Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Curriculum and Instruction (6384)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (3808)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (3776)
- Higher Education (3650)
- Arts and Humanities (2361)
-
- Curriculum and Social Inquiry (2024)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (1982)
- Educational Leadership (1634)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (1610)
- Other Education (1375)
- Educational Psychology (1364)
- Science and Mathematics Education (1337)
- Disability and Equity in Education (1298)
- Elementary Education (1250)
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (1223)
- Liberal Studies (1096)
- Instructional Media Design (1047)
- Secondary Education (1005)
- Special Education and Teaching (1003)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (977)
- Online and Distance Education (948)
- Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education (899)
- Elementary Education and Teaching (859)
- Language and Literacy Education (832)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (824)
- Higher Education Administration (820)
- English Language and Literature (818)
- Adult and Continuing Education (774)
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (991)
- Central Washington University (712)
- Bank Street College of Education (517)
- Liberty University (514)
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville (414)
-
- Nova Southeastern University (325)
- Georgia Southern University (315)
- California State University, San Bernardino (305)
- University of South Florida (299)
- Illinois Math and Science Academy (289)
- Eastern Illinois University (279)
- Old Dominion University (242)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (212)
- Morehead State University (212)
- Illinois State University (207)
- Western Michigan University (205)
- Technological University Dublin (197)
- Edith Cowan University (191)
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale (155)
- University of Central Florida (148)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (145)
- Portland State University (142)
- St. John's University (140)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (139)
- University of South Carolina (139)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (137)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (132)
- Rochester Institute of Technology (130)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (129)
- University of Northern Iowa (124)
- Keyword
-
- Education (1303)
- Pedagogy (371)
- Teaching (314)
- Higher education (295)
- Students (219)
-
- Learning (173)
- Literacy (159)
- Reading (159)
- Experiential learning (154)
- Technology (150)
- Faculty (145)
- Curriculum (134)
- Motivation (132)
- Staff (128)
- Events (127)
- Bulletin (126)
- Campus (126)
- Csusb (126)
- Friday (126)
- Mathematics (121)
- Professional development (116)
- Teacher education (116)
- Student engagement (114)
- Assessment (113)
- Collaboration (113)
- Writing (110)
- Middle school (101)
- Engagement (100)
- STEM (98)
- Active learning (93)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (438)
- Dissertations (406)
- The Journal of the Assembly for Expanded Perspectives on Learning (406)
- All Master's Theses (398)
- Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council Online Archive (328)
-
- Occasional Paper Series (303)
- Theses and Dissertations (276)
- All Graduate Projects (262)
- ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830 (247)
- Professional Learning Day (242)
- The Councilor: A National Journal of the Social Studies (190)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (181)
- National Collegiate Honors Council Monographs: Chapters (173)
- Graduate Student Independent Studies (150)
- International Journal for Business Education (147)
- Artizein: Arts and Teaching Journal (142)
- Journal of Vincentian Social Action (138)
- CSUSB Friday Bulletin (126)
- Appalachian Adult Basic Education Demonstration Center Archives (124)
- Theses Digitization Project (124)
- Experiential Learning & Teaching in Higher Education (121)
- The Qualitative Report (121)
- Publications and Research (117)
- Faculty Publications (109)
- Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities (104)
- All Electronic Theses and Dissertations (101)
- Masters Theses (97)
- Morehead State Theses and Dissertations (88)
- UReCA: The NCHC Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity (87)
- Concepts in Animal Parasitology (84)
- Publication Type
Articles 331 - 360 of 14845
Full-Text Articles in Educational Methods
Nevada Science Olympiad, Christian Ison
Nevada Science Olympiad, Christian Ison
Community Engagement Expo Research Posters
Since 2022, the UNLV School of Integrated Health Sciences has partnered with the Clark County School District to engage and inspire Nevada students through innovative STEM education initiatives. This ongoing collaboration supports the development and hosting of competitive STEM tournaments at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, providing students with opportunities to explore science, technology, engineering, and mathematics while fostering critical thinking, academic achievement, and future workforce development.
Teachers’ Use Of Student Voice In Behaviour Management Practices: An Exploratory Study, Sue Thompson, Ellen Larsen
Teachers’ Use Of Student Voice In Behaviour Management Practices: An Exploratory Study, Sue Thompson, Ellen Larsen
Australian Journal of Teacher Education
The importance of effective classroom management practices in schools has been well-documented in the literature. However, at a time when research points to the importance of engaging student voice across teaching and learning practice, student voice has not been a focus of behaviour management practice, particularly in mainstream classrooms. This paper reports on a study exploring teachers’ understandings and experiences of incorporating student voice into behaviour management practice at one Australian primary school. Survey data collected from 14 teachers were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. While teachers were generally supportive of embedding student voice in behaviour management …
From Pen To Prompt: A Professional Learning Guide For Ai-Assisted Writing In Secondary Classrooms, Tracy Parks
From Pen To Prompt: A Professional Learning Guide For Ai-Assisted Writing In Secondary Classrooms, Tracy Parks
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Tracy Parks on March 30, 2026.
Copyright Information
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
Publication rights to works is granted to Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities, however, full copyright for works published in this journal is retained by the author(s). The author(s) may post their works online in an institutional repository, on their university departmental website, or on their own personal websites.
Early Sepsis-Recognition Simulation Training: An Evidence-Based Initiative, Blanca A. Zavala
Early Sepsis-Recognition Simulation Training: An Evidence-Based Initiative, Blanca A. Zavala
SACAD: Scholarly Activities
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that requires rapid recognition and intervention to prevent poor patient outcomes. Delays in identification remain a significant concern for patient safety, particularly among nurses and nursing students who may lack confidence and clinical judgment in early sepsis recognition (Marsack et al., 2022). This evidence-based practice project aimed to examine the existing evidence on sepsis education and evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based learning in improving clinical judgment and sepsis recognition, with the goal of informing a potential sepsis training initiative for nursing students.
A literature review of six peer-reviewed studies (2022–2026) was conducted using the PubMed …
Evaluation Of An Early Registration Program: Senior Days, Stacey Bishop-Grey
Evaluation Of An Early Registration Program: Senior Days, Stacey Bishop-Grey
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Stacey Bishop-Grey on March 27, 2026.
From The Editors..., Thomastine Sarchet-Maher
From The Editors..., Thomastine Sarchet-Maher
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
No abstract provided.
Call For Manuscripts, Thomastine Sarchet-Maher
Call For Manuscripts, Thomastine Sarchet-Maher
Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities
The Journal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities is a peer-reviewed, open access, multi-disciplinary online journal with an international focus. We publish articles that reflect the best of research and practice related to inclusive science education, including works submitted by science and special education researchers, teacher educators, and teachers. Interesting topics have included innovative curricular ideas, instructional adaptations, research-based modifications, best practices, and management strategies in science education. JSESD adopts the philosophical perspective that all students can achieve in science, and that science benefits from the full participation of all students.
Evaluating The Sap Mentorship Program At Octc: A Quantitative Program Evaluation, Rebecca M. Wheeler
Evaluating The Sap Mentorship Program At Octc: A Quantitative Program Evaluation, Rebecca M. Wheeler
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Rebecca M. Wheeler on March 26, 2026.
Student Voice Practices In Kentucky Schools, Cassandra D. Adams
Student Voice Practices In Kentucky Schools, Cassandra D. Adams
Morehead State Theses and Dissertations
A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Cassandra D. Adams on March 23, 2026.
Nerves (Neurology Education Research And Observership Summer Program): A Pilot Fellowship Program Targeting Neurophobia In Pre-Clerkship Medical Students, Arlinda Deng, Daniela Fishbein, James Martindale, Elizabeth Bradley, William Alexander Dalrymple, Ryan Cappa
Nerves (Neurology Education Research And Observership Summer Program): A Pilot Fellowship Program Targeting Neurophobia In Pre-Clerkship Medical Students, Arlinda Deng, Daniela Fishbein, James Martindale, Elizabeth Bradley, William Alexander Dalrymple, Ryan Cappa
Journal of Innovation in Health Sciences Education
Introduction: Neurophobia has contributed to the shortage of neurologists nationally, especially given the lack of integration between basic neural sciences and clinical neurology. Neurophobia may be highest after the pre-clerkship course, and there is evidence to suggest that early and broad clinical neurology exposure and mentorship are the leading factors in choosing the field of neurology. The goal of this study was to develop a fellowship for pre-clerkship medical students to increase early exposure to diverse clinical settings and socialization in neurology and assess whether there was change in neurophobia.
Methods: A two-week long pilot summer fellowship was designed …
Gaming The Simulation To Assess Dpt Student Learning, Laura Stephens, Gretchen R. Prather
Gaming The Simulation To Assess Dpt Student Learning, Laura Stephens, Gretchen R. Prather
Journal of Innovation in Health Sciences Education
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess Doctor of Physical Therapy student learning and motivation through participation in a novel, gamified case study simulation while describing the application of International Nursing Association of Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best PracticeTM and application of game elements. Gamification is an emerging interest in health care education but has been minimally explored within physical therapy education in the United States. Additionally, published studies often fail to detail INACSL standards of simulation best practice or game elements in simulation design.
Methods: Sixty-five DPT students participated in …
What’S Critical In Critical Media Literacy? Barriers And Good Practices In Adult Education, Stefanie Mayer, Stefanie Fridrik, Josef Mühlbauer, Brigitte Temel, Viktoria Eberhardt
What’S Critical In Critical Media Literacy? Barriers And Good Practices In Adult Education, Stefanie Mayer, Stefanie Fridrik, Josef Mühlbauer, Brigitte Temel, Viktoria Eberhardt
Journal of Media Literacy Education Pre-Prints
While there is broad consensus regarding the social and educational need for CML, its actual didactic content and especially the meaning of ‘critical’ are far from clear. The article argues for a turn to educational practices. Findings are based on empirical research on adult education in Vienna (Austria) consisting mainly of interviews with expert-practitioners in the field of adult education and media and/or digital literacy. We confront academic definitions of the critical impetus of CML with an analysis of innovative projects, which were designed for accessibility and addressed learners facing high educational barriers. Our findings encourage a turn towards the …
The Influence Of Alongside For Educators, An Ai Wellness Tool, On Educator Well-Being, Amanda Grell
The Influence Of Alongside For Educators, An Ai Wellness Tool, On Educator Well-Being, Amanda Grell
Doctorate in Education
Educator well-being has become an urgent concern in K-12 education, as educators continue to experience chronic stress, emotional exhaustion, and high levels of burnout. Despite these challenges, few school-based interventions offer timely, individualized support that addresses educators’ real-time emotional needs. This mixed-methods study examined the influence of the Alongside for Educators application on educator well-being within middle and high school settings. The purpose of this research was to explore how the tool supported educators across the Coping-Competence-Context (3Cs) framework, including experiences with the application, contextual factors shaping engagement, and changes in well-being. Qualitative findings from 10 interviews revealed that educators …
Calling Rural Parents: Impact Of Information And Communication Technology On Parental Involvement, Rachel M.H. Robertson
Calling Rural Parents: Impact Of Information And Communication Technology On Parental Involvement, Rachel M.H. Robertson
College of Education
Rural, Title I schools in West Alabama faced socioeconomic and geographic barriers that limited equitable access to education. A key factor affecting student achievement in these contexts was parental involvement, which research has shown was lower in rural areas. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine the relationship between communication and parental involvement in these two schools. Guided by Epstein’s framework of overlapping spheres of influence, Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler’s parental involvement model, and Rogers and Wright’s (2008) research on the role of communication in cultivating effective school-to-home partnerships, the researcher investigated the relationship between information and communication technologies …
Self-Efficacy Traits Of First Year Corequisite Math Students: A Phenomenological Study, Johnny Reed Fleming
Self-Efficacy Traits Of First Year Corequisite Math Students: A Phenomenological Study, Johnny Reed Fleming
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand better the self-efficacy traits of first-year corequisite mathematics students at a regional, private, liberal arts university located in central Appalachia. The theory guiding this study is Bandura’s social cognitive theory as it pertains to participants’ beliefs in their ability to succeed in a college-level mathematics course and their perceived self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism regarding that success. The research questions in this study were designed to examine the perceived self-efficacy, factors of reciprocal determinism, and attitudes of students who experienced success in a credit-bearing mathematics course in college while subsequently enrolled in …
Structures, Strategies, And Skills For Effective Math Intervention, Sean Dean, Patty Witkowsky, Jessica Contreras, Michelle Kephart
Structures, Strategies, And Skills For Effective Math Intervention, Sean Dean, Patty Witkowsky, Jessica Contreras, Michelle Kephart
Journal of Academic Underperformance
Many factors influence students’ readiness for college math, and some students enter college unprepared for the demands of their math courses. Effective placement strategies and robust support systems are essential for student success and degree completion. This qualitative narrative case study explores the experiences of college students working with a Math Learning Strategies Specialist (MLSS) and the specific strategies taught by the MLSS. Through one-on-one interviews, three key themes emerged: learning structures, strategies, and interpersonal skills. The MLSS contributed to participants' experiences by providing structured yet flexible support, tailored learning strategies, and a positive interpersonal environment. These combined elements enabled …
Chicken On The Fence And Music Literacy In A 5th Grade Classroom, Megan Gretz
Chicken On The Fence And Music Literacy In A 5th Grade Classroom, Megan Gretz
SPARK Symposium Presentations
A breakdown of my edtpa and how music literacy can be promoted in a 5th grade classroom
The Transformative Power Of Concepts Of Print: Connecting Theory, Practice, And Professional Development To Advance Early Literacy, Cheryl R. Couch
The Transformative Power Of Concepts Of Print: Connecting Theory, Practice, And Professional Development To Advance Early Literacy, Cheryl R. Couch
Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning and Leadership in Education
Abstract Many kindergarten students continue to enter school below literacy readiness benchmarks, notably lacking Concepts of Print skills despite decades of research affirming their role as predictors of later reading achievement (Economic Policy Institute, 2015; Justice & Ezell, 2001; Justice & Sofka, 2010; National Survey of Children’s Health, 2022). Concepts of Print provide the foundation for children’s understanding of how print works, laying the groundwork for decoding, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension (Lentsch, 2018; Moats, 2023a; National Research Council, 2000). This mixed-methods historical reflective report examines explicit Concepts of Print instruction through two cases: archival records from a 2003–2004 kindergarten classroom …
“These Kids Can’T Access The Information”: A Case Study Of Teacher Understanding Of Foundational Reading Skills At The Secondary Level, Stevy Schliewe, Emily Zoeller
“These Kids Can’T Access The Information”: A Case Study Of Teacher Understanding Of Foundational Reading Skills At The Secondary Level, Stevy Schliewe, Emily Zoeller
Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning and Leadership in Education
National literacy reforms aim to improve students’ basic reading skills, yet adolescent readers and teachers have not been adequately included in the conversation. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of foundational reading skills at the secondary level among high school literacy practitioners. The study used a case study method to learn participant understanding of foundational skills and contextual factors surrounding their ability to teach them. Findings revealed how participants recognized the need for foundational reading skill development in their high school students. However, participants reported not feeling prepared to design this instruction and barriers presented in standards, …
Examining Academics’ Decision-Making Processes And Implementation Challenges Of Blended Learning Models For Future Higher Education, Devrim Akgunduz, Aysegul Kinik Topalsan
Examining Academics’ Decision-Making Processes And Implementation Challenges Of Blended Learning Models For Future Higher Education, Devrim Akgunduz, Aysegul Kinik Topalsan
Higher Learning Research Communications
Objectives: Blended learning has gained increasing attention in higher education as a hybrid approach that integrates face-to-face and online modalities. This study investigates academics’ decision-making processes and challenges in implementing blended learning models to inform future educational practices.
Methods: An exploratory case study design was employed. Data were obtained from academics representing multiple faculties who participated in a professional development program on technological approaches and learning models. Participants completed the Blended Learning Sub-Model Preparation Form, which was analyzed to identify preferences and challenges in adopting blended learning.
Results: Findings reveal a clear preference for sub-models such as the flipped classroom, …
Social Studies Teacher Perceptions Of The Effectiveness Of Professional Development To Support The Facilitation Of Controversial Conversations, Kristen Mast
Doctorate in Education
Funding and support for social studies instruction have dwindled in most public schools in the United States over the past two decades, leaving social studies teachers without high-quality curriculum materials and professional development opportunities. Without proper training, many social studies teachers are using ineffective instructional strategies and are not regularly utilizing best practices, including the facilitation of controversial conversations in the classroom. In a time when the political divide in the United States continues to increase, these skills can help strengthen American democracy in the long term. This study investigated professional development as a possible pathway to improve the facilitation …
Reaching Learners Where They Are: Podcasting As A Scalable Tool For The National Physical Therapy Exam Preparation, Bhupinder Singh, Rudri Purohit, Emily Gerbehy, Derek Camilleri
Reaching Learners Where They Are: Podcasting As A Scalable Tool For The National Physical Therapy Exam Preparation, Bhupinder Singh, Rudri Purohit, Emily Gerbehy, Derek Camilleri
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Purpose: The National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE) is a pivotal requirement for PT licensure in the US. While conventional preparation methods such as textbooks, review courses, and standardized practice exams are effective, they often pose logistical and financial challenges. Method: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of asynchronous, on-demand educational tools. Among these, podcasting has emerged as a promising, mobile-friendly modality, yet its usage trends and educational value for NPTE preparation remain underexplored. The purpose of this study was to analyze multiyear podcast engagement data from a high-performing NPTE-focused podcast hosted on Buzzsprout, spanning January 2020 to March 2025. Engagement …
From One-Shots To Gems: Building Scaffolded Microcredentials In Information Literacy, Layla Barati, Kevin Sebastian
From One-Shots To Gems: Building Scaffolded Microcredentials In Information Literacy, Layla Barati, Kevin Sebastian
Library Faculty Research
Discover how UNLV Libraries redesigned first-year information literacy instruction into the GEM Knowledge Series—scaffolded microcourses awarding stackable badges. Learn how this model moves beyond traditional one-off library lessons, embeds assessment, and empowers students to Gather, Evaluate, and Make knowledge across academic, professional, and civic contexts.
Introducing The Aasspectq Framework: A New Typology For Assessing Quality, Pedagogy, Outcomes, And Learning In Micro-Credentials, Felix Quayson
Introducing The Aasspectq Framework: A New Typology For Assessing Quality, Pedagogy, Outcomes, And Learning In Micro-Credentials, Felix Quayson
Journal of Research Initiatives
Micro-credentials have gained increasing attention as a flexible and competency-based approach to bridging the gap between formal education and workforce demands. Unlike traditional qualifications and degrees, micro-credentials focus on discrete, demonstrable skills that can be rapidly developed, assessed, and recognized across industries. I proposed the Auditing, Avoidance, Specificity, Skills, Personalization, Efficiency, Competency, Technology, and Quality Assurance (AASSPECTQ) conceptual framework to examine the current state of micro-credential implementation, highlighting the tools, learning outcomes, and assessment instruments necessary for effective program design. The challenges of quality assurance, portability, and recognition that continue to limit widespread adoption were also explored. By …
3-5 Years Vroom Tips Based Booklet Akuhdp & Akuied, Taiba Yar Baig, Hira Ali, Seema Lasi, Yasmeen Mehboob
3-5 Years Vroom Tips Based Booklet Akuhdp & Akuied, Taiba Yar Baig, Hira Ali, Seema Lasi, Yasmeen Mehboob
Books
- Inspired by vroom
- The Aga Khan University
- AKRSP
- Aga Khan Foundation
The Impact Of Academic Service Learning On Community Self-Service Efficacy: An Exploratory Study Of Four Ethical Types, Niall Hegarty, John Angelidis
The Impact Of Academic Service Learning On Community Self-Service Efficacy: An Exploratory Study Of Four Ethical Types, Niall Hegarty, John Angelidis
Journal of Research Initiatives
Academic Service-Learning (ASL) literature reveals that most studies assume students are a homogeneous whole and thus draw overly-generalized conclusions regarding students perceived self-service efficacy as well as their disposition towards future service. To rectify this problem, this study utilizes Forsyth’s (1980) conceptual model of two dimensions, idealism and relativism, to categorize students into four categories: situationists (n=53), subjectivists (n=34), absolutists (43), and exceptionists (n=52). These students (n=182) were measured on the Community Service Self-Efficacy Scale (CSSES) before and after participating in an ASL project. The CSSES, developed by Reeb et al. (1998), measures an individual’s confidence that their service efforts …
0-3 Years Vroom Tips Based Booklet Akuhdp & Akuied, Taiba Yar Baig, Seema Lasi, Yasmeen Mehboob, Khush Funer
0-3 Years Vroom Tips Based Booklet Akuhdp & Akuied, Taiba Yar Baig, Seema Lasi, Yasmeen Mehboob, Khush Funer
Books
- Inspired by vroom
- The Aga Khan University
- AKRSP
- Aga Khan Foundation
A Phenomenological Study Of Teacher And Student Experience Within A Community Of Inquiry: Utilizing Wonder-Infused Pedagogy In An Elementary Outdoor Classroom, Andrew Gilbert, Steph N. Dean
A Phenomenological Study Of Teacher And Student Experience Within A Community Of Inquiry: Utilizing Wonder-Infused Pedagogy In An Elementary Outdoor Classroom, Andrew Gilbert, Steph N. Dean
Publications
This interpretive phenomenological study explores how wonder-infused pedagogy, enacted within an elementary outdoor classroom, supported the development of a community of inquiry. We position the community of inquiry as the overarching framework for cultivating social, cognitive, and teaching presence; wonder as the pedagogical driver; and outdoor learning as the authentic context for engaging in science practices. In response to schooling contexts that often privilege testing and individual achievement over collaborative inquiry, we examined an eight-week outdoor wonder project with third- through fifth-grade students. Data sources included group interviews, student journals, teacher reflections, and photographs. Students engaged in weekly wonder journaling …
Pennies In The Bank: Building Background Knowledge, Brooke Lee Webster
Pennies In The Bank: Building Background Knowledge, Brooke Lee Webster
Journal of English Learner Education
Abstract
Across the United States, teachers are met with stringent time requirements that may not align with the needs of the students inside the classroom. This paper explores the efforts of condensing and prioritizing in a diverse classroom. Through a reflective narrative of teaching comprehension to emerging bilingual students, this paper presents a structure that leverages morning meetings and discussion as prongs for maximizing the benefit of students within limited instructional minutes. Tasks that build competence, confidence, and connection cycle to foster the environment that students need to thrive. Additionally, this paper investigates the role of building background knowledge in …