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Articles 2011 - 2040 of 2359

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Cycle Life Modeling Of Lithium-Ion Batteries, Gang Ning, Branko N. Popov Jan 2004

Cycle Life Modeling Of Lithium-Ion Batteries, Gang Ning, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

A first-principles-based charge-discharge model was developed to simulate the capacity fade of Li-ion batteries. The model is based on the loss of active lithium ions due to solvent reduction reaction and on the rise of the anode film resistance. The effect of parameters such as exchange current density, depth of discharge (DOD), end of charge voltage, film resistance, and the overvoltage of parasitic reaction were studied quantitatively. The model controls the required DOD by controlling the discharge time and estimates the end of discharge voltages as a function of cycle number.

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Development Of First Principles Capacity Fade Model For Li-Ion Cells, P. Ramadass, Bala Haran, Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, Ralph E. White, Branko N. Popov Jan 2004

Development Of First Principles Capacity Fade Model For Li-Ion Cells, P. Ramadass, Bala Haran, Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, Ralph E. White, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

A first principles-based model has been developed to simulate the capacity fade of Li-ion batteries. Incorporation of a continuous occurrence of the solvent reduction reaction during constant current and constant voltage (CC-CV) charging explains the capacity fade of the battery. The effect of parameters such as end of charge voltage and depth of discharge, the film resistance, the exchange current density, and the over voltage of the parasitic reaction on the capacity fade and battery performance were studied qualitatively. The parameters that were updated for every cycle as a result of the side reaction were state-of-charge of the electrode materials …

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Development Of Novel Method For Preparation Of Pemfc Electrodes, Hansung Kim, Branko N. Popov Jan 2004

Development Of Novel Method For Preparation Of Pemfc Electrodes, Hansung Kim, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

A method based on pulse electrodeposition technique was developed for preparation of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). In this approach, platinum is deposited directly on the surface of the carbon electrode. The method ensures most of the platinum to be in close contact with the membrane. Using this method it is possible to increase the Pt/C ratio up to 75 wt % near the surface of the electrode resulting in a 5 µm thick catalyst layer. The MEA prepared by pulse electrodeposition exhibits a current density of 0.33 A/cm2 at 0.8 V with platinum loading of 0.25 mg of Pt/cm …

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Solvent Diffusion Model For Aging Of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells, Harry J. Ploehn, Premanand Ramadass, Ralph E. White Jan 2004

Solvent Diffusion Model For Aging Of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells, Harry J. Ploehn, Premanand Ramadass, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

This work presents a rigorous continuum mechanics model of solvent diffusion describing the growth of solid-electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) in Li-ion cells incorporating carbon anodes. The model assumes that a reactive solvent component diffuses through the SEI and undergoes two-electron reduction at the carbon-SEI interface. Solvent reduction produces an insoluble product, resulting in increasing SEI thickness. The model predicts that the SEI thickness increases linearly with the square root of time. Experimental data from the literature for capacity loss in two types of prototype Li-ion cells validates the solvent diffusion model. We use the model to estimate SEI thickness and extract …

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Double-Scaled Potential Profile In A Group-Iii Nitride Alloy Revealed By Monte Carlo Simulation Of Exciton Hopping, K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Zukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, Grigory Simin, M. S. Shur, R. Gaska Nov 2003

Double-Scaled Potential Profile In A Group-Iii Nitride Alloy Revealed By Monte Carlo Simulation Of Exciton Hopping, K. Kazlauskas, G. Tamulaitis, A. Zukauskas, M. A. Khan, J. W. Yang, J. Zhang, Grigory Simin, M. S. Shur, R. Gaska

Faculty Publications

The temperature dependences of the peak position and width of the photoluminescence band in Al0.1In0.01Ga0.89N layers were explained by Monte Carlo simulation of exciton localization and hopping. The introduction of a doubled-scaled potential profile due to inhomogeneous distribution of indium allowed obtaining a good quantitative fit of the experimental data. Hopping of excitons was assumed to occur through localized states distributed on a 16 meV energy scale within the In-rich clusters with the average energy in these clusters dispersed on a larger (42 meV) scale.

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Synergetic Control For Dc-Dc Boost Converter: Implementation Options, Enrico Santi, Antonello Monti, Donghong Li, Karthik Proddutur, Roger A. Dougal Nov 2003

Synergetic Control For Dc-Dc Boost Converter: Implementation Options, Enrico Santi, Antonello Monti, Donghong Li, Karthik Proddutur, Roger A. Dougal

Faculty Publications

The theory of synergetic control was introduced in a power electronics context in a previous paper. In this paper, we review the theory, then focus on some practical aspects with reference to both simulations and actual hardware. In particular, we address management of the current limit condition and solve it with several different approaches. Adaptive and other control laws are also introduced to improve the control performance. The various controls are evaluated by applying the classical voltage reference step test and the step load test.

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Design Of A Multiband Internal Antenna For Third Generation Mobile Phone Handsets, Mohammod Ali, Gerard James Hayes, Huan-Sheng Hwang, Robert A. Sadler Jul 2003

Design Of A Multiband Internal Antenna For Third Generation Mobile Phone Handsets, Mohammod Ali, Gerard James Hayes, Huan-Sheng Hwang, Robert A. Sadler

Faculty Publications

A multiband internal antenna is introduced. The antenna consists of a driven meander-line element and two parasitic elements. The design is particularly unique since it supports the third generation mobile phone handsets where multiband operation is greatly desired. The proposed antenna operates effectively in the aMPS 800 (824-894 MHz), GSM 900 (880-960 MHz), and GSM 1900 (1850-1990 MHz) bands within 2.5:1 (voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Detail design criteria with respect to geometrical parameter variation are given. Experimental data (VSWR and pattern) obtained from a laboratory prototype are also presented.

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Design And Testing Of Spacecraft Power Systems Using Vtb, Zhenhua Jiang, Shengyi Liu, Roger A. Dougal Jul 2003

Design And Testing Of Spacecraft Power Systems Using Vtb, Zhenhua Jiang, Shengyi Liu, Roger A. Dougal

Faculty Publications

A study is presented on the design and testing of spacecraft power systems using the virtual test bed (VTB). The interdisciplinary components such as solar array and battery systems were first modeled in native VTB format and validated by experiment data. The shunt regulator and battery charge controller were designed in Simulink according to the system requirements and imported to VTB. Two spacecraft power systems were then designed and tested together with the control systems.

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Thermal Management Of Algan-Gan Hfets On Sapphire Using Flip-Chip Bonding With Epoxy Underfill, Jie Sun, H. Fatima, Alexei Koudymov, A. Chitnis, X. Hu, H.-M Wang, J. Zhang, Grigory Simin, J. Yang, Asif Khan Jun 2003

Thermal Management Of Algan-Gan Hfets On Sapphire Using Flip-Chip Bonding With Epoxy Underfill, Jie Sun, H. Fatima, Alexei Koudymov, A. Chitnis, X. Hu, H.-M Wang, J. Zhang, Grigory Simin, J. Yang, Asif Khan

Faculty Publications

Self-heating imposes the major limitation on the output power of GaN-based HFETs on sapphire or SiC. SiC substrates allow for a simple device thermal management scheme; however, they are about a factor 20-100 higher in cost than sapphire. Sapphire substrates of diameters exceeding 4 in are easily available but the heat removal through the substrate is inefficient due to its low thermal conductivity. The authors demonstrate that the thermal impedance of GaN based HFETs over sapphire substrates can be significantly reduced by implementing flip-chip bonding with thermal conductive epoxy,underfill. They also show that in sapphire-based flip-chip mounted devices the heat …

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Image Segmentation With Ratio Cut, Song Wang, Jeffrey Mark Siskind Jun 2003

Image Segmentation With Ratio Cut, Song Wang, Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Faculty Publications

This paper proposes a new cost function, cut ratio, for segmenting images using graph-based methods. The cut ratio is defined as the ratio of the corresponding sums of two different weights of edges along the cut boundary and models the mean affinity between the segments separated by the boundary per unit boundary length. This new cost function allows the image perimeter to be segmented, guarantees that the segments produced by bipartitioning are connected, and does not introduce a size, shape, smoothness, or boundary-length bias. The latter allows it to produce segmentations where boundaries are aligned with image edges. Furthermore, the …

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Rapid Prototyping Of Digital Controls For Power Electronics, Antonello Monti, Enrico Santi, Roger A. Dougal, Marco Riva May 2003

Rapid Prototyping Of Digital Controls For Power Electronics, Antonello Monti, Enrico Santi, Roger A. Dougal, Marco Riva

Faculty Publications

The process for designing digital controls for power electronics is typically quite convoluted and affords many opportunities for errors to occur. We present here a new and complete, method for rapid prototyping of digital controls that allows rapid realization of new designs. The approach uses a collection of tools that include both software (the virtual test bed (VTB) and Matlab/Simulink) and hardware (dSpace DSP). An example application of the methodology completes the discussion.

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Algan/Gan Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors On Single-Crystal Bulk Aln, X. Hu, J. Deng, N. Pala, R. Gaska, M. S. Shur, C. Q. Chen, J. Yang, Grigory Simin, M. A. Khan, J. C. Rojo, L. J. Schowalter Feb 2003

Algan/Gan Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors On Single-Crystal Bulk Aln, X. Hu, J. Deng, N. Pala, R. Gaska, M. S. Shur, C. Q. Chen, J. Yang, Grigory Simin, M. A. Khan, J. C. Rojo, L. J. Schowalter

Faculty Publications

We report on the performance of AlGaN/GaN/AlN heterostructurefield-effect transistors(HFETs) grown over slightly-off c-axis, single-crystal, bulk AlN substrates. Dc and rf characteristics of these devices were comparable to HFETs grown on semi-insulating SiC. The obtained results demonstrate that bulk AlN substrates are suitable for fabricating high-power microwave AlGaN/GaN transistors.

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Algan/Gan Hemts - Operation In The K-Band And Above, Ioulia P. Smorchkova, M. Wojtowicz, Rajinder Sandhu, R. Tsai, M. Barsky, C. Namba, P.-S. Liu, R. Dia, Minhdao Truong, D. Ko, J. Wang, H. Wange, Asif Khan Feb 2003

Algan/Gan Hemts - Operation In The K-Band And Above, Ioulia P. Smorchkova, M. Wojtowicz, Rajinder Sandhu, R. Tsai, M. Barsky, C. Namba, P.-S. Liu, R. Dia, Minhdao Truong, D. Ko, J. Wang, H. Wange, Asif Khan

Faculty Publications

We report on the power and microwave noise performance of AlGan/GaN high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) at frequencies f > 18 GHz (K- and Ka-bands). At 20 GHz, a record continuous-wave output power of 1.6 W has been achieved on an eight-finger 500-mum total gate-periphery device. At 29 GHz, a 120-mum gate-periphery device showed a pulsed output density of 1.6 W/mm with an associated gain of 6.7 dB and power-added efficiency of 26%. Minimum noise figure of 1.5 dB has been achieved on a 0.2 mum x 200 mum device at 26 GHz. The data demonstrate the viability of AlGan/GaN HEMTs for …

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Time-Resolved Electroluminescence Of Algan-Based Light-Emitting Diodes With Emission At 285 Nm, M. Shatalov, A. Chitnis, V. Mandavilli, R. Pachipulusu, J. P. Zhang, V. Adivarahan, S. Wu, Grigory Simin, M. Asif Khan, G. Tamulaitis, A. Sereika, I. Yilmaz, M. S. Shur, R. Gaska Jan 2003

Time-Resolved Electroluminescence Of Algan-Based Light-Emitting Diodes With Emission At 285 Nm, M. Shatalov, A. Chitnis, V. Mandavilli, R. Pachipulusu, J. P. Zhang, V. Adivarahan, S. Wu, Grigory Simin, M. Asif Khan, G. Tamulaitis, A. Sereika, I. Yilmaz, M. S. Shur, R. Gaska

Faculty Publications

We present a study on the time evolution of the electroluminescence(EL)spectra of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes(LEDs) under pulsed current pumping. The ELspectra peaks at 285 nm and 330 nm are found to result from recombination involving band-to-band and free carriers to deep acceptor level transitions. The 330 nm long-wavelength transitions to deep acceptor levels in the p-AlGaN layer as well as the nonradiative processes significantly influence the LED internal quantum efficiency.

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Study Of Ionic Conductivity Profiles Of The Air Cathode Of A Pemfc By Ac Impedance Spectroscopy, Qingzhi Guo, Maria Cayetana, Yu-Min Tsou, Emory S. De Castro, Ralph E. White Jan 2003

Study Of Ionic Conductivity Profiles Of The Air Cathode Of A Pemfc By Ac Impedance Spectroscopy, Qingzhi Guo, Maria Cayetana, Yu-Min Tsou, Emory S. De Castro, Ralph E. White

Faculty Publications

A characterization of the ionic conduction of the active layer of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode by ac impedance measurement at open-circuit potential conditions was conducted. Porous electrode theory was used to derive a compact equation, ∂2Φ̑2/∂y2+∂lnf(y)/∂y×∂Φ̑2/∂y−R/f(y)(1+jΩ)Φ̑2=0, to solve for the impedance response of a cathode at open-circuit potential conditions. This equation includes a parameter R, the ratio of an ionic resistance (evaluated at the active layer/membrane interface), to the total charge-transfer resistance of the active layer. The influence of an assumed ionic conductivity distribution profile f(y) on the error in the estimation of total double-layer …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Mno2-Based Mixed Oxides As Supercapacitors, Hansung Kim, Branko N. Popov Jan 2003

Synthesis And Characterization Of Mno2-Based Mixed Oxides As Supercapacitors, Hansung Kim, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

Mn/Pb and Mn/Ni mixed oxide were prepared at ambient temperature by reduction of KMnO4 with Mn, Pb, and Ni salts. This low-temperature approach provides amorphous structure of the active material. The specific capacitance of pure MnO2 was estimated to be 166 F/g and increased to 210 and 185 F/g for Mn/Ni and Mn/Pb oxides, respectively. The carbon loading was optimized at 20 wt %. Based on a single electrode, the Mn/Ni mixed oxide showed a high rate capability of 3.12 Wh/kg at constant power discharge of 1 kW/kg.

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Corrosion Protection Of Steel Using Nonanomalous Ni-Zn-P Coatings, Basker Veeraraghavan, Bala Haran, Swaminatha P. Kumaraguru, Branko N. Popov Jan 2003

Corrosion Protection Of Steel Using Nonanomalous Ni-Zn-P Coatings, Basker Veeraraghavan, Bala Haran, Swaminatha P. Kumaraguru, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

A novel technique for obtaining nonanomalous Ni-Zn-P coatings with high Ni content (74 wt % as compared to 15-20 wt % in the conventional plating method) has been developed. These coatings show promise as a replacement for Cd in sacrificially protecting steel. Ni-Zn-P coatings were deposited using an electroless method from a solution containing NiSO4, complexing agent and ammonium chloride. Varying the concentration of ZnSO4 in the bath controls the final amount of Zn in the deposit. The Zn content in the coating was optimized based on the corrosion resistance of the final deposit. Coatings with 16.2 …

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Full Cell Mathematical Model Of A Mcfc, N. Subramanian, B. S. Haran, Ralph E. White, Branko N. Popov Jan 2003

Full Cell Mathematical Model Of A Mcfc, N. Subramanian, B. S. Haran, Ralph E. White, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

A theoretical model for the molten carbonate fuel cell was developed based on the three-phase homogeneous approach. Using this model, the contribution of different cell components to losses in cell performance has been studied. In general, at low current densities, the electrolyte matrix contributed to the major fraction of potential losses. Mass transfer effects became important at high current densities and were more prominent at the cathode. Electrolyte conductivity and cathode exchange current density seemed to play a limiting role in determining cell performance. Using the model, the maximum power density from a single cell for different cell thicknesses was …

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Thermally Stable Gel Polymer Electrolytes, Min-Kyu Song, Young-Taek Kim, Yong Tae Kim, Byung Won Cho, Branko N. Popov, Hee-Woo Rhee Jan 2003

Thermally Stable Gel Polymer Electrolytes, Min-Kyu Song, Young-Taek Kim, Yong Tae Kim, Byung Won Cho, Branko N. Popov, Hee-Woo Rhee

Faculty Publications

To prepare miscible polyethylene glycol diacrylate/polyvinylidene fluoride (PEGDA/PVdF) blend gel polymer electrolytes, low molecular weight (M = 742) liquid PEGDA oligomer was mixed with PVdF-HFP dissolved in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/LiPF6 liquid electrolytes, and then cured under ultraviolet irradiation. Room temperature conductivity of PEGDA/PVdF blend films was found to be comparable to that of PVdF-HFP gel polymer electrolytes, and they were electrochemically stable up to 4.6 V vs. Li/Li+. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that PEGDA/PVdF blend electrolytes have pore size intermediate between dense PEGDA and highly porous PVdF-HFP. It was confirmed by weight change measurement that liquid electrolyte …

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Development Of A Novel Electrochemical Method To Deposit High Corrosion Resistant Silicate Layers On Metal Substrates, Basker Veeraraghavan, Bala Haran, Dragan Slavkov, Swaminatha Prabhu, Branko N. Popov, Bob Heimann Jan 2003

Development Of A Novel Electrochemical Method To Deposit High Corrosion Resistant Silicate Layers On Metal Substrates, Basker Veeraraghavan, Bala Haran, Dragan Slavkov, Swaminatha Prabhu, Branko N. Popov, Bob Heimann

Faculty Publications

A novel method for electrodepositing silicates on metallic substrates from aqueous solutions has been developed. The technique is demonstrated by forming a passive film on galvanized steel. The silicate layer was deposited cathodically from a bath containing PQ Corporation N sodium silicate solution (3.22 weight ratio sodium silicate, 37.5% solution in water). A post-treatment drying process increased the Si content in the coating and improved the corrosion characteristics of the silicate layer. Deposition parameters like bath concentration and temperature have been optimized using corrosion characteristics and surface morphology of the final coating. Finally, stability studies show that the silicate coatings …

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Polyetheretherketone Membranes For Elevated Temperature Pemfcs, Balasubramanian Lakshmanan, Wayne Huang, David Olmeijer, John W. Weidner Jan 2003

Polyetheretherketone Membranes For Elevated Temperature Pemfcs, Balasubramanian Lakshmanan, Wayne Huang, David Olmeijer, John W. Weidner

Faculty Publications

Membrane electrode assemblies ~MEAs! made from polyetheretherketone ~PEEK! showed excellent fuel cell performance and thermal stability in the presence of substantial CO at elevated temperatures ~i.e., 120°C! in proton exchange membrane fuel cells ~PEMFCs!. For example, the current from a MEA made from PEEK membrane at 0.6 V and 120°C was 0.50 A/cm2 when run on pure hydrogen and 0.45 A/cm2 when run on reformate ~50% H2 , 1300 ppm CO, and balance N2). The current density from a MEA made from Nafion at 0.6 V and 120°C was 0.61 A/cm2 when run on pure hydrogen. The main difference between …

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Identity Management, Duncan A. Buell, Ravi Sandhu Jan 2003

Identity Management, Duncan A. Buell, Ravi Sandhu

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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The Sentient Web, Michael N. Huhns Jan 2003

The Sentient Web, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

In a startling revelation, a team of university scientists has reported that a network of computers has become conscious and sentient, and is beginning to assume control of online information system. In spite of the ominous tone typically chosen for dramatic effect, a sentient Web would be more helpful and much easier for people to use. An agent is an active, persistent software component that perceives, reasons, and acts, and whose actions include communication. Agents inherently take intentional actions based on sensory information and memories of past actions. All agents have necessary communication ability, but they do not necessarily possess …

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The Zen Of The Web, Jeff Heflin, Michael N. Huhns Jan 2003

The Zen Of The Web, Jeff Heflin, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Commitments Among Agents, Ashok U. Mallya, Michael N. Huhns Jan 2003

Commitments Among Agents, Ashok U. Mallya, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

Commitments are a powerful representation for modeling multiagent interactions. Previous approaches have considered the semantics of commitments and how to check compliance with them. However, these approaches do not capture some of the subtleties that arise in real-life applications such as e-commerce, in which contracts and institutions have implicit temporal references. In this column, we describe a rich representation for the temporal content of commitments that lets us capture realistic contracts and avoid ambiguities. Consequently, this approach lets us reason about whether, and at what point, a commitment is satisfied or breached, and whether it is or ever becomes unenforceable.

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Being And Acting Rational, Michael N. Huhns Jan 2003

Being And Acting Rational, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

Rationality alone is insufficient to specify agent design. Using economic theory, we can program agents to behave in ways that maximize their utility while responding to environmental changes. However, economic models for agents, although general in principle, are typically limited in practice because the value functions that are tractable essentially reduce an agent to acting selfishly. Building a stable social system from a collection of agents motivated by self-serving interests is difficult. Finally, understanding rationality and knowledge requires interdisciplinary results from artificial intelligence, distributed.

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Massive Deliberation, William H. Turkett Jr., John R. Rose, Michael N. Huhns Jan 2003

Massive Deliberation, William H. Turkett Jr., John R. Rose, Michael N. Huhns

Faculty Publications

Agents are proliferating on the Web, making it conceivable that their collective reasoning ability might someday be harnessed for robust decision-making. The hope is that massive deliberation power can soon help solve problems that require knowledge, reasoning, and intelligence. Until recently, working individually or in small groups, agents across the Web could barely communicate and could only reason under conditions of severely bounded rationality. Projects such as Agentcities showed that widespread heterogeneous agents could collaborate on specific predefined tasks and provide diverse agent-based services. When the tasks are dynamic, of long duration, and ill defined, however, success requires planning that …

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Theoretical Analysis For Obtaining Physical Properties Of Composite Electrodes, Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, John W. Weidner, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Andrew P. Saab Jan 2003

Theoretical Analysis For Obtaining Physical Properties Of Composite Electrodes, Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, John W. Weidner, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Andrew P. Saab

Faculty Publications

A theoretical analysis is presented that allows in situ measurements of the physical properties of a composite electrode, namely, the electronic conductivity, the ionic conductivity, the exchange-current density, and the double-layer capacitance. Use is made of the current-voltage responses of the composite electrode to dc and ac polarizations under three different experimental configurations. This analysis allows the physical properties to be obtained even when the various resistances in the composite (e.g., ionic, electronic, and charge-transfer) are of comparable values.

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Modeling Heat Conduction In Spiral Geometries, Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, Ralph E. White, John W. Weidner Jan 2003

Modeling Heat Conduction In Spiral Geometries, Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, Ralph E. White, John W. Weidner

Faculty Publications

A two-dimensional (2-D) energy balance (the 2D model) is reduced to a one-dimensioanl (1-D) energy balance (the 1D-radial-spiral model) by a coordinate transformation approach. The 1D-radial-spiral model, even though 1-D, captures both radial and spiral heat conductions over a wide range of design parameters. By comparing the temperature predictions of the 1D-radial-spiral model and the 2D model, parameter ranges were identified where spiral conduction was important and where the 1D-radial-spiral model held. The 1D-radial-spiral model provided a sixtyfold savings in computation time over the 2D model. When coupled to electrochemistry, the 2D model took approximately 20 h to simulate a …

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Analysis Of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Performance Using A Three-Phase Homogeneous Model, N. Subramanian, B. S. Haran, P. Ganesan, Ralph E. White, Branko N. Popov Jan 2003

Analysis Of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Performance Using A Three-Phase Homogeneous Model, N. Subramanian, B. S. Haran, P. Ganesan, Ralph E. White, Branko N. Popov

Faculty Publications

In this study a three-phase homogeneous model was developed to simulate the performance of the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) cathode. The homogeneous model is based on volume averaging of different variables in the three phases over a small volume element. This approach can be used to model porous electrodes as it represents the real system much better than the conventional agglomerate model. Using the homogeneous model the polarization characteristics of the MCFC cathode was studied under different operating conditions.

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