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Full-Text Articles in Educational Methods

Resonant Cracks In The Music Curriculum: Integrating Social And Emotional Learning In The Secondary Music Classroom, Margaret E. Lerch Apr 2026

Resonant Cracks In The Music Curriculum: Integrating Social And Emotional Learning In The Secondary Music Classroom, Margaret E. Lerch

Education Doctorate Dissertations

Music education has long been recognized as a subject that encourages student learning beyond the walls of the music classroom. While elementary music programs often foster language development and social awareness, secondary music instruction tends to emphasize performance skills and technical development. The explicit secondary orchestra curriculum for this middle school includes only instrument skill-development standards and learning-target descriptions. In this fourth-marking-period sixth-grade orchestra class, coursework—including students’ journal reflections, classroom dialogue, and comparison soundscape projects—operated intentionally “within the cracks” of the formal curriculum to create opportunities for the students to express and engage with emotions, identity, belonging, empathy, perspective-taking, and …


10 Things We Love/Hate About Ai For Writing Instruction, Jenelle Williams, Katherine Cottone, Brian Dalton Sep 2025

10 Things We Love/Hate About Ai For Writing Instruction, Jenelle Williams, Katherine Cottone, Brian Dalton

Michigan Reading Journal

As artificial intelligence continues to reshape the educational landscape, its role in writing instruction elicits both enthusiasm and apprehension among educators. This article, “10 Things We Love/Hate About AI for Writing Instruction,” explores the complex dynamics of integrating AI tools into the teaching of writing. Drawing from classroom experiences, educator reflections, and student interactions, it highlights the benefits of AI—including personalized feedback, increased writing fluency, and support for diverse learners—while also acknowledging concerns such as diminished student agency, ethical implications of authorship, and overreliance on automated systems. By presenting a balanced perspective, the article invites educators to critically examine how …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Principals On The Impact Social And Emotional Learning Has On Student Academic Performance, Angela Mastantuono Aug 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Principals On The Impact Social And Emotional Learning Has On Student Academic Performance, Angela Mastantuono

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of principals in examining the social and emotional learning skills of middle school grades sixth-eighth and if there is an impact on student academic achievement. The theories that guided this study were Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, as they are grounded in explaining the need for social and emotional learning integration into the classroom and how to successfully achieve this. Both theories discuss the positive impact that socialization has on the development of any human being. The central research question was, “What are the lived …


Like A Scientist: A Method For Introducing Disciplinary Literacy In The Science Classroom, Elizabeth L. Kuperus Aug 2025

Like A Scientist: A Method For Introducing Disciplinary Literacy In The Science Classroom, Elizabeth L. Kuperus

Masters Projects

To be literate within a particular area of study requires an understanding of the literary disciplinary norms practiced in that field. Within the science classroom, students are often expected to engage with scientific literature, yet are unable to fully grasp the material since they have not been taught the disciplinary literacies associated with science. This project evaluates research surrounding the area of scientific disciplinary literacy and suggests how it could be used to inform classroom instruction. Disciplinary literacy skills need to be explicitly taught and modeled to demonstrate how students can approach texts and other literacy practices as a scientist. …


The Influence Of Homework On The Learning And Achievement Of Middle School Students In Southern Maryland: A Multiple-Case Study, Andrea J. Williams May 2025

The Influence Of Homework On The Learning And Achievement Of Middle School Students In Southern Maryland: A Multiple-Case Study, Andrea J. Williams

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore middle school teachers’ perceptions of how homework influenced academic achievement and student learning in Southern Maryland. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s theory of social knowledge. Bandura suggests that observation, modeling, and role-play are significant in how individuals learn because these direct experiences shift one’s environment. In this study, 14 middle school teachers in Southern Maryland were interviewed, seven of whom were employed at a school with the standard practice of homework, and seven worked at a school with a “No Homework” policy. Data collection, interviews, and questionnaires were …


Believe To Achieve–The Impact Of Educator Efficacy On Instructional Effectiveness With African American Students: A Qualitative Study, Katie Mcdonough Breth May 2025

Believe To Achieve–The Impact Of Educator Efficacy On Instructional Effectiveness With African American Students: A Qualitative Study, Katie Mcdonough Breth

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenology was to describe the lived experiences of middle school educators regarding their perceived efficacy on their effectiveness in addressing academic gap concerns for African American students in a mid-Atlantic state. The theory that guided this study was Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (1977), which defined ways to increase perceived efficacy and its overall impact on teacher effectiveness. This study answered the following question: What are the lived experiences of middle school educators’ perceived efficacy and instructional effectiveness with African American students? Study participants included middle school teachers with at least two years of experience working …


The Impact Of Microlearning Professional Development On Educator Social And Emotional Competencies And Beliefs About Middle School Students’ Social And Emotional Learning, Kelly M. Abbott Apr 2025

The Impact Of Microlearning Professional Development On Educator Social And Emotional Competencies And Beliefs About Middle School Students’ Social And Emotional Learning, Kelly M. Abbott

Theses and Dissertations

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted educational experiences for students with extended school closures and social distancing during the 2020-2021 school year and beyond. School closures, social isolation, and societal issues impacted students and caused mental health challenges as well as behavioral issues in the classroom. This study explored the impact of educator social and emotional competencies (SEC) on social and emotional learning (SEL) in the classroom. Previous research on SEL has found benefits to student’s relationship skills, emotional regulation abilities, and increases in academic achievement. This action research study used a mixed method design to gather data from surveys, interviews, classroom …


A Quantitative Analysis Of Middle School Teachers’ Self-Efficacy And Small-Group Instruction, Charles B. Alvare Apr 2025

A Quantitative Analysis Of Middle School Teachers’ Self-Efficacy And Small-Group Instruction, Charles B. Alvare

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

This nonexperimental, descriptive quantitative study focused on the relationship between teacher self-efficacy (TSE) and the receptivity to and implementation of small-group instruction (SGI) among middle school teachers in a school district in the Southeast United States. Rooted in Albert Bandura’s 1977 self-efficacy theory, this study integrated Megan Tschannen-Moran and Anita Hoy’s (2001) Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale and a researcher-created instrument that resulted in statistically significant findings from the 76 teachers who participated in the survey. The predictive model of receptiveness to SGI by overall TSE was statistically significant (F[3,72)] = 8.92, p < .001, R2 = .27), as was the predictive model of teacher implementation of SGI (F[1,74] = 35.45, p < .001, R2 = .32). The Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale measures the confluence of TSE related to classroom management, student engagement, and instructional strategies. Teacher efficacy in instructional strategies was indicative of participating middle school teachers’ perceived receptivity of SGI (B = −0.36, t(72) = −1.97, p = .05), and efficacy in classroom management (B = 0.52, t(72) = 3.58, p < .001) impacted their perceived implementation of SGI. Furthermore, the TSE dimension of student engagement was statistically significant in predicting perceptions of overall receptiveness to (B = 0.62, t(72) = 3.52, p < .001) and implementation of (B = 0.31, t(72) = 2.26, p = .03) SGI. The research findings of this current study and the literature highlight the significant benefits of TSE and student engagement.


Bridging The Gap: Fostering Emotional Expression Through Teaching Strategies In The Middle School Choral Classroom, Jacob Brown Jan 2025

Bridging The Gap: Fostering Emotional Expression Through Teaching Strategies In The Middle School Choral Classroom, Jacob Brown

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

This study investigates the impact of teacher-elicited expression strategies (i.e. emotionally evocative metaphor, technical elements through modeling, body of the conductor, understanding the emotional content) on the emotional expressivity of my middle school choral students. Using a mixed-method approach, data was collected through surveys of students' self-evaluations of the expression strategies, and their overall value of expression before and after learning processes that emphasized emotional expressivity. I found that each teacher-elicited expression strategies impacted student expressivity positively. Concrete strategies (i.e., body of the conductor and technical elements through modeling) were highly effective, particularly in my beginner and intermediate choirs, while …


Predicting The Effects Of Cyberpatriot Participation, Internet Experience, Gender, And Grade Level On Cybersecurity Judgment (Intuitive And Rational) Among Middle And High School Students: A Quantitative Predictive Correlational Study, Sarah Shin Lee Dec 2024

Predicting The Effects Of Cyberpatriot Participation, Internet Experience, Gender, And Grade Level On Cybersecurity Judgment (Intuitive And Rational) Among Middle And High School Students: A Quantitative Predictive Correlational Study, Sarah Shin Lee

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, predictive correlational study was to determine if cybersecurity judgment (intuitive and rational) could be predicted from a linear combination of years of CyberPatriot participation, internet experience, gender, and grade level among middle and high school students. The importance of this study lies in its potential to address a critical gap in understanding factors influencing cybersecurity judgment decisions among middle and high school students. From a suburban high school in the western part of the United States, 123 middle and high school students who participated in the CyberPatriot after-school program volunteered as samples in this study. …


The Role Of The Interventionist In Creating Middle School Student Connectedness, Tonya A. Dieken Dec 2024

The Role Of The Interventionist In Creating Middle School Student Connectedness, Tonya A. Dieken

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the stories shared by interventionists which focused on the work they do to create student connectedness in rural middle schools. Illinois schools are designated by performance indicators, where successful schools are rated Exemplary or Commendable based primarily on attendance, achievement, and discipline. This study gathered stories to evaluate the essence of each middle school interventionist as it related to creating student connectedness through their work with students, staff, families, and communities. Preliminary data provided a process to find successful, rural middle schools using metro-centric locale codes, school designation, attendance, and behavior …


A Comparison Of Sixth Grade Student Academic Performance In Indiana Elementary Schools And Middle Schools, Bret Bailey Dec 2024

A Comparison Of Sixth Grade Student Academic Performance In Indiana Elementary Schools And Middle Schools, Bret Bailey

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this quantitative study was to provide school district leaders and policymakers information of the impact grade configuration had on academic performance using math and ELA ILEARN scores over a three-year period. The study included data from 585 schools that were classified into four groups: Elementary Setting, Intermediate Setting, Middle School/Junior High Setting, and Unified Setting. The study analyzed IDOE publicly released ILEARN math and ELA data for each of the three years. A one-way ANOVA test was utilized to run the statistical analysis, and a Games-Howell Post Hoc test identified which had statistically significantly different mean pass …


Understanding How Social Media Influences Student Engagement Within The Classroom: Middle Grades Students' Perspectives., Anthony Dawyne Myrks-Brewer Dec 2024

Understanding How Social Media Influences Student Engagement Within The Classroom: Middle Grades Students' Perspectives., Anthony Dawyne Myrks-Brewer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation investigated the concept of student engagement and participation through the lens of middle school students. Studies and research show that overall student engagement amongst middle school-aged students is the most unengaged period throughout students' K-12 educational journey. Today's students live in a completely different generation from their guardians and parents due to the technology component, including smartphones making the element of social media more accessible. Social media is a platform that helps people communicate through various applications, and middle school students engage and participate in various social media applications daily. Student engagement is a critical component within education …


In Search Of Cognitive Justice: One District’S Approach To Implementing Culturally Responsive Practices, Anne Marie Mancini Oct 2024

In Search Of Cognitive Justice: One District’S Approach To Implementing Culturally Responsive Practices, Anne Marie Mancini

Theses and Dissertations

This action research study examined district leaders' approach to integrating culturally responsive practices into classrooms in a medium-sized urban Connecticut public school system. The framework for this study was supported by two theories: transformative learning and culturally responsive pedagogy. Following a case study model of design, the project focused on the work of the Supervisor of Professional Learning and the Department Supervisor for English Language Arts (ELA) as they provided training, support, and resources to the Grade 7 team. Two research questions guided this study: (1) What successes, if any, did district leaders experience in implementing culturally responsive teaching practices …


A Quasi-Experimental Study Looking At The Effect Of Project-Based Learning On Sixth-Grade Students' Self-Concept, Miranda C. Carter Aug 2024

A Quasi-Experimental Study Looking At The Effect Of Project-Based Learning On Sixth-Grade Students' Self-Concept, Miranda C. Carter

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative, quasi-experimental study investigated the differences in self-concept among sixth-grade students across various school subjects, particularly reading and mathematics, by comparing those engaged in project-based learning versus traditional learning. In rural eastern Virginia, the researcher utilized a modified version of the Self Description Questionnaire-I (SDQ-I) and a nonequivalent control group, pre/posttest design with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) during the 2023–2024 academic year. Focusing on a Virginia middle school, classes were randomly assigned to either treatment, which was project-based learning, or control, which included traditional learning methods. The mean self-concept scores across three SDQ-I subscales—reading, mathematics, and all school subjects—served …


Beyond The Classroom Walls: Examining Educational And Social Outcomes Of Cross-Curricular Peer Observation In Secondary Schools, Jacinda Miller Jul 2024

Beyond The Classroom Walls: Examining Educational And Social Outcomes Of Cross-Curricular Peer Observation In Secondary Schools, Jacinda Miller

Dissertations

This qualitative case study involved a sample of middle school teachers participating in a cross-curricular peer observation of teaching (POT) program. The study aimed to explore the experiences of these teachers in the POT program, focusing on its impact on teaching pedagogy and partner relationships. Data collection methods included a demographic questionnaire, writing prompts, feedback forms, observation of feedback meetings, interviews, and a researcher journal. The findings demonstrated that cross-curricular peer observations are perceived as an effective form of professional development among this group of middle school teachers, benefiting both the observer and the observed. Participants acquired and implemented new …


The Effect Of Using Interactive Digital Story On Academic Achievement And Motivation Towards Learning Digital Skills, Emad Jamal Jabali, Riyadh Alhassan Jul 2024

The Effect Of Using Interactive Digital Story On Academic Achievement And Motivation Towards Learning Digital Skills, Emad Jamal Jabali, Riyadh Alhassan

International Journal for Research in Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using interactive digital story on academic achievement and motivation in the digital skills course among first-level middle school students. The research population consisted of the first-level middle school students in the Sabia province in the second semester of 2022. A quasi-experimental approach was adopted with a sample size of 50 students from Al-Khalidiya School in Sabia; the control group consisted of 25 students who studied through the textbook, while the experimental group studied via interactive digital stories with the same sample size. Several interactive digital stories were designed as …


Research-Based English Language Arts (Ela) Instructional Practices: Characteristics Of Effective Ela Instructional Practices That Drive Student Achievement In Title I School Districts, Tequila Stamps Jan 2024

Research-Based English Language Arts (Ela) Instructional Practices: Characteristics Of Effective Ela Instructional Practices That Drive Student Achievement In Title I School Districts, Tequila Stamps

Dissertations of Practice

Children who attend and are educated in Title I School Districts often experience limited access to consistent research based and empirical English Language Arts (ELA) instruction. Consequently, such students are not adequately prepared for career and college readiness and typically underperform on standardized achievement tests. The purpose of this study is to explore the instructional strategies of middle school ELA teachers, who serve students at-risk of poor academic outcomes, yet support sustained student growth and achievement. It is to further identify a specific set of research-based strategies that foster student growth and achievement, particularly with students in Title I School …


An Illuminative Evaluation Of Two Models Of Reading Intervention Used In Middle Schools, Tachier M. Rezac Nov 2023

An Illuminative Evaluation Of Two Models Of Reading Intervention Used In Middle Schools, Tachier M. Rezac

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Intervention research often investigates the curriculum or methods used to support learners, while less attention is given to the model of those interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two models of reading intervention, and to better understand how they are serving middle school students. Working from a critical pragmatic lens, I employed illuminative evaluation methods to investigate three research questions: (a) What are the demographic profiles of students enrolled in reading intervention in grades seven and eight; (b) What are the differences in gains for students enrolled in the traditional intervention and reading lab …


Creating Inclusive Classrooms With Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, Melissa Kane Jul 2023

Creating Inclusive Classrooms With Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, Melissa Kane

Doctor of Education in Secondary and Middle Grades Education Dissertations

This is a qualitative phenomenographic study that uses the theoretical frameworks of Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy (CSP) (Paris, 2012), Intergroup Contact Theory (Allport 1954), and Social Constructivism (Smagorinsky, 2007) to evaluate how 7th grade students at a Title I middle school in the Southeastern United States experience the phenomenon of peer relationships in the context of a CSP writing unit. Students created, peer edited, and shared multimodal “Where I’m From” (Lyon, n.d.) poems in intentionally created groups. The researcher collected data via participant interviews, participant journals, and a researcher reflection journal. Findings indicated that students developed a better understanding of …


Cultivating Community In A Sixth-Grade Classroom: An Action Research Study, Jennifer Weller Wells Apr 2023

Cultivating Community In A Sixth-Grade Classroom: An Action Research Study, Jennifer Weller Wells

Theses and Dissertations

Students who experience trauma bring this trauma to school with them in the form of exaggerated behaviors—acting out or withdrawing, being violent or extremely passive, or exhibiting rudeness or academic difficulty. Because students react to trauma in many ways, there is no one way for teachers to respond. The classroom community is vulnerable to the sheer unpredictability of behaviors. Grounded in ecological systems theory, whole-child theory, and compassionate teaching theory, this study explored my efforts to mitigate the results of trauma and increase the sense of community and well-being in my sixth-grade classroom. During the last few weeks of the …


Tennessee Rural Middle School Teachers' Perceptions Of Academic Goal Setting For Students, Amy Woolum Feb 2023

Tennessee Rural Middle School Teachers' Perceptions Of Academic Goal Setting For Students, Amy Woolum

Ed.D. Dissertations

Since the 1960s, business leaders and educators used the idea of goal setting theory as a guide to success. Teachers who implemented goal setting strategies contributed to student success and achievement. During my study, I found little existing literature focused on academic goal setting implementation for students in Tennessee rural middle schools containing grades six through eight. The purpose of this qualitative interpretive study was to investigate Tennessee rural middle school teachers’ perceptions about implementing academic goal setting for students. I sent an online Google Forms questionnaire to 117 certified and licensed teachers in varying Tennessee rural middle schools. After …


A Restorative Justice Book Club For Secondary Classrooms, Mary M. Mcconnaha Jan 2023

A Restorative Justice Book Club For Secondary Classrooms, Mary M. Mcconnaha

Language Arts Journal of Michigan

Schools face several challenges in creating meaningful community relationships, and the breakdown of these relationships causes harm to students, teachers, and administrators. Many schools have turned to restorative justice practices as a way to disrupt the school-to-prison pipeline, reduce discipline referrals, increase graduation rate, and strengthen the school community (Evans & Lester, 2013; Winn et al., 2019; Weaver and Swank, 2020). However, Winn (2013, 2018) and others have proposed that the principles of restorative justice can be embedded into the English Language Arts curriculum. In this paper, I describe a restorative justice book club unit for early adolescents that is …


Influence Of Restorative Practices On The Middle-School Classroom, As Reported By Teachers: A Qualitative Case Study, Julia Y. Andrews Dec 2022

Influence Of Restorative Practices On The Middle-School Classroom, As Reported By Teachers: A Qualitative Case Study, Julia Y. Andrews

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine middle school teachers’ perceptions of the influence that restorative practices have on the middle school classroom environment. For the purpose of this study, seven middle school teachers were selected who have implemented restorative practices in their middle school classrooms to provide feedback. Findings suggest that overall restorative practices have a positive influence on the classroom. The findings from this study can be used with teachers, administrators, counselors, parents, and school and district support staff to help create a positive campus culture between students and adults in middle school classrooms. The …


More Than Civil Engineering And Civic Reasoning: World-Building In Middle School Stem, Alejandra Frausto Aceves, Daniel Morales-Doyle Nov 2022

More Than Civil Engineering And Civic Reasoning: World-Building In Middle School Stem, Alejandra Frausto Aceves, Daniel Morales-Doyle

Occasional Paper Series

This narrative essay describes a project in an urban sixth grade science class that began as an effort to link civic engagement with disciplinary learning in chemistry. The ways in which students took up this project prompted the authors to see urban infrastructures as engineered sites of learning with world-making possibilities. By interrogating the ways in which science and engineering practices are imbued with values and happen in places, teachers can engage young learners in critical examinations of their built worlds. The authors argue that there is an opportunity in K-8 engineering education to avoid reproducing some of the pathologies …


Student Preferences About Student-Teacher Communication And Student Perceptions Of Teacher Presence In An Online Middle School, Kyle M. Doty Oct 2022

Student Preferences About Student-Teacher Communication And Student Perceptions Of Teacher Presence In An Online Middle School, Kyle M. Doty

Doctor of Education (Ed.D)

The purpose of this non-experimental, quantitative survey study was to determine how middle school students in fully online language arts courses perceived their teachers to be present and what methods of communication with the teacher middle school students desired. The purposive sample was composed of 100 sixth and seventh grade language arts students from a large virtual school in the southeastern United States. Student responses were overwhelmingly skewed, and results from the survey indicated a statistically significant finding. Students in online middle school find their teachers to be present and desire to be communicated with using text messages first and …


Virtual Instruction During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Katie B. Kelley Aug 2022

Virtual Instruction During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Katie B. Kelley

Educational Specialist, 2020-current

Student motivation and the impacts of the school environment on it have been heavily researched. However, motivation during the COVID-19 pandemic has not been studied in detail due to the recency of events. To understand how the pandemic impacted student motivation, this study applied the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) in understanding how motivation functions through three pieces: autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 1985). This current study examines students’ perceived motivation in virtual and hybrid instruction during a pandemic from students’ perspectives. It used surveys from a similar study with the addition of qualitative questions about instructional strategies (Edwards, 2009). …


Writing As A Vessel For Thinking: Incorporating Self-Regulation, Metacognition, And Formative Assessment In The Middle School Ela Classroom, Alyssha N. Ginzel May 2022

Writing As A Vessel For Thinking: Incorporating Self-Regulation, Metacognition, And Formative Assessment In The Middle School Ela Classroom, Alyssha N. Ginzel

Michigan Reading Journal

This article examines three approaches to teaching writing: self-regulated instruction (Graham, 2018; Graham, 2020; Graham & Perin, 2007), metacognitive strategies (Hacker, 2018; Madison et al., 2019), and formative assessment (Black & Wiliam, 1998; Fleischer, 2013; Madison et al., 2019). Implementing these approaches, secondary ELA teachers can strike a balance between order and chaos while empowering adolescents to recognize, develop, and take ownership of their thinking and writing. Writing can and should be about grappling with big ideas that ultimately help us come to deeper, fuller understandings of ourselves and the world. This article explores how secondary ELA teachers can help …


Teaching Writing To Middle School Students With Disabilities: A Merc Research Brief, David Naff, Jennifer Askue-Collins, Julie S. Dauksys Jan 2022

Teaching Writing To Middle School Students With Disabilities: A Merc Research Brief, David Naff, Jennifer Askue-Collins, Julie S. Dauksys

MERC Publications

This research brief by the Metropolitan Educational Research Consortium explores peer reviewed literature about effective strategies for teaching writing to middle school students with disabilities. It answers the following questions: 1) Why is it important to teach writing? 2) What is the nature of the challenge in teaching writing to middle school students with disabilities? 3) What interventions help with teaching writing to middle school students with disabilities? and 4) What strategies are utilized in the MERC region for teaching writing to middle school students with disabilities?


Amplifying The "A" In Steam Education, Grace Floerke Dec 2021

Amplifying The "A" In Steam Education, Grace Floerke

Honors College Theses

This paper discusses the importance of teachers implementing STEAM education in the classroom. Previously, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (abbreviated as STEM) education was used as a tool to prepare students to excel in career fields that are projected to grow in the near future. However, recently the acronym was changed to STEAM to add “the arts” to the original acronym. It is imperative that the arts are seen as an equal to STEM, as they can complement and enhance the goals STEM is trying to reach. Since not all students possess the same interest, ways of learning, or abilities, …