gerania was turned into a crane by Juno and Diana, because she taught her people to neglect other gods and worship her. Gerania …

Cranes Of The World: 4. Ecology And Population Dynamics, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Like other animals, cranes exist as natural populations that are dependent upon particular environmental conditions and that vary in population density between the absolute minimum numbers that have permitted survival to relatively dense populations that may approach or even temporarily exceed the carrying capacity of the habitat. Each species may also have an upper species-typical limit on population density, or "saturation point," which is independent of the carrying capacity of the habitat but which may be determined by such social adaptations as territorial requirements or individual distance characteristics. Within crane populations, individual birds or families remain within home ranges or …

Cranes Of The World: 7. Endangered Species And Conservation, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Few families of birds, other than some associated with small island archipelagos, have such a large proportion of their species in danger of extinction as does the crane family. Of the 14 extant species of cranes, King (1979) regards two full species (whooping crane and Siberian crane) as endangered, three more (Japanese, hooded, and white-naped) as vulnerable, and the black-necked crane as of indeterminate status. Additionally, one race (the Mississippi) of the sandhill crane is classified as endangered, and the Cuban race is regarded as rare and local. Thus, more than a third of the world's crane species are currently …

Cranes Of The World: Eurasian Crane (Grus Grus), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Common crane, Crane; Huiho (Chinese); Grue cendree (French); Kranich (German); Kuro-zuru, Kurotsuru (Japanese); Seryi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla comun (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in northern Eurasia from Scandinavia east to at least the Indigirka River, and probably to the Kolyma, and south to northern Germany, the Ukraine, the Kirghiz Steppes, Russian and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia, and northern Manchuria, with isolated colonies in the Dobrogea, Turkey, and Transcaucasia. Migratory, wintering in the Mediterranean region to northwestern and northeastern Africa, the Persian Gulf region, peninsular India, and from southern China to northern Indo- China, Burma, and Assam (Vaurie, 1965).

Cranes Of The World: Index, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

This index is limited to the English vernacular and Latin names of crane species and subspecies, including fossil terms. Complete indexing is limited to entries for the English vernacular names of species as used in this book. The principal account of each species or genus is indicated by italics.

Cranes Of The World: 2. Individualistic And Social Behavior, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Like all higher organisms, cranes perform a variety of behavior patterns throughout their lives that have evolved to fulfill diverse functions. Much of their time is spent in self-directed activities necessary to maintain life and health. These individualistic or "egocentric" activities include such fundamental behaviors as breathing, eating, defecation, drinking, and sleeping or resting. Other activities, while not vital to life, are usually performed during "leisure time"; these include preening, shaking, stretching, oiling, and other actions that fall within a general umbrella of "comfort" activities. Still other activities, such as foraging and the seeking of shelter, result in aggregations of …

Cranes Of The World: Japanese Crane (Grus Japonensis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Manchurian crane, Redcrowned crane; Tan-ting ho, Hsien-ho (Chinese); Grue de Mandchourie (French); Mandschuren- Kranich (German): Tancho, Tozuro (Japanese); Manshuskiy zhuravl, Ussuriskii zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanc (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in northeastern Mongolia on the border of Manchuria (Hahlin Basin) and eastwards through northern and central Manchuria to Lake Khanka and along the Ussuri to its mouth, and in the middle Amur Valley west to the Bureya or Gorin River. An essentially resident population also occurs in northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. The continental population is migratory, wintering in Korea and in eastern China (north of the Gulf of Chihli, and …

Cranes Of The World: Origins Of Scientific And Vernacular Names Of Cranes, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Origins of scientific and vernacular names of cranes

Cranes Of The World: References, Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

The following list of more than 400 references is by no means a complete bibliography of cranes, but does include a few titles that for various reasons were not specifically cited in the text. Walkinshaw's (1973) monograph contains a large number of citations not found in the present list, and he additionally has recently (1981c) updated and supplemented his earlier bibliography. All told, his two citation lists include nearly 2,500 citations. Nearly 40 percent of the 1973 list deals with the whooping crane, 20 percent with the sandhill crane, 15 percent with the Eurasian crane, and 8 percent with the …

Cranes Of The World: Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Canadian crane, Little brown crane; Grue du Canada (French); Kanadischer Kranich (German); Kanada-zuru (Japanese): Kanadaski zhuravl (Russian); Grulla del Canada (Spanish).

Range:
Breeds in extreme northeastern Siberia and in North America from Alaska to Baffin Island, south to northeastern Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Additional nonmigratory populations exist in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. The migratory races winter from California and Baja California eastward to New Mexico, Texas, and Florida. The breeding range was formerly much more extensive in the United States, extending south to Nebraska, Indiana, and Ohio.

Cranes Of The World: Sarus Crane (Grus Antigone), Paul A. Johnsgard

Cranes of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

Other Vernacular Names:
Sharpe's crane; Khur-sang, Korchan (Assam); Grue antigone tropicale, Grue á collier (French); Sarus-kranich, Halsbandkranich (German); Saras, Sirhans (Hindi); O-O zuru (Japanese); Belyi zhuravl (Russian); Grulla blanco cue110 (Spanish).

Range:
Resident in northern India, east to Burma, on the Malay Peninsula, and in Indo-Chinese countries, and in northern Australia. Probably extirpated from the Philippine Islands, and perhaps also from Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia.