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University of South Carolina

Theses and Dissertations

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Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Harnessing Surrogate Modeling And Machine Learning For Management Of Water Resources And Environmental Systems, Mahdi Erfani Oct 2023

Harnessing Surrogate Modeling And Machine Learning For Management Of Water Resources And Environmental Systems, Mahdi Erfani

Theses and Dissertations

In a world characterized by increasing and more frequent climate extreme events, population growth, and limited opportunities for infrastructural expansion, the imperative for more efficient and resilient planning, design, and operation of water resources and environmental systems has never been more apparent. Moreover, the emergence of high-dimensional data and the demand for quick and informed decision-making have created a critical challenge for the operation and management of these systems. To address these issues effectively, the ability to rapidly grasp and accelerate the analysis of this data is paramount, and this necessitates the innovative use of machine learning and surrogate modeling …

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Field And Laboratory Characterization Of Subgrade Resilient Modulus For The Aashtoware Pavement Me, Kazi Moninul Islam Oct 2023

Field And Laboratory Characterization Of Subgrade Resilient Modulus For The Aashtoware Pavement Me, Kazi Moninul Islam

Theses and Dissertations

The new Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) uses the subgrade resilient modulus (MR) as the key input parameter to represent the subgrade soil behavior for pavement design. This research focused on field and laboratory characterization of subgrade resilient modulus assessing the effects of predicted distresses and IRI on the flexible pavement. The results of this study are presented in the form of three chapters and peer-reviewed journal manuscripts. Firstly (Chapter 3), MR was obtained indirectly from Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data using a back-calculation tool (i.e., SCDOT, BAKFAA, and AASHTOWare 2017) or from empirical correlations with soil index properties. MR …

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Evaluation Of The Dynamic Response Of Gravelly Soil Under Different Drainage Conditions, Pressley Margaret Perry Oct 2023

Evaluation Of The Dynamic Response Of Gravelly Soil Under Different Drainage Conditions, Pressley Margaret Perry

Theses and Dissertations

Throughout history in the field of geotechnical earthquake engineering, there have been numerous experimental investigations on the dynamic behavior of soils. Many of these efforts have been focused on sand and silty sand material due to their susceptibility to liquefaction phenomena. However, gravelly soil material (i.e., soil in which gradation contains primarily gravel and sand) has exhibited this phenomenon in response to earthquake loading in many case histories. Therefore, it is important to extend the experimental assessment of gravelly soil material to develop a better understanding of the cyclic response and to support the development of numerical models. This study …

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Insights Into Supported Metal Catalyst Sintering And Their Application For Bio-Oil And Crude Oil Upgradation, Md Fakhruddin Patwary Oct 2023

Insights Into Supported Metal Catalyst Sintering And Their Application For Bio-Oil And Crude Oil Upgradation, Md Fakhruddin Patwary

Theses and Dissertations

Typical heterogeneous catalysts consist of transition metal nanoparticles anchored against sintering on an inert, porous, high temperature stable support. The synthesis of supported catalyst involves pretreatment (drying, reduction) of deposited, ionic metal precursor complexes to form metal nanoparticles. In the first part of this work, we aim to understand the influence of pretreatment (reduction temperature, heating rate, moisture content) on final particle size. Supported nanoparticles of Pt and Pd were synthesized by strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) and dry impregnation (DI). Reduced samples were characterized by in-situ and ex-situ XRD and STEM. The DI-derived samples generally showed an expected increase of …

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Leveraging Inflammatory Responses Toward Advancing Alzheimer’S Disease Treatments And Biomaterial Implantation, Mihyun Lim Waugh Oct 2023

Leveraging Inflammatory Responses Toward Advancing Alzheimer’S Disease Treatments And Biomaterial Implantation, Mihyun Lim Waugh

Theses and Dissertations

Inflammation is a body’s physiological response to pathogens, foreign materials, or tissue injury. When immune system is triggered, activated leukocytes produce cytokines and chemokines that promote migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the inflammatory regions. At early stages of injury, acute inflammation occurs immediately to fight off the pathogens and restore tissues to homeostasis. However, if the inflammation-inducing stimulus is not removed and thus cells and tissues do not return to its homeostatic state, the prolonged inflammatory responses become a chronic condition. Recent studies have indicated that the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a key receptor of innate immune …

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Particle-Free High Spatial Resolution Velocimetry For Slip Flow Detection, Malhar Prasad Joshi Oct 2023

Particle-Free High Spatial Resolution Velocimetry For Slip Flow Detection, Malhar Prasad Joshi

Theses and Dissertations

Microfluidic systems have a wide range of applications, including biomedical devices, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and aerospace propulsion. Understanding and quantifying the slip flow phenomenon in these microscale and nanoscale channels is of paramount importance for precise control and optimization of fluidic processes. Our study presents a novel approach to directly measure the velocities in a microchannel using Laser Induced Fluorescence Photobleaching Anemometer (LIFPA) and Travel Time After Photobleaching Velocimetry (TTAPV). In this experimental study, microchannels with micrometer dimensions were used, and slip flow conditions controlled. The LIFPA-TTAPV approach was applied to measure slip velocities in the near wall regime, providing accurate …

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Polybenzimidazole Membranes For Electrochemical Applications With Harsh Operating Conditions, Kris Likit-Anurak Oct 2023

Polybenzimidazole Membranes For Electrochemical Applications With Harsh Operating Conditions, Kris Likit-Anurak

Theses and Dissertations

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are high temperature proton exchange membranes (PEMs) which have advantages such as being able to operate in high temperatures, strong acid environments, and have no need for external humidity during operation. PBI membranes have been demonstrated to work effectively in multiple electrochemical devices, including fuel cells, hydrogen separation pumps, redox flow batteries, and a hybrid sulfur electrolyzer. In this work, para-PBI and densified para-PBI membrane have been used to improve electrochemical performance in harsh operating conditions that are both high temperature (≥120 ̊C) and high acid concentration (≥ 5M). First, we demonstrated the use of para-PBI membranes …

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Water Quality Monitoring And Mapping Using Rapidly Deployable Sensor Nodes, Mohamed Abdelwahab Oct 2023

Water Quality Monitoring And Mapping Using Rapidly Deployable Sensor Nodes, Mohamed Abdelwahab

Theses and Dissertations

Efficient and continuous monitoring of water quality parameters plays a pivotal role in responding to pollution incidents and ensuring the safety of both human consumption and ecological resources. This research introduces an affordable and dependable in-situ water quality sensor package designed for seamless continuous monitoring, providing essential data to facilitate informed decision-making in water resource management. The sensor package enables comprehensive on-site assessment of key water characteristics, including pH, temperature, turbidity (measured in NTU), and total dissolved solids (TDS, measured in ppm). Spatial interpolation techniques, specifically Kriging, are employed to extrapolate variable values at unobserved locations based on nearby measurements. …

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Load Determination, Strengthening, And Behavior Study Of Prestressed Concrete Channel Bridge Girders In South Carolina, Elhussien Khaled Elbatanouny Oct 2023

Load Determination, Strengthening, And Behavior Study Of Prestressed Concrete Channel Bridge Girders In South Carolina, Elhussien Khaled Elbatanouny

Theses and Dissertations

The South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) is currently engaged in a multi-year effort to assess the structural integrity of its inventory of over 9,000 bridges. This assessment process is expected to result in an increase in the number of bridges that require load postings, repairs, or replacements across South Carolina. This could potentially lead to adverse economic repercussions due to restricted truck routes, bridge closures, repair work, and the need for bridge replacements. To alleviate the escalating costs associated with these challenges, it is imperative to explore methods aimed at reducing the need for load postings and bridge closures …

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Acoustic-Emission Monitoring Of Lap Joint Fatigue Cracks, Siddharth Kannan Oct 2023

Acoustic-Emission Monitoring Of Lap Joint Fatigue Cracks, Siddharth Kannan

Theses and Dissertations

Structural integrity is a pivotal consideration in the field of engineering applications, and understanding the behavior of materials and joints under various loading conditions is critical. This thesis presents a novel approach to detect and analyze fatigue induced cracks in various test specimens using Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors. This approach is widely used in Structural Health Monitoring applications involving acoustic emissions that can be captured using PWAS which in turn gives the surface response to applied stresses. The ultimate goal of the research is to identify the length of a fatigue crack originating from lap joints and to develop a …

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Probabilistic Cable Aging Diagnosis And Prognosis With Reflectometry And Capacitance Methods, Xuan Wang Oct 2023

Probabilistic Cable Aging Diagnosis And Prognosis With Reflectometry And Capacitance Methods, Xuan Wang

Theses and Dissertations

Safe and reliable operation of power plants and power transmission are critical to economy and society. Cables in power generation and transmission are subject to various thermal, chemical, and mechanical stresses, which generally lead to aging and degradation of cable insulation. It is reported that some cables with a projected lifetime of 40 years need to be replaced in 10-15 years. Poorly maintained aged cables can adversely affect power delivery and lead to catastrophic events, such as blackout, fires, and loss of lives. The current research on cable is mainly focused on the detection and localization of hard faults, which …

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Electric Freight Transportation System Planning And Truck Operation Optimizations, Xuanke Wu Oct 2023

Electric Freight Transportation System Planning And Truck Operation Optimizations, Xuanke Wu

Theses and Dissertations

The substantial demand for fossil fuel consumption is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, drawing considerable public attention to health and environmental problems. As a result, vehicle electrification is currently recognized as the most effective approach to reduce CO2 emissions from transportation. However, compared to traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles, electric vehicles have notable disadvantages, including higher upfront purchasing price, longer recharging time, and most significantly, lower driving ranges. All these challenges can potentially result in increased overall operational costs for logistics companies. This thesis proposes a comprehensive optimization modeling framework for electric freight transportation system planning and operations with …

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Engineering Hybrid Colloidal Systems Formed By Charge-Driven Assembly Between Spherical Soft Nanoparticles And Discotic Nanoplatelets, Gelareh Rezvan Oct 2023

Engineering Hybrid Colloidal Systems Formed By Charge-Driven Assembly Between Spherical Soft Nanoparticles And Discotic Nanoplatelets, Gelareh Rezvan

Theses and Dissertations

Soft matter, a fascinating class of materials, holds a paramount significance in the realm of material design and engineering. Within this broad category, colloidal gels with their unique characteristics have drawn tremendous attention in a variety of applications, spanning from biomedical engineering to oil and gas recovery. Meeting the specific requirements and criteria of these diverse fields necessitates the development of colloidal gels with highly tunable properties to optimize their performance for a wide range of applications. Hence, both scientific and industrial advancement call for more control over the gel properties by exploring novel practical parameters. This dissertation describes an …

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Circularly-Shifted Chirps For Triple Functionality: Communications, Radar, And Computation, Safi Shams Muhtasimul Hoque Oct 2023

Circularly-Shifted Chirps For Triple Functionality: Communications, Radar, And Computation, Safi Shams Muhtasimul Hoque

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation presents circularly-shifted chirps (CSCs), synthesized within orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (OFDM) framework, as a novel solution for integrating radar, communication, and computation functionalities to a wireless network. Firstly, {index modulation (IM)} with circularly-shifted chirps (CSCs) (CSC-IM) for dual-function radar and communication (DFRC) system is discussed. The proposed scheme encodes the information bits with the CSC indices and the phase-shift keying (PSK) symbols. It allows the receiver to exploit the frequency selectivity naturally in fading channels by combining IM and wideband CSCs. It also leverages the fact that a CSC is a constant-envelope signal to achieve a controllable peak-to-mean …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Electrode Materials Of Solid Oxide Cells For Energy Conversion And Storage, Haixia Li Oct 2023

Synthesis And Characterization Of Electrode Materials Of Solid Oxide Cells For Energy Conversion And Storage, Haixia Li

Theses and Dissertations

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) can directly convert chemical energy to electricity in the fuel cell mode and store electricity to chemicals in the electrolysis mode. However, there are still critical barriers, such as energy efficiency and durability, for developing and commercializing SOCs. This dissertation aims to design electrode materials and optimize the cell fabrication process to address the critical barriers for SOCs in energy conversion and energy storage applications. Therefore, one primary focus of the dissertation is to develop robust fuel electrode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with improved sulfur tolerance. In addition, the design of novel fuel …

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Wide View And Line Filter For Enhanced Image Gradient Computation And Edge Determination, Luke Bagan Oct 2023

Wide View And Line Filter For Enhanced Image Gradient Computation And Edge Determination, Luke Bagan

Theses and Dissertations

Edge determination is a challenging yet crucial step in the object detection process for images. It is the first in a multi-step process, serving as the foundation for all subsequent operations. Its accuracy directly affects the success of any future processing techniques and final detection. The challenge of edge detection is derived from a variety of factors, including noise, image sharpness, orientation, empirical parameters, and computational complexity. Many traditional kernel-based operators excel at tackling one of these problems, but trade off their ability to handle others. For example, the popular Sobel operator uses a horizontal and vertical constant high-pass kernel. …

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Material Development And Optimization Of Solid Oxide Cells For Energy Conversion And Storage, Wanhua Wang Oct 2023

Material Development And Optimization Of Solid Oxide Cells For Energy Conversion And Storage, Wanhua Wang

Theses and Dissertations

There has been an increasing interest in clean and renewable energy generation for highlighted energy and environmental concerns. Solid oxide cell (SOC) has been considered as one of the most promising technologies since it can convert chemical energy to electricity in the fuel cell mode and store electricity to chemicals in the electrolysis mode. The present work is devoted to materials development in both oxygen ion conducting SOC (O-SOC) and proton conducting SOC (P-SOC). The objective of this study is to design and optimize the electrolyte and electrode materials for SOC in energy conversion and energy storage applications. One major …

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A Globalized Optimization Schema For Automated Fiber Placement Processing Parameters, Matthew John Godbold Oct 2023

A Globalized Optimization Schema For Automated Fiber Placement Processing Parameters, Matthew John Godbold

Theses and Dissertations

Automated Fiber Placement is an advanced manufacturing technique for industrial-scale composite structures. Advanced robotics coupled with composite manufacturing results in faster and more consistent results than previously obtained through hand layup. The complexity and interconnectedness of the automated fiber placement process provides a difficult challenge for traditional modeling techniques. Modeling within automated fiber placement currently utilizes physics-based modeling to inform the translation of a design to a manufacturing plan. The intricacy of the automated fiber placement process dictates that attempts at modeling or optimizing these processes are often limited in their scope. Physics-based modeling for manufacturing typically involves numerous interacting …

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Studies Of Damage Tolerance In Automated Fiber Placement Based Heterogeneous Meso-Architectured Carbon/ Epoxy Composite Laminates., Karan Kodagali Oct 2023

Studies Of Damage Tolerance In Automated Fiber Placement Based Heterogeneous Meso-Architectured Carbon/ Epoxy Composite Laminates., Karan Kodagali

Theses and Dissertations

Traditional unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites manufactured via automated fiber placement (AFP) are widely used in aerospace structures. While heterogeneous at the micro-scale, these materials are homogeneous at the meso-scale (ply-scale). The major limitation is its limited toughness, poor damage tolerance/impact resistance capability and the inability to sufficiently redistribute stresses, resulting in strength-toughness tradeoffs, making them susceptible to impact damage. From previous studies, there is an understanding that fiber architecture has a first order effect on the damage tolerance. Introducing new discontinuous/heterogeneous meso-scale architectures, through an optimal merger of material and structure, can result in unprecedented property improvements …

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Design Of A Test Frame And Its Corresponding Test Methods For A Deployable Composite Boom, William Luther Montgomery Oct 2023

Design Of A Test Frame And Its Corresponding Test Methods For A Deployable Composite Boom, William Luther Montgomery

Theses and Dissertations

Deployable composite booms (DCB) are an advanced class of support beams growing in applications including solar collectors and solar sails. DCBs can be coiled or folded into a compact footprint and the ability to be deployed, and in some design, concepts redeployed, making them optimal components for aerospace where weight and volume are finite resources. DCBs are a cutting-edge technology that has yet to be perfected with a need for longer booms with increased stiffnesses to accommodate the latest proposed designs. Atomic-6 has proposed a 16-foot boom manufactured using an autoclave process which aims to reach the goal of producing …

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Uav-Deployable Sensing Network For Rapid Structural Health Monitoring, Joud Satme Oct 2023

Uav-Deployable Sensing Network For Rapid Structural Health Monitoring, Joud Satme

Theses and Dissertations

Natural disasters and extreme weather events pose significant threats to the structural integrity and safety of civil and environmental infrastructure. In this context, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) emerges as a pivotal discipline, intersecting engineering, technology, and disaster resilience. SHM's mission is to provide real-time, data-driven insights into the condition of critical infrastructure, encompassing bridges, buildings, dams, and transportation networks. These systems not only expedite assessment, but also wield substantial influence in mitigating catastrophic disasters. As the frequency and intensity of extreme weather conditions escalate due to climate change, the need for robust and proactive SHM strategies becomes increasingly apparent. Moreover, …

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Uncertainty Quantification And Constraint Of Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms Based On Flow Reactor Experiments, Ana Victoria Kock Oct 2023

Uncertainty Quantification And Constraint Of Chemical Kinetic Mechanisms Based On Flow Reactor Experiments, Ana Victoria Kock

Theses and Dissertations

The chemical kinetic model is one of key sub-models for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation for optimizing and designing various combustors/engines. Detailed chemical kinetic models can consist of hundreds of species and thousands of elementary reaction steps. Considering the complexity in these detailed chemical kinetic models, it is important to quantify and minimize the uncertainties in the kinetic parameters. The uncertainties in the kinetic models can then be compared to uncertainties tied to experimental measurements. This approach has been frequently applied for relatively simple combustion parameters (e.g., laminar flame speed, ignition delay time), however it has not been well utilized …

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Structure Property Performance Of Ti3c2 Mxene/Polyelectrolyte Hybrids For Electronic And Electromagnetic Applications, Farivash Gholamirad Oct 2023

Structure Property Performance Of Ti3c2 Mxene/Polyelectrolyte Hybrids For Electronic And Electromagnetic Applications, Farivash Gholamirad

Theses and Dissertations

Hybrid materials based on transition metal carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets have great potential for electronic, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and environmental applications due to the unique combination of considerable electrical conductivity of 4000 to 15000 S.cm-1, abundant surface functional groups (OH, O, F, Cl), and suitable mechanical properties. However, the performance of final products depends not only on the properties of constituent components but also on the morphology of the assembly. The strong repulsive electrical double layer forces among MXene nanosheets make control over their assembly morphology and final properties challenging. To address this challenge, this dissertation focuses on applying …

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Design And Fabrication Of High-Resolution Epitaxial 4h-Sic Metal Insulator Semiconductor Detectors, Omerfaruk Karadavut Oct 2023

Design And Fabrication Of High-Resolution Epitaxial 4h-Sic Metal Insulator Semiconductor Detectors, Omerfaruk Karadavut

Theses and Dissertations

In the last two decades, significant strides have been made in the epitaxial film growth of 4H-silicon carbide (4H-SiC), establishing it as a premier wide bandgap material for radiation detection application under harsh environments. This is primarily attributed to its unique combination of physical properties such as high thermal conductivity, wide bandgap, robust breakdown field, and radiation hardness. Metal/4H-SiC epitaxial layer Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have emerged as reliable radiation detectors for harsh environments. However, the utilization of thicker epitaxial layer devices encounters challenges due to the minimum achievable doping concentration in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers, necessitating higher bias voltages for …

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Simulation-Based Optimization Of A Dc Microgrid: With Machine-Learning-Based Models And Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms, Tyler Van Deese Oct 2023

Simulation-Based Optimization Of A Dc Microgrid: With Machine-Learning-Based Models And Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms, Tyler Van Deese

Theses and Dissertations

The field of economic dispatch (ED) focuses on optimizing power flow in a power system to minimize costs. It has the potential to significantly enhance system effectiveness, and efficiency, and reduce operating costs. Various techniques have been employed to tackle this problem, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. One promising approach is simulation-based optimization (SBO), which allows for accurate modeling of system interactions and improved representation of expected results. However, SBO requires running numerous simulations to identify an optimal solution, and there is a possibility of not achieving the global optimum. This work aims to address these challenges using …

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Understanding The Corrosion And Discharge Behaviour Of Zinc Anodes In Primary Alkaline Batteries, Brian James Lenhart Oct 2023

Understanding The Corrosion And Discharge Behaviour Of Zinc Anodes In Primary Alkaline Batteries, Brian James Lenhart

Theses and Dissertations

Primary zinc alkaline batteries power a wide array of everyday use electronic devices such as remote controls, calculators, cameras, and flashlights and will own an appreciable share of the battery market for the foreseeable future. Primary alkaline batteries generally utilize carbon, gas diffusion air, or manganese dioxide cathode but always coupled with a slurry zinc anode. There are several issues with this primary alkaline platform, largely emphasized by the performance of the zinc anode, such as a gassing phenomenon which leads to battery rupture and under certain circumstances, low material utilization leading to low energy density. The gassing and material …

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Robust Deep Learning Models For Multi-Label Image Classification In Limited And Free Annotation Scenarios, Rabab Ezzeldin Rabie Abdelfattah Oct 2023

Robust Deep Learning Models For Multi-Label Image Classification In Limited And Free Annotation Scenarios, Rabab Ezzeldin Rabie Abdelfattah

Theses and Dissertations

This proposal introduces various methods for tackling the challenge of multi-label image classification in different scenarios, including partial labels and free-annotation settings. Multi-label image classification is typically formulated as a partial-label learning problem because it can be expensive to annotate all labels in every training image. Existing partial-label learning approaches typically focus on annotating each training image with only a subset of its labels, including a special case of annotating only one positive label per image. To further alleviate the annotation burden and improve classifier performance, this proposal introduces a new partial-label setting where only a subset of training images …

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Investigation Of Discrepancies In South Carolina Traffic Collision Forms, Jackson Wegmet Oct 2023

Investigation Of Discrepancies In South Carolina Traffic Collision Forms, Jackson Wegmet

Theses and Dissertations

The aim of this thesis is to improve the accuracy of information recorded in the South Carolina traffic collision forms. To accomplish this, it examines 200 forms containing information about fatal crashes in work zones between 2014 and 2020 to determine how many discrepancies exist between the written narrative and other fields. In addition to obtaining these statistics, this thesis seeks to identify factors that influence discrepancies. To test the hypothesis that crash complexity and weather influence the investigating officer’s level of processing (a theory developed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972), and consequentially his/her ability to complete the traffic …

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Rapid Prediction Of Phonon Density Of States By Graph Neural Network And High-Throughput Screening Of Candidate Substrates For Wide Bandgap Electronic Cooling, Mohammed Saif Ali Al-Fahdi Oct 2023

Rapid Prediction Of Phonon Density Of States By Graph Neural Network And High-Throughput Screening Of Candidate Substrates For Wide Bandgap Electronic Cooling, Mohammed Saif Ali Al-Fahdi

Theses and Dissertations

Machine learning has demonstrated superior performance in predicting vast materials properties. However, predicting a continuous material property such as phonon density of states (DOS) is more challenging for machine learning due to the inherent issues of data smoothing and sensitivity to peak positions. In this work, phonon DOS of 2,931 inorganic cubic structures with 63 unique elements from the Open Quantum Materials Database are calculated by high precision density functional theory (DFT). With these training data, we build an equivariant graph neural network (GNN) for total phonon DOS of crystalline materials that utilizes site positions and atomic species as input …

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Heterogeneous Catalyst Design For Biomass Conversion, Dia Sahsah Oct 2023

Heterogeneous Catalyst Design For Biomass Conversion, Dia Sahsah

Theses and Dissertations

Catalytic upgrading of bio-based feedstocks to commodity chemicals and fuels is pivotal to a more sustainable, renewable, and environmentally benign chemical economy. However, due to the high oxygen content, high water solubility, excessive reactivity, and thermal instability, typical and well-developed catalytic material and reactor processes reliably utilized in conventional petrochemical industry are, in general, not suitable for the processing of biomass feedstocks. Therefore, the development of novel heterogeneous catalysts is necessary in order to design new high-performance catalytic reactor systems. However, rational catalyst design is a multifaceted problem, and a myriad of factors influencing the catalytic performance at the reactor …

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