Engineering Commons^™

Analysis Of Traffic Crash Data In Kentucky 2019-2023, Paul Ross, Eric Green, Chris Blackden, Christopher Van Dyke, Teng Wang, Mohammad Majidi

Kentucky Transportation Center Research Report

No abstract provided.

‭ Configuraciones De Redes Eléctricas Híbridas Eólico-Nuclear En Tierra Del Fuego:‬ ‭ Evaluación De La Viabilidad Técnica Y Las Principales Barreras Para El Despliegue‬ ‭ Remoto De Reactores Nucleares Modulares Pequeños Y Micro Modulares‬ ‭, Madeline P. O'Keefe

Argentina: People, Environment, and Climate Change in Patagonia and Antarctica

‭ Resumen‬ ‭

Este papel evalúa la viabilidad técnica de desplegar reactores modulares remotos para‬ ‭ complementar un proyecto de parque eólico existente en la red eléctrica aislada de Tierra del‬ ‭ Fuego, Argentina. Una transición rápida hacia tecnologías de energía limpia es crucial para‬ ‭ mitigar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero causadas por humanos, siendo la‬ ‭ producción y el consumo de energía los principales contribuyentes al cambio climático. Dentro‬ ‭ de estas tecnologías, la energía nuclear ofrece una solución confiable, escalable y de bajas‬ ‭ emisiones de carbono. En el campo de la energía nuclear, este …

New Loads And Service Factors For Distribution Transformers Following The Transition To High-Efficiency Heat Pumps, Solar Pv, And Ev Charging, Steven B. Poore, Rosemary E. Alden, Timothy Rooney, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Replacement of conventional high-power appliances including heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) and resistive electric water heaters (EWHs) with heat pumps is expected to be implemented long-term to increase energy efficiency. Even with efficiency upgrades, future residential power demand may rise due to increasing electric vehicle (EV) penetration. Extensive experimental data from field demonstrators and regional utilities as well as thousands of synthetically generated loads are utilized to investigate the effect of heat pumps, EV charging, and distributed solar PV on residential power demand and distribution transformers. Values are established for typical rating distribution and connection to multiple houses to study …

Solar Pv And Ev Controls For Reactive Power Support On Large Distribution Systems Modeled With Experimental And Synthetic Loads, Rosemary E. Alden, Malcolm Mcculloch, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Changes to electric power distribution equipment may be needed to adapt to distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Within this paper, an optimization methodology for reactive power support (RPS) controls managed by utilities for EV bi-directional charger power factor and improve substation power quality and voltage across the system is proposed. An IEEE benchmark distribution system, the 123 node test feeder, is modified to include 1,765 experimental residential profiles at typical, high resolution of 15min from smart meters, solar PV generation calculated from weather data, and EV modules based on driver …

Morphology Of The Normative Human Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic And A Publicly Available Adaptive Optics Montage Repository, Robert F. Cooper, Snega Kalaparambath, Geoffrey K. Aguirre, Jessica I. W. Morgan

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy has enabled visualization of the in vivo human photoreceptor mosaic in health, disease and its treatment. Despite this, the clinical utility of the imaging technology has been limited by a lack of automated analysis techniques capable of accurately quantifying photoreceptor structure and a lack of an available normative image database. Here, we present a fully automated algorithm for estimating cone spacing and density over a complete adaptive optics montage along with a database of normative images and cone densities. We imaged the cone mosaics surrounding the fovea and along the horizontal and vertical meridians of fifty normal-sighted …

Prediction Of Tool Wear And Surface Finish Using Anfis Modelling During Turning Of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (Cfrp) Composites, Anil K. Srivastava, Md. Mofakkirul Islam

Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering Faculty Publications

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in various industries due to their high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, durability, and excellent thermo-mechanical properties. The machining of CFRP composites has always been a challenge for the manufacturers. In this study, CNC turning operation with coated carbide tool is used to machine a specific CFRP and the relationship between the cutting parameters (Speed, Feed, Depth of Cut) and response parameters (Vibration, Surface Finish, Cutting Force and Tool Wear) are investigated. An adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model with two multi-input–single-output (MISO) system has been developed to predict the tool wear …

Substrate Interference And Strain In The Second-Harmonic Generation From Mose2 Monolayers, Sudeep Puri, Sneha Patel, Jose Luis Cabellos, Luis Enrique Rosas-Hernandez, Kaitlin Reynolds, Hugh O.H. Churchill, Salvador Barraza-Lopez, Bernardo S. Mendoza, Hiroyuki Nakamura

Physics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Nonlinear optical materials of atomic thickness, such as non-centrosymmetric 2H transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, have a second-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ⁽²⁾) whose intensity can be tuned by strain. However, whether χ⁽²⁾ is enhanced or reduced by tensile strain is a subject of conflicting reports. Here, we grow high-quality MoSe₂ monolayers under controlled biaxial strain created by two different substrates and study their linear and nonlinear optical responses with a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Up to a 15-fold overall enhancement in second-harmonic generation (SHG) intensity is observed from MoSe₂ monolayers grown on SiO₂ when …

Impact Of Tib2 Source On The Microstructure And Properties Of Tib2–Sic–B4c Ceramics, Steven M. Smith, Suzana Filipovic, William G. Fahrenholtz, Gregory E. Hilmas, Carlo Baldisserri, Laura Silvestroni

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

To date, the thermal and electrical properties of three-phase ceramics containing a boride phase, silicon carbide, and boron carbide have not been studied in detail. Further, the effect of the source of the boride powder has also not been investigated. This study produced three-phase ceramics containing titanium diboride, silicon carbide, and boron carbide using three different TiB₂ sources: commercial powder, TiB₂ synthesized by boro/carbothermal reduction, or (Ti,Cr)B₂ synthesized by boro/carbothermal reduction to address the effect of the TiB₂ source. Ceramics containing synthesized TiB₂ or (Ti,Cr)B₂ reached >99% relative density, while the ceramic produced from …

Phenotypes Of Velopharyngeal Tube Law In Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Devesh Kumar, B. Tucker Woodson, Guilherme J.M. Garcia

Biomedical Engineering Faculty Research and Publications

Objective

The biomechanics of upper airway collapse in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains poorly understood. The goal of this study is to compare the area-pressure relationship (tube law) of the velopharynx at peak inspiration and peak expiration.

Study Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Academic tertiary medical center.

Methods

The velopharyngeal tube law was quantified in a convenience sample of 20 OSA patients via step reductions in nasal mask pressure during drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). The velopharyngeal airspace cross-sectional area was estimated from endoscopy while luminal pressure was recorded with a catheter. The tube law was quantified for nasal mask pressures from …

Promoting Synergies To Improve Manufacturing Efficiency In Industrial Material Processing: A Systematic Review Of Industry 4.0 And Ai, Md Sazol Ahmmed, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank Liou

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The manufacturing industry continues to suffer from inefficiency, excessively high prices, and uncertainty over product quality. This statement remains accurate despite the increasing use of automation and the significant influence of Industry 4.0 and AI on industrial operations. This review details an extensive analysis of a substantial body of literature on artificial intelligence (AI) and Industry 4.0 to improve the efficiency of material processing in manufacturing. This document includes a summary of key information (i.e., various input tools, contributions, and application domains) on the current production system, as well as an in-depth study of relevant achievements made thus far. The …

Interlaboratory Study Of The Operational Stability Of Automated Sorption Balances, Samuel L. Zelinka, Samuel V. Glass, Eleanor Q. D. Lazarcik, Emil E. Thybring, Michael Altgen, Lauri Rautkari, Simon Curling, Jinzhen Cao, Yujiao Wang, Tina Kunniger, Gustav Nystrom, Christopher Hubert Dreimol, Ingo Burgert, Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, Tumirah Khadiran, Mark G. Roper, Darren P. Broom, Matthew Schwarzkopf, Arief Yudhanto, Mohammad Subah, Gilles Lubineau, Maria Fredriksson, Marcin Strojecki, Wieslaw Olek, Jerzy Majka, Nanna Bjerregaard Pedersen, Daniel J. Burnett, Armando R. Garcia, Els Verdonck, Frieder Dreisbach, Louis Waguespack, Jennifer Schott, Luis G. Esteban, Alberto Garcia-Iruela, Thibaut Colinart, Romain Remond, Brahim Mazian, Patrick Perre, Lukas Emmerich, Ling Li

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Automated sorption balances are widely used for characterizing the interaction of water vapor with hygroscopic materials. These instruments provide an efficient way to collect sorption isotherm data and kinetic data. A typical method for defining equilibrium after a step change in relative humidity (RH) is using a particular threshold value for the rate of change in mass with time. Recent studies indicate that commonly used threshold values yield substantial errors and that further measurements are needed at extended hold times as a basis to assess the accuracy of abbreviated equilibration criteria. However, the mass measurement accuracy at extended times depends …

A Review On Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Techniques For Gas Sensing, Dakshith Ruvin Wijesinghe, Md Abu Zobair, Mina Esmaeelpour

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The rapid growth of industry and the global drive for modernization have led to an increase in gas emissions, which present significant environmental and health risks. As a result, there is a growing need for precise and sensitive gas-monitoring technologies. This review delves into the progress made regarding photoacoustic gas sensors, with a specific focus on the vital components of acoustic cells and acoustic detectors. This review highlights photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) as an optical detection technique, lauding its high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to detect a wide range of gaseous species. The principles of photoacoustic gas sensors are outlined, emphasizing …

Development Of Robust Steel Alloys For Laser-Directed Energy Deposition Via Analysis Of Mechanical Property Sensitivities †, Jonathan Kelley, Joseph W. Newkirk, Laura N. Bartlett, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Todd Sparks, Saeid Alipour, Frank Liou

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

To ensure consistent performance of additively manufactured metal parts, it is advantageous to identify alloys that are robust to process variations. This paper investigates the effect of steel alloy composition on mechanical property robustness in laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). In situ blending of ultra-high-strength low-alloy steel (UHSLA) and pure iron powders produced 10 compositions containing 10–100 wt.% UHSLA. Samples were deposited using a novel configuration that enabled rapid collection of hardness data. The Vickers hardness sensitivity of each alloy was evaluated with respect to laser power and interlayer delay time. Yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) sensitivities of …

Green Defense: Evaluating Potentials And Limitations In Transitioning Military Vehicles To Clean Energy, Aurora M. V. Bellingeri, Danielle M. Drumm, Zoe S. Koutsokostas

Student Publications

Army operations rely on fuel-intensive vehicles and aircraft, which contribute substantially to global emissions and the looming threat of global warming. This study evaluates the potential of transitioning five key U.S. Army vehicles, the M1301 ISV, HMMWV M1165, JLTV M1280, LMTV M1078, and M3A3 Bradley, from traditional diesel and JP8 powertrains to electric vehicle (EV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) technologies. Vehicle specifications including engine power, fuel efficiency, weight, and payload were gathered for each vehicle and compared. Efficiency was estimated for EV and FCV powertrains using linear regressions with data from the AFLEET Online tool, which provided national …

Optimal Design And Comparison Of Synchronous Machines With Inner And Outer Reluctance Rotors And Pm Or Dc Stator Combined Excitation, Oluwaseun A. Badewa, Ali Mohammadi, Donovin D. Lewis, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

This paper presents an optimal design and comparative analysis for a toroidally wound reluctance rotor synchronous machine with either PM or DC excitation in the stator. The prototype of the PM version is experimentally evaluated, and its results are used to validate the model of the DC version as they share the same topology. The stator DC-excited synchronous (SDCES) motor is optimized at different outer diameters using large-scale multi-objective differential evolution (DE) and comparatively analyzed at power ratings typical for electric traction and propulsion applications. Its performance at reduced temperatures shows increased efficiency and goodness due to reduced losses, and …

Two-Level Design Optimization Of Ac Machines With Dc Stator Excitation And Minimal Torque Ripple Using Reluctance Rotor Profile Shaping, Ali Mohammadi, Oluwaseun A. Badewa, Yaser Chulaee, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Torque ripple mitigation in electric machines is important for a smooth and stable operation, minimize mechanical vibrations, and enhance the overall performance. In this paper, a novel two-level optimization method is proposed for the design of synchronous flux-switching and hybrid excitation machines with an innovative multi-point spline shaping method to minimize the torque ripple. This study uses models that are validated by experimental tests from a prototype with similar topology, and exemplifies the aforementioned optimization process on a 28 pole machine. The analysis results indicate that the torque ripple can be substantially reduced with improved electromagnetic torque of the electric …

Design Of High-Power Polyphase Pcb Coil Systems For Wireless Power Transfer, Donovin D. Lewis, Lucas Gastineau, Omer Onar, Malcolm Mcculloch, John F. Eastham, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

Printed circuit board (PCB) coils have been pro- posed prior for implementation as inductive wireless charging coils to minimize size and cost. Utilization of PCBs can allow for a reduced cost, improved manufacturability, and a wide range of geometric customization options. To circumvent material limitations on insulation and thermal performance, parallel paths can be implemented to divide the current per path accordingly. Within this paper, an unconventional high power PCB coil is designed employing all possible techniques for wiring with axial and radial parallel paths with equivalent transposition to minimize circulating currents. Design studies are simulated in 3D finite element …

Analytical And Fe Modeling For The Design Of Coreless Axial Flux Machines With Halbach Array And Surface Pm Rotors, Matin Vatani, Yaser Chulaee, John F. Eastham, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

This paper introduces a rapid analytical modeling approach for coreless axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines featuring surface-mounted and Halbach PM array rotors. The methodology employs a 2D model at an arbitrary diameter of the machine and converts AFPM machines into an equivalent linear machine. Initially, equations for PM flux density, accounting for harmonic content, are developed for both rotor types. Subsequently, a force equation is derived for the 2D equivalent machine based on the Lorentz force equation and the stator winding factor. In the final step, a torque equation at an arbitrary diameter—specifically, the average diameter in this paper—is …

Multi-Disk Coreless Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors With Surface Pm And Halbach Array Rotors For Electric Aircraft Propulsion, Matin Vatani, John F. Eastham, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

This paper presents multiple single- and multi-disk coreless axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) motors, focusing on specific power density and reliability for electric aircraft propulsion. Several 3D finite element analysis (FEA) parametric studies were conducted to assess the geometric impacts on a single-disk coreless AFPM motor featuring two separate stators and a double-sided Halbach array rotor configuration. These studies form the foundation for the design of both single and multi-disk machines. Single-disk coreless AFPM motors with rotor back iron embedded between the stators, offering magnetically decoupled stators, are subsequently introduced. The paper concludes by presenting four multi-disk coreless AFPM motor …

Multi-Wound Axial Flux Generators With Halbach Array Rotors, Matin Vatani, Yaser Chulaee, John F. Eastham, Xiaoze Pei, Dan M. Ionel

Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Research

This paper presents three coreless axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator topologies that feature magnetically and electrically decoupled outputs using a single prime mover. The proposed topologies include: (1) two separate generators mounted on the same shaft, (2) a nested configuration with a smaller generator inside a larger one, and (3) a multi-wound generator with two sets of windings and different pole numbers for each rotor side. The multi-wound generator is selected for further investigation due to its superior power-to-volume ratio and the advantage of utilizing a single structure for stator cooling. The airgap magnetic flux density equation is derived …

The Undergraduate Engineering Mental Health Help-Seeking Instrument (Ue-Mh-Hsi): Development And Validity Evidence, Joseph H. Hammer, Courtney J. Wright, Melanie E. Miller, Sarah A. Wilson

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Background: Undergraduate engineering students experiencing distress are less likely than peers to ask for professional help. A population-specific instrument to facilitate the identification of factors that influence mental healthcare utilization could guide development and testing of interventions to increase help seeking.

Purpose: We used mixed methods guided by the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) to develop and evaluate the Undergraduate Engineering Mental Health Help-Seeking Instrument (UE-MH-HSI).

Method: First, we adapted existing measures of mental health help-seeking intention and mechanisms (i.e., attitudes, perceived norm: injunctive, perceived norm: descriptive, personal agency: autonomy, personal agency: capacity). Second, we coded qualitative interviews (N = 33) …

Solubility Characterization Of Organic Molecules For Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries, Anthony W. Ferrell, Harkeerith K. Vij, Seamus D. Jones

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

The major obstacle to renewable energy sources is a lack of long-term energy storage capabilities. Energy produced during the day dissipates, leaving insufficient electricity for at night. The goal of the project is to design an Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery (AORFB) to act as long-term energy storage. Work has been done using machine learning to identify suitable compounds for the batteries. In this work there was no indication as to the aqueous solubility of the molecules; this controls the device’s energy storage capabilities. We used a machine learning model to determine the aqueous solubility of slightly more than 3000 …

Enhancing Semantic Search With Human-Crafted Knowledge In Sentence Embeddings, Zachary Weinfeld

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

Semantic search plays a critical role in many domains, with numerous algorithms developed to address it. A common approach involves using sentence transformers to generate embeddings for both search queries and documents, allowing for the comparison of their vectors. While many different embedding models are widely used, our approach integrates these models with human-crafted knowledge in a novel way, resulting in an improvement in the Mean Average Precision (MAP) scores. Traditional embeddings often rely heavily on the specific words used in a query or document. Our technique mitigates this dependency by refining the vectors to capture the overall semantic meaning, …

Advanced Grasping Sensor Technologies For Autonomous Robotic Apple Harvesting Using Tactile Data And Cnns, Chris Bae

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

This research investigates how to achieve an optimal grasp of an apple using a four-finger soft robotic grasper equipped with force-resistive sensors. Specifically, we sought to determine whether a convolutional neural network (CNN) could accurately classify the grasper's state and recommend adjustments ("in," "out," or "good" grasp) based on tactile data from the sensors. Spatiotemporal tactile images were developed from the sensors and fed into our CNN, achieving near 100% accuracy on unseen test data. This work suggests that CNN-based processing of tactile images can be a powerful tool for real-time control of soft robotic grippers.

Cryogenic Fuel Applications To Sustainable Commercial Aircraft, Jack R. Kisling, Lillian Panning

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

Finding a source of clean and renewable energy is one of the greatest challenges humanity will face in the 21st century. With populations expanding, developing countries increasing their use of resources, and the rapid and alarming effects of climate change, a shift to a sustainable future is an existential prospect.

The goal of our project is to take the first steps toward getting safety procedures and lab space established, so mechanical engineering senior projects can quickly begin to experiment with cryogenic fuels. They will explore the application of cryogenic fuels to commercial aviation.

Incorporation Of Gnss Technology For Water-Level Instruments, Armaan S. Oberai, Toma Grundler, Serena B. Lee, Stefan A. Talke

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

Our goal was to take an existing water-level measuring embedded system and upgrade the GNSS module for the purpose of getting the elevation of the device within an error of 1 cm. Main milestones for the project included deploying a successful field test at a known survey point, using software-based post processing to improve the GNSS solution point, and implementing robust hardware and software for the water-level embedded system such that it was easily scalable.

Promoting Retention And Success Of Underrepresented Minorities In Engineering, Sebastian Macias-Gonzalez

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

Equity gaps in higher education have long been a pressing concern, with factors like race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influencing college attendance, retention, and success rates. While CSU-wide initiatives have been implemented to reduce these disparities, Cal Poly's distinctive role as the only campus transitioning into a Hispanic-serving institution calls for heightened efforts on our campus. Additionally, the persistence of equity gaps in STEM fields, combined with Cal Poly’s strong engineering program, makes it essential to focus on retaining and supporting underrepresented minorities (URM) in engineering disciplines.

Biomechanical Effects Of Worn-Out Shoe Outsoles And Insoles On The Human Foot, Yuka M. Iwashita, James A. Engebretson, Shreeshan Jena

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

The combination of outsole, midsole and insole layers of new shoes provide proper cushioning to the foot during the daily activities of life. Subsequently, the wear-based degeneration or damage to one or more of these sole layers can reduce the cushioning effect to the plantar surface of the foot. This reduction of cushioning effect can impact the distribution of stress concentration regions along the foot plantar surfaces and lead to foot pathologies. The present proposed research intends to study these effects of shoe-wear on the plantar surface of the human foot, using FEA (ABAQUS) and experimental methods. Commonly, the worn-out …

This Is An Automated Software Platform For Grid Interconnection Of Renewable Energy Resources., Cathy Chen, Lani Nguyen

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

To help curb climate change, the United States is rapidly electrifying many sectors of the energy economy, such as transportation (electric vehicles) and home heating (electric heat pumps). Thus, recent years have witnessed an explosion of businesses that want to connect and operate energy resources on the electric grid. However, getting an energy resource connected to the grid is an arduous process that takes years or more, requires specialized technical knowledge, and requires navigating complex and varying regulatory procedures. This project will develop a software platform that leverages AI and high-performance computing to automate and accelerate grid interconnection and energy …

Development Of Python Library For Spacecraft Modeling, Shreya Kale

College of Engineering Summer Undergraduate Research Program

This project involved developing a python library to be used in modeling spacecraft attitude dynamics and control