Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Educational Methods Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 1711 - 1740 of 14871

Full-Text Articles in Educational Methods

A Proposed Conception For Developing Skills Of The Twenty-First Century Among Graduate Students Of Mathematics, Ayed Ayed Alroyli, Mansour Samir Elseidy Jun 2024

A Proposed Conception For Developing Skills Of The Twenty-First Century Among Graduate Students Of Mathematics, Ayed Ayed Alroyli, Mansour Samir Elseidy

Al Jinan الجنان

The study aimed to determine the twenty-first-century skills that postgraduate students in the faculties of education should possess, find out the extent to which they practice them, and present a suggested vision for developing their twenty-first-century skills. The research sample consisted of (90) students enrolled in the program from Northern Border University, Umm Al-Qura, and Banha University, where (48) represented the master's program, (42) represented the doctoral program. The research also found that the performance of the research sample group in the doctoral program for skills of the twenty-first century is more than the performance of their peers in the …


The Degree To Which Governmental Secondary School Teachers In Jordan Possess Communication Skills And Their Role In Achieving Students› Educational Goals, Rateb S. Al-Soud, Rebheyyeh Borini Jun 2024

The Degree To Which Governmental Secondary School Teachers In Jordan Possess Communication Skills And Their Role In Achieving Students› Educational Goals, Rateb S. Al-Soud, Rebheyyeh Borini

Al Jinan الجنان

The study aimed to find out the degree of achieving the educational goals of public high school students in Jordan from the tteacher’s‘ point of view. The sample of the study consisted of (2120) male and female teachers, who used the descriptive survey method. The results of the study showed that the degree of achievement of educational goals among public high school students in Jordan from the teachers’point of view was high, and that there were no statistically significant differences (& = 0.05) between teachers’ ratings of the degree to which students ’educational goals were achieved due to variables of …


Director Of Clinical Education Training In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Programs, Michele (Shelly) Lewis, Eric Folkins Jun 2024

Director Of Clinical Education Training In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Programs, Michele (Shelly) Lewis, Eric Folkins

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Directors of clinical education (DCEs) need knowledge and skills in many areas to succeed in their roles.Not only does the DCE need to master the traditional faculty roles of scholarship, service, and teaching, but the DCE also needs to become competent in administrative duties. Lack of training, especially in research, can negatively affect the DCEs’ ability to perform their responsibilities effectively and efficiently. In this study, we aimed to examine how DCEs learn their numerous roles and how training and experience influence self-perceived competence. Method: In this quantitative, non-experimental study, we used an online survey to obtain information from …


Teacher Candidate Learning Of Interdisciplinary Controversial Issues: Linking Social Studies And Science In The Elementary School Curriculum, Brandon M. Butler, Stephen R. Burgin, Mark Diacopoulos, William Mcconnell Jun 2024

Teacher Candidate Learning Of Interdisciplinary Controversial Issues: Linking Social Studies And Science In The Elementary School Curriculum, Brandon M. Butler, Stephen R. Burgin, Mark Diacopoulos, William Mcconnell

Open Educational Resources - Teaching and Learning

Teaching controversial issues poses challenges for teacher candidates, stemming from apprehensions about potential backlash and gaps in content and pedagogical knowledge. The prevailing emphasis on tested subjects such as mathematics and reading/writing in elementary school education often sidelines social studies and science, limiting opportunities for candidates to engage with these disciplines and their associated instructional strategies, including addressing controversial topics. Integrating social studies and science with other subject areas emerges as a viable approach to ensure comprehensive education. Teacher education coursework serves as a vital platform for exposing educators to interdisciplinary curriculum design and implementation. Such exposure prompts teacher candidates …


The Year-By-Year Primary And Secondary Education Histories Of Homeschooled Individuals And The Implications For Empirical Homeschooling Research, Albert Cheng Jun 2024

The Year-By-Year Primary And Secondary Education Histories Of Homeschooled Individuals And The Implications For Empirical Homeschooling Research, Albert Cheng

Education Reform Faculty and Graduate Students Publications

Many scholars have correctly noted the difficulty of obtaining representative samples of the homeschooling population. Empirical research about homeschooling, therefore, has predominantly relied on convenience samples which lack the external validity that enables one to generalize the findings to other segments of the homeschooling population. Unbiased inferences about the whole of the homeschool population have consequently been difficult to acquire (Kunzman & Gaither, 2022). For instance, empirical findings of college-educated homeschoolers or those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds might not generalize to other populations of homeschoolers (Cheng, 2014; Ray, 2009). Nor might findings about homeschooling families who rely on a structured …


Redefining Science Education Paradigm—By Course Habitable Earth, Nianzhi Jiao, Sanzhong Li, Chen Hu, Zhonghe Zhou, Degan Shu, Shucheng Xie, Jianping Huang, Fahu Chen, Lin Ding, Tong Zhu, Yigang Xu, Yonglong Lyu, Zhimin Jian, Pinxian Wang Jun 2024

Redefining Science Education Paradigm—By Course Habitable Earth, Nianzhi Jiao, Sanzhong Li, Chen Hu, Zhonghe Zhou, Degan Shu, Shucheng Xie, Jianping Huang, Fahu Chen, Lin Ding, Tong Zhu, Yigang Xu, Yonglong Lyu, Zhimin Jian, Pinxian Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

In a rapidly evolving world defined by unprecedented challenges, the integration of education, technology, and talent development has emerged as a national strategic imperative. Cultivating interdisciplinary and innovative scientific talents is not only a demand of the era but also a cornerstone for transforming “population dividends” into “talent dividends”. Against this backdrop, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) offers both challenges and opportunities for redefining traditional education models. This study explores the pedagogical practices of the Habitable Earth general science education course, positioning it as a case study to demonstrate how science education can synergize technological empowerment with talent …


Development Of A Serious Game As A Natural Hazard Planning Decision Support Tool, Jody A. Thompson Jun 2024

Development Of A Serious Game As A Natural Hazard Planning Decision Support Tool, Jody A. Thompson

Journal of Extension

As coastal populations grow, so does the exposure to natural hazards such as hurricanes and flooding, creating the potential for increased social and economic disasters. The literature indicates coastal residents remain complacent when planning before, during, and after an event. There is a growing successful use of serious games in natural resources planning, and a growth in the use of digital and electronic games. We developed the serious digital game Plan for It! in response to identified needs and to capitalize on the public’s familiarity with gamification and digital gaming.


Let’S Go! 2022-2023 Educational Programs: Developing A Standardized Obesity Medicine Curriculum Through A Realist Evaluation, Isaac Stickney, Peter Amann, Victoria Rogers, Austin Steward, Kayla Bronzo, Alec Luro, Robert Bing-You Jun 2024

Let’S Go! 2022-2023 Educational Programs: Developing A Standardized Obesity Medicine Curriculum Through A Realist Evaluation, Isaac Stickney, Peter Amann, Victoria Rogers, Austin Steward, Kayla Bronzo, Alec Luro, Robert Bing-You

Journal of Maine Medical Center

Problem: Obesity is linked to more than 200 chronic conditions, lower quality of life, and worse outcomes for patients. Let’s Go! is a community engagement initiative that works with communities to create environments that support healthy behaviors that impact obesity. Let’s Go! provides educational programming for all medical learners and providers throughout Maine and Carroll County, New Hampshire. The goal of Let’s Go! is to address the health outcomes of obesity and the stigma associated with it, including its impact on patients’ mental health and clinicians’ unconscious biases.

Approach: We used a realist evaluation, a framework in which the social …


Culturally And Linguistically Responsive Teaching In K-12 Education, Samantha Valenta Jun 2024

Culturally And Linguistically Responsive Teaching In K-12 Education, Samantha Valenta

Graduate Teacher Education

Students of color have been historically underserved and underrepresented in the education system due to bias. To combat said racist system, teachers need guidance on how to teach their students of color in an equitable way. Every student deserves the chance to succeed. This paper synthesized multiple researchers’ findings over the effects of culturally and linguistically responsive teaching (CLRT) on students of color via qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies. The findings concluded that CLRT was beneficial to students and would increase their academic achievement via improving their mental health, engagement, behavior, and literacy. A cyclical correlation was found between all …


Exploring School Leadership Styles Used To Improve Instruction And Learning In Schools, Nana Yaw Agyeman Mr, Venessa Aphane Ms Jun 2024

Exploring School Leadership Styles Used To Improve Instruction And Learning In Schools, Nana Yaw Agyeman Mr, Venessa Aphane Ms

Journal of Research Initiatives

Schools are under intense pressure to improve quality and achieve long-term educational outcomes. To improve education, schools' teaching and learning environments must be improved. This research evaluated the various leadership philosophies used in South African schools to improve teaching and learning. The study's qualitative methodology included in-depth interviews with open-ended questions. A purposeful technique was used to select 16 participants from four different schools. The participants included four principals, four school management team members, four department heads, and four teachers. Themes guided the data analysis, focusing on patterns and resemblances while maintaining data quality. The study's findings revealed that school …


Exploring The Perspectives Of Private High School Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences On Trauma-Based Approaches, Jay Aldrin A. Locquiao Jun 2024

Exploring The Perspectives Of Private High School Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences On Trauma-Based Approaches, Jay Aldrin A. Locquiao

Doctor of Education Program Dissertations

Nearly 75% of high school students reported having at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) (Anderson et al., 2022). The effects of trauma include hindrances to skill acquisition and task completion because of how one’s executive functioning is inhibited (Cohen & Barron, 2021; Hubel et al., 2020; McClain, 2021). Students with trauma may experience “emotional, relational, behavioral and cognitive levels that will significantly impair their psychosocial functioning” (Milot et al., 2010, p. 232). This study used a qualitative phenomenological approach to capture the essence of the lived experiences of the participants (Creswell & Poth, 2017). The purpose of this study …


Northwest Arkansas Education Report Card 2023, Sarah Mckenzie, Josh Mcgee, Charlene Reid, Christine L. Magness Jun 2024

Northwest Arkansas Education Report Card 2023, Sarah Mckenzie, Josh Mcgee, Charlene Reid, Christine L. Magness

Education Report Card

The goal of this report is to help parents, school personnel, community members, and policy makers understand how effectively the students in their community are being served by public schools. The past two years have been difficult for families, teachers, and students, but despite the challenging context, Northwest Arkansas students are demonstrating greater growth in achievement and earning higher scores on the ACT Aspire than are the students in the state overall. Schools in NWA also received higher School Quality and Student Success scores and graduate a greater percentage of high school students.


Pulaski County Education Report Card 2023, Sarah Mckenzie, Josh Mcgee, Charlene Reid, Christine L. Magness Jun 2024

Pulaski County Education Report Card 2023, Sarah Mckenzie, Josh Mcgee, Charlene Reid, Christine L. Magness

Education Report Card

The goal of this report is to help parents, school personnel, community members, and policy makers understand how effectively the students in their community are being served by public schools. The past few years have been difficult for families, teachers, and students, and throughout the challenging context, Pulaski County students demonstrated growth in achievement on the Act Aspire that was similar to students across the state, but are performing below the state average in achievement, graduation rates, and School Quality and Student Success scores.


Contrastive Analysis Of English And Pashto Adjectives, Abdul Raziq Safi Jun 2024

Contrastive Analysis Of English And Pashto Adjectives, Abdul Raziq Safi

Journal of Research Initiatives

Language is a systematic means of communication that employs sound or conventional symbols. Using a foreign language can be problematic when attempting to communicate or translate written or spoken language from one's native language due to structural differences between languages. Among the most widely spoken languages in the world, English is understood by approximately half of the global population. However, it is neither an official nor a second language in our country. Nonetheless, due to its significance, it is often taught as a foreign language at schools, institutes, and universities. As previously mentioned, Pashto, our language, shares structural similarities and …


An Exploration Of The Mentoring Experiences Of Ethnically Diverse Women Faculty At An Hbcu: A Qualitative Case Study, Tonya M. Brown, Ruth Boyd Jun 2024

An Exploration Of The Mentoring Experiences Of Ethnically Diverse Women Faculty At An Hbcu: A Qualitative Case Study, Tonya M. Brown, Ruth Boyd

Journal of Research Initiatives

This qualitative case study explored the professional and personal growth benefits for women faculty who engage in mentoring relationships at a historically black college or university (HBCU). Data were collected using one-on-one interviews with full- and part-time women faculty members who served as research participants. The participants provided data about their experiences with mentoring, including details such as the frequency of their meetings with mentoring partners, the preferred method of communication, and the areas of support resulting from the mentoring relationship. Findings indicated that mentoring relationships positively enhanced the experience for women faculty teaching in full-time or adjunct positions in …


Closing The Knowledge Gap With Literacy-Infused And Rich Social Studies Content, Jeffrey Leffler, Ksenia Zhbanova Jun 2024

Closing The Knowledge Gap With Literacy-Infused And Rich Social Studies Content, Jeffrey Leffler, Ksenia Zhbanova

Journal of Research Initiatives

Social studies have been marginalized in early childhood education amid the prevalence of standardized testing and political issues. However, a comprehensive approach to early education, including social studies, is gaining attention. This article emphasizes the significance of incorporating social studies into early childhood curriculum, illuminating its potential to enhance children's cognitive and social-emotional development. The second important aspect of this article focuses on the role of social studies in literacy skill development through building background knowledge, critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills of young children.


Global Best Practices In Education: A Conceptual Definition And Criticisms, Vincent Chidindu Asogwa Jun 2024

Global Best Practices In Education: A Conceptual Definition And Criticisms, Vincent Chidindu Asogwa

Journal of Research Initiatives

The "Global Best Practices" concept is subjective and varies from many perspectives based on the indicators used. As such, there needs to be a standardized and universally accepted definition of global best practices in education, which hinders the effective identification, adoption, and benchmarking of these practices across countries and educational institutions. This ambiguity challenges teachers, students, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners seeking to understand and apply global educational best practices. Hence, this explorative study investigated the conceptual definition and criticisms surrounding the concept of global best practices in education. A narrative literature review methodology was employed to systematically search, select, and …


مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية وأثره على دافعية التعلم من وجهة نظر المعلمين, Duaa Sufian Abd Alfatah Jun 2024

مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية وأثره على دافعية التعلم من وجهة نظر المعلمين, Duaa Sufian Abd Alfatah

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدف المقال التعرف على مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية وأثره على دافعية التعلم من وجهة نظر المعلمين، تكونت عينة الدراسة من (218) معلما ومعلمة في مدارس المرحلة الأساسية التابعة لمديرية التربية والتعليم في لواء قصبة عمان، وتم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية، تم اتباع المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، واستخدمت الاستبانة كأداة لجمع البيانات، توصلت الدراسة إلى أن مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية من وجهة نظر المعلمين جاء بدرجة متوسطة، ووجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة ل مستوى الفاقد التعليمي لدى طلبة المرحلة الأساسية تعزى لأثر متغير الجنس لصالح الإناث، وعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية …


Bridging The Gap Between Neuroscience And Education: What Are Teachers’ Perceptions Of Applying “Neuropedagogy” To High School Classrooms?, Hanan Rashwan Jun 2024

Bridging The Gap Between Neuroscience And Education: What Are Teachers’ Perceptions Of Applying “Neuropedagogy” To High School Classrooms?, Hanan Rashwan

Theses and Dissertations

Teachers can use neurobiological explanations to evaluate students' behavior and performance and create more supportive learning settings in their school environment. There is a growing interest among educators regarding the potential benefits of incorporating neuroscience into teaching practices. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of how to effectively integrate cognitive neuroscience into teacher education programs to maximize its impact on student learning and teacher development. This study focuses on understanding teachers' views on the integration of neuroscience principles in educational settings by utilizing a questionnaire and interviews to gather data from participating teachers. The findings reveal that the …


Digital Intelligence In Egypt’S K-12 Public Schools: Educators’ Perspectives, Mohammed Al Mousa Jun 2024

Digital Intelligence In Egypt’S K-12 Public Schools: Educators’ Perspectives, Mohammed Al Mousa

Theses and Dissertations

Technological integration has been a dominant feature of Egypt’s education recently, especially after the announcement of the Education 2.0 initiative, which aims to transform Egypt's education to digital-based and skill-based learning (UNICEF, n.d.), Ever since, public schools in Egypt started adopting technology into teaching practices through online classes, digital textbooks, e-learning platforms, and digital examinations. This educational transformation requires teachers and students to possess the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to become effective and responsible users of the transforming digital education system and the digital world in general, which are collectively known as Digital Intelligence (DQ). Despite the substantial role …


Shifting To The Online Environment: Exploring Virtual And In-Person Collaborations Between Community College Libraries And Writing Centers, Julia Stone Jun 2024

Shifting To The Online Environment: Exploring Virtual And In-Person Collaborations Between Community College Libraries And Writing Centers, Julia Stone

Library Faculty and Staff Publications and Presentations

Community college libraries and writing centers are natural partners due to their shared goals regarding academic support and student success, as well as their joint focus on the interrelated processes of writing and research. Research has shown that libraries at four-year institutions and writing centers collaborate in many ways, but little research has been conducted on collaborations at community colleges and whether these collaborations have moved to a virtual setting. Given the rise in online education at community colleges and students' need for developmental education in writing, this study used a qualitative survey approach to gain a better understanding of …


Reimagining The Single-Author Seminar: Teaching Wheatley Peters, Milton, And The Master’S Discourse, Kate Ozment Jun 2024

Reimagining The Single-Author Seminar: Teaching Wheatley Peters, Milton, And The Master’S Discourse, Kate Ozment

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

This article discusses a senior-level literature course that puts into dialogue Phillis Wheatley Peters and John Milton. Wheatley Peters’ poetry on tyranny and freedom during the American Revolution, especially “America,” is compared to Milton’s Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, Areopagitica, and Paradise Lost, which explore the same themes during the English Civil War. Students trace how Milton’s transformative but narrowed ideas of freedom for enfranchised subjects in England are powerfully reimagined by Wheatley Peters in double meanings of freedom for the colonies and enslaved subjects. Secondary sources allow students to engage in the canon-building of Milton as …


A Review Of Ann Radcliffe's The Romance Of The Forest, Edited By Shelley King And John B. Pierce, Annette Hulbert Jun 2024

A Review Of Ann Radcliffe's The Romance Of The Forest, Edited By Shelley King And John B. Pierce, Annette Hulbert

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

The Romance of the Forest has long been one of the most teachable of Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic novels, given its relatively shorter length and popularity at the time of its publication. Now, Shelley King and John B. Pierce have prepared with great thoroughness an updated version of the text for Broadview that proves a worthy successor to Chloe Chard’s Oxford World Classics edition, published in 1986. The edition builds on Chard’s notes and includes extensive historical appendices that would benefit both teachers and scholars of Radcliffe’s work.


Introduction: Concise Collection On Teaching The Works Of Phillis Wheatley Peters, Mona Narain, Sarah Ruffing Robbins Jun 2024

Introduction: Concise Collection On Teaching The Works Of Phillis Wheatley Peters, Mona Narain, Sarah Ruffing Robbins

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

This short essay introduces a two-part Concise Collections special issue on teaching Phillis Wheatley Peters. It discusses how the life and works of the poet can be taught in various educational settings.


Reading Phillis Wheatley’S Catastrophist Poetics: Heroic Couplets And Environmental Justice, Katarina O'Briain Jun 2024

Reading Phillis Wheatley’S Catastrophist Poetics: Heroic Couplets And Environmental Justice, Katarina O'Briain

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

This essay offers suggestions for reading Phillis Wheatley as an early poet of environmental justice by tracing the figure of catastrophe that runs throughout her works. The essay recounts teaching Phillis’s early poems in an upper-level undergraduate seminar on “Ecocriticism: Environmental Justice Literature” as well as in a graduate seminar called “Global Georgics: Land and Labour Across the Long Eighteenth Century.” Looking closely at moments where she describes “pestilential vapors,” or when “Heav’n quakes, earth trembles, and the shores resound,” I argue that Wheatley’s carefully ordered heroic couplet poems speak calamity more than regularity, catastrophe more than gradualism. This pedagogical …


Methodological Revolutions For Teaching Phillis Wheatley Peters, Sam Plasencia Jun 2024

Methodological Revolutions For Teaching Phillis Wheatley Peters, Sam Plasencia

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

This article describes a senior seminar I designed titled 'Phillis Wheatley Peters and Her Literary Afterlives,' which sought to (re)introduce Wheatley Peters to mostly white students as a literary foremother, and to do so by way of Black feminist writing that considers method. While nearly all of my students had encountered Wheatley Peters before my class, none had been asked to consider the methods by which we read her, and what different ones will allow and negate, make visible or foreclose. I thus organized this class around the methods that have emerged in the last twenty years, in order to …


A Review Of Debates In The Digital Humanities, Edited By Matthew K. Gold And Lauren F. Klein, Ashley Bender Jun 2024

A Review Of Debates In The Digital Humanities, Edited By Matthew K. Gold And Lauren F. Klein, Ashley Bender

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

A Review of Debates in the Digital Humanities, edited by Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein


Indigenous Language Guidelines And Resources, Shelby Johnson, Katarina O'Briain, Willow White Jun 2024

Indigenous Language Guidelines And Resources, Shelby Johnson, Katarina O'Briain, Willow White

ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640–1830

These collaboratively written guidelines offer suggestions and resources for writing about Indigenous Peoples, knowledge, and histories ethically and respectfully. With an awareness that this work is ongoing, that terms and language are subject to change, and that no set of guidelines or essays can fully account for diverse Native histories, these guidelines and resources offer suggestions for best practices for eighteenth-century scholars who are considering engaging in this work. The authors and contributors of this document understand that language is always evolving and that these guidelines may not be relevant indefinitely and in all circumstances. At some point, we imagine …


Ungrading As A Tool To Combat Students’ Fear Of Failure, Sarah M. Scott Jun 2024

Ungrading As A Tool To Combat Students’ Fear Of Failure, Sarah M. Scott

Feminist Pedagogy

Atychiphobia, the fear of failure, has been correlated with academic procrastination, imposter syndrome, cheating behaviors, and negative self-efficacy. This critical commentary argues that ungrading, as a feminist pedagogical practice, is a useful way to encourage students to embrace, rather than fear, failure. By reframing failure as a process of discovery, failure becomes a necessary, expected, and embraced part of learning that helps to combat the traditional and often adversarial relationship between educators and students.


Physical Therapy Graduate Perceptions Of The Didactic Use Of Goreact Video Assessment Software And Work Readiness, Jacqueline Moore Jun 2024

Physical Therapy Graduate Perceptions Of The Didactic Use Of Goreact Video Assessment Software And Work Readiness, Jacqueline Moore

Journal of Innovation in Health Sciences Education

Introduction: Physical therapy education programs adopting online teaching and learning must ensure students acquire the necessary skills for optimal professional work readiness, including appropriate assessment and feedback in the online environment. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) graduates' professional work readiness after using GoReact video assessment software at an accredited DPT education program in the United States.

Methods: Semi structured interviews were conducted with 15 DPT graduates via virtual teleconferencing software. Interview data were analyzed using descriptive and emotion coding.

Results: Results indicated that most participants held an …