Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- African American Studies (14022)
- History (12054)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (11072)
- Education (7723)
- Sociology (6171)
-
- Indigenous Studies (5661)
- United States History (5294)
- Race and Ethnicity (4612)
- Religion (4108)
- Communication (3852)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (3085)
- Women's History (3032)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (3030)
- Mass Communication (2998)
- Sports Studies (2904)
- Journalism Studies (2895)
- Higher Education Administration (2889)
- Missions and World Christianity (2763)
- Ethnic Studies (2678)
- Indigenous Education (2432)
- Latina/o Studies (2231)
- Public Relations and Advertising (2172)
- Anthropology (2006)
- American Studies (1861)
- Social History (1627)
- Native American Studies (1555)
- Cultural History (1466)
- Women's Studies (1453)
- Institution
-
- University of North Florida (3480)
- Western Kentucky University (3393)
- Marquette University (2685)
- Suffolk University (1143)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (1000)
-
- Cal Poly Humboldt (708)
- Brigham Young University - Hawaii (667)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (645)
- University of Mississippi (622)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (612)
- Mississippi State University (595)
- Fordham University (441)
- Walden University (423)
- Ursinus College (359)
- San Jose State University (324)
- Gettysburg College (319)
- Kennesaw State University (296)
- Portland State University (244)
- Claremont Colleges (241)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (234)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (230)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (212)
- Chapman University (211)
- Old Dominion University (208)
- College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University (200)
- University of Denver (197)
- College of the Holy Cross (196)
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (195)
- Morehead State University (192)
- The University of San Francisco (192)
- Keyword
-
- Western Kentucky University (3092)
- Native American Boarding Schools (2641)
- BCIM (2640)
- Bureau of catholic indian missions (2640)
- Catholic Boarding schools (2640)
-
- Catholic Indian Schools (2640)
- Catholic Tribal schools (2640)
- Catholic missions (2640)
- Day schools (2640)
- Indian boarding schools (2640)
- Mission schools (2640)
- Tribal Schools (2640)
- Catholic day schools (2639)
- African Americans (2121)
- Blacks (1837)
- African American businesses -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1623)
- African American businesswomen -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1623)
- African American funeral home directors -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1623)
- African American real estate investors -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1623)
- Funeral homes -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1623)
- Undertakers and undertaking -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1623)
- Eartha M. M. White Collection (1571)
- Holmes Funeral Home (Jacksonville, Fla.) -- Founder -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1547)
- Holmes Funeral Home (Jacksonville, Fla.) -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1547)
- African American philanthropists -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1518)
- Clara White Mission -- Founder -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1518)
- African American social activists -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1513)
- African American women -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- Societies and clubs -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1511)
- African Americans -- Florida -- Jacksonville -- Charities -- Archives (1508)
- Old Folks Home (Jacksonville, Fla.) -- Presidents -- History -- 20th century -- Archives (1438)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- WKU Administration Documents (3040)
- Eartha M. M. White Textual Material (1603)
- Boston Chronicle Newspaper (1138)
- Pacific Studies (667)
- CouRaGeouS Cuentos: A Journal of Counternarratives (608)
-
- Historic Natchez Foundation (580)
- Death Certificates, 1922-1939 (503)
- Removal and Burial Permits, 1925 -1939 (425)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (421)
- Alaska (397)
- Oral Histories (370)
- Wisconsin (348)
- Minnesota (327)
- Real Estate Correspondence 1925-1937 (294)
- Dakota, South (273)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (264)
- Montana (257)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (255)
- Glover Family Papers, 1871-1937 (254)
- Trotter Review (230)
- California (210)
- Publications and Research (203)
- Indian Head Rock Project (190)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (186)
- Rodney Lawrence Hurst, Sr. Stamp Collection (183)
- Gastón Institute Publications (180)
- Theses and Dissertations (180)
- Sheet Music, 1910-1919 (176)
- The Journal of Social Encounters (176)
- US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations (162)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 2521 - 2550 of 27359
Full-Text Articles in Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies
Restorative Practices In English Language Arts: My Journey Towards Linguistic Justice, Ariana Skeese
Restorative Practices In English Language Arts: My Journey Towards Linguistic Justice, Ariana Skeese
Master of Arts in English Plan II Graduate Projects
In this final portfolio, I examine anti-racist pedagogy in English Language Arts Education.
Combating Trauma And The Immigrant Paradox In Schools, Emma Bergman
Combating Trauma And The Immigrant Paradox In Schools, Emma Bergman
Honors Projects
Over time, research on immigrant populations has revealed a trend known as the immigrant paradox in which, the further generations get from the generation of immigration, the poorer their outcomes are in areas such as mental health, delinquency, substance abuse, and education. Though a definitive explanation for this trend has yet to be identified, prevailing theories include several social, familial, and community-based factors such as the impacts of bilingualism, parental expectations, biculturalism, co-ethnic peers, quality of schools, and community support. Little attention has been paid to individual factors such as mental health and trauma. The present study proposes the transgenerational …
“When White Men And Indians United Shall Praise:” Indigenous Inclusion In The Hartford Music Company, Savannah N. Skaggs
“When White Men And Indians United Shall Praise:” Indigenous Inclusion In The Hartford Music Company, Savannah N. Skaggs
ATU Scholars Symposium
The Hartford Music Company and Institute of Hartford, Arkansas has attracted increasing academic interest, particularly within the last twenty years. This southern gospel music publishing company and singing school based in southern Sebastian County published a collection of shape note hymnals which boasted some of the genre’s most prolific literature. Though a growing number of Arkansans are learning that these gospel staples came from their own hill country, many do not realize that several of these songs were premiered by or recorded by Indigenous people. While this may not initially seem particularly impactful, this genre developed its own distinct identity …
Zine-Nona: Paper, Scissors, Resistance, Winona State University-Ethnic Studies Program, Winona State University-Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Department
Zine-Nona: Paper, Scissors, Resistance, Winona State University-Ethnic Studies Program, Winona State University-Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Department
Research & Creative Achievement Day
ZINE-NONA: Paper, Scissors, Resistance explores the intersections of power and privilege through zines.
This event is hosted by the WGSS Intersections of Power and Privilege, WGSS Introduction to LGBTQIA+ Studies, and ETHN Punk Rock and Folks of Color.
Sponsored by the WSU Ethnic Studies Program (ETHN) and Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Department (WGSS) faculty. Funding provided by the Learning and Community Engagement Community.
Genderless And Sexualized: Caribbean Enslaved Women In The 18th Century, Amy Van Arsdell
Genderless And Sexualized: Caribbean Enslaved Women In The 18th Century, Amy Van Arsdell
Campus Research Month
This study focuses on the uniquely-gendered experiences of enslaved women in the Caribbean in the 18th century. First, I examine the racialized views of femininity and how enslaved women were denied the privileges of white femininity and forced to do the same work as men, yet were still valued less than their male counterparts because of their gender. The study goes on to highlight the sexual oppression enslaved women experienced, and its adverse effects on their health. The study concludes that despite the intersectional racism and sexism they faced, enslaved women were able to use their gender to resist …
Native American Women Leadership In Higher Education, Monica J. Etsitty Dorame
Native American Women Leadership In Higher Education, Monica J. Etsitty Dorame
Organization, Information and Learning Sciences ETDs
This qualitative study explored leadership in higher education through the perspectives of six Native American women faculty at a southwest university. The study utilized a Diné informed conceptual framework incorporating the Diné Philosophy of education, the Diné philosophy of life (Są’áh Naagháí Bik'eh Hózhóón - SNBH), and the Diné ceremonial basket. The research examined how Native women faculty perceived leadership, their identity as leaders in higher education, their leadership in the community, and how their background and context influenced their perception of leadership. Further, it explored their roles within academic and community settings. The study employed narrative inquiry and thematic …
The Contributions Of Nuevomexicanas To New Mexico Lowrider Culture, Traditions, And Rituals: The Significance Of Young Chicana Cultural Pachuca And Chola Aesthetics And Identity Expression In The Albuquerque Lowrider Community, Valerie J. Chavez
Chicana and Chicano Studies ETDs
The lowrider community in Albuquerque creates a space for families and individuals to gather and express themselves within Chicana/o/x culture. Nuevomexicanas have played a significant role in the teaching and preservation of the New Mexican traditions and rituals of lowriding. This research project is a visual and plática-based study. It explores how young Nuevomexicanas express their Chicana identity through la pachuca and chola cultural aesthetics and identity while actively participating in lowrider culture. This project utilizes the research methods of la resolana, querencia, and plática to understand, discover, and document the roles of young Nuevomexicanas in the Albuquerque …
Critical Faith: What It Is, What It Isn't & Why It Matters [Chapter 1], Joni Schwartz
Critical Faith: What It Is, What It Isn't & Why It Matters [Chapter 1], Joni Schwartz
Publications and Research
Near hysteria has erupted in the media, state and federal legislatures, community boards, and churches around critical race theory (CRT). Despite the term's history, development, and clearly defined meaning, it has become a catch-all for white America's fears, deflections, and equivocations on race, society, and the law. Christians are no exception. Their critiques routinely claim that CRT is rewriting of American history, that it is anti-democratic, and even heretical.
Critical Faith presents a counter argument to these claims and insists that CRT is a tool to grapple with the thorny issue of race in both society and the church. In …
Making Absences Present: The Process Of Visualizing Knowledge Production In Museum Records, Caitlin Glosser
Making Absences Present: The Process Of Visualizing Knowledge Production In Museum Records, Caitlin Glosser
Artl@s Bulletin
In this paper, I evaluate the development of data visualizations as an art historical approach. By visualizing data for Senufo-labeled objects in the Musée Africain de Lyon’s collection, I demonstrate how the museum’s knowledge infrastructure privileges European collectors over African makers. I use Tableau visualizations to decenter this narrative by making silences present in a more impactful manner than through text alone. The visualizations also reveal the complex role that one maker, Bèma Coulibaly, played in the life of the collection. The addition of the individual narrative to the data was necessary to bring a human element into view.
Nous …
Cinema, Black Suffering, And Theodicy: Modern God, Terry Lindvall
Cinema, Black Suffering, And Theodicy: Modern God, Terry Lindvall
Journal of Religion & Film
This is a book review of Shayne Lee, Cinema, Black Suffering, and Theodicy: Modern God (Rowman and Littlefield, 2022).
Race And Drama, Lucy Droege
Race And Drama, Lucy Droege
Development of Western Civilization Student Scholarship
The colloquium marks the culminating semester of the DWC experience. Over four semesters, students have achieved a grounding in major texts of the western tradition, engaged in deep reading and reflection, improved their communication skills, and are ready to make connections with their majors and careers. The colloquium allows them to utilize these skills and make the transition to their future academic work. In light of this, the Development of Western Civilization Program Committee has selected 5 DWC colloquium culminating projects that demonstrate excellence in communication and critical thinking skills. We are grateful to these students for their hard work …
Capital Punishment: Analyzing The Demise Of The Death Penalty's Usefulness, Emma Reyes
Capital Punishment: Analyzing The Demise Of The Death Penalty's Usefulness, Emma Reyes
Richard T. Schellhase Essay Prize in Ethics
As there are evident flaws within the practice of capital punishment, I urge the United States federal government to question ways in which they should change how the death penalty is implemented into law. I propose that lawmakers consider fully abolishing the death penalty as a means of eliminating ethical and economic concerns within our judicial system. However, if this option does not seem possible, I instead propose the federal government act in revising the current practices used within the capital trial process. Previous research has found that the continued use of the death penalty can cause risk of economic …
Writ To Work: Habeas Corpus Challenges By Laborers And Socialists In Washington State, 1915-1919, Luke Mcdermott
Writ To Work: Habeas Corpus Challenges By Laborers And Socialists In Washington State, 1915-1919, Luke Mcdermott
Digital Legal Research Lab
No abstract provided.
Ua68/17 Wku Dance: Creating, Thinking, Artists, Wku Theatre & Dance
Ua68/17 Wku Dance: Creating, Thinking, Artists, Wku Theatre & Dance
WKU Administration Documents
Newsletter created by and about the WKU Dance Program.
Exploration Of Historic Inequities In Government Funding Programs Towards Native Americans With Contemporary Analysis, Nathaniel S. Snyder
Exploration Of Historic Inequities In Government Funding Programs Towards Native Americans With Contemporary Analysis, Nathaniel S. Snyder
Washington Semester Program
Native American communities across the United States have perennially struggled with disparities in government funding, resulting in a wide variety of socio-economic issues. Although ongoing efforts are in place to rectify these disparities there persists substantial gaps in funding allocation. Historical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors have contributed to these inequities, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and marginalization. Despite this, promising examples of successful funding models and large-scale initiatives provide valuable insights and hope for the future. The COVID-19 pandemic, although detrimental to society, introduced more resources to Native Americans than ever before due to supplemental programs. This paper analyzes the …
Unveiling Colonial Legacies: Women’S Marginalization Through The Lens Of Coffee Cultivation In Northern Angola, Posi Oluwakuyide
Unveiling Colonial Legacies: Women’S Marginalization Through The Lens Of Coffee Cultivation In Northern Angola, Posi Oluwakuyide
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This study investigates the historical dynamics of gender and labor by investigating the colonial production coffee production in northern Angola, the history examined spanning from the pre- colonial era of the Kongo and Ndongo kingdoms to the colonial period in the Uíge, Zaire, Bengo, and Cuanza Norte provinces. It aims to shed light on the marginalization of women within both colonial and post-independence contexts. Utilizing the Harvard analytical framework as a guide, this research explores the enduring effects of Portuguese colonialism on women's agency and economic participation. Through an examination of primarily scholarly works, this study reveals how Portuguese colonial …
Empoderamiento De Las Mujeres De La Organización Chaski Warmikuna, Iliana Sarai Barnes Diaz
Empoderamiento De Las Mujeres De La Organización Chaski Warmikuna, Iliana Sarai Barnes Diaz
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Este artículo examina el trabajo de la organización de mujeres indígenas Chaski Warmikuna, conocidas como “mujeres mensajeras” en kichwa, en la región de Saraguro, Ecuador. El grupo organiza apoyo a mujeres para aprender herramientas y estrategias que les permitan salir de la violencia y sanar sus traumas. A través de entrevistas con mujeres, revelan la prevalencia y normalización de la violencia en algunas comunidades, pero también iluminan el fortalecimiento y empoderamiento que estas mujeres han experimentado para liberarse de la violencia. Además, se señala que la violencia frecuentemente es transmitida de generación en generación en las familias y la sociedad, …
Ua3/10 President's Messages - Spring Semester, Wku President's Office - Caboni
Ua3/10 President's Messages - Spring Semester, Wku President's Office - Caboni
WKU Administration Documents
President's Message emails sent by Timothy Caboni to faculty & staff during spring semester, 2024.
- Choose WKU Program
- Commencement
- Enrollment & Student Experience
- Freedom of Speech
- Innovation Campus
- Kentucky’s Campus Free Speech Protection Act
- Lobbying
- MASTER Plan - Convocation
- Semester Preview
- Student Retention
- Summer Review
Ua19/16/2 Basketball Press Releases, Wku Athletic Media Relations
Ua19/16/2 Basketball Press Releases, Wku Athletic Media Relations
WKU Administration Documents
Press releases and game statistics for WKU men's basketball team from January to July 2024.
Colectivo Moriviví: Reconfiguring The Puerto Rican Nation Through Feminist Art Activism, Tania Carrasquillo Hernandez
Colectivo Moriviví: Reconfiguring The Puerto Rican Nation Through Feminist Art Activism, Tania Carrasquillo Hernandez
Faculty Publications
This article analyzes national identity construction in Puerto Rico in terms of gender dynamics and how contemporary artistic production has questioned patriarchal constructions within the nation. I argue that by voicing the narratives of Puerto Rican communities in the public sphere, Colectivo Moriviví validates the active participation and contribution of women, Afro-descendant minorities, and LGTBQ+ groups within the national body, forcing the national discourse to re-envision its purpose, values, and mission
4:44, Matthew Meyer
4:44, Matthew Meyer
School of Art, Art History, and Design: Theses and Student Creative Work
As a multimedia artist, I create using practices of painting, photography, drawing, sculpture, and digital methods. The conceptual basis of my work explores the specific relationship between material, process, and idea. 4:44, the title of my thesis exhibition, refers to Jay-Z’s 2017 critically acclaimed album. This album has a lot of influential moments within it; however, one song embodied the ideas that I was researching while at the University of Nebraska Lincoln. “The Story of O.J.” contains different aspects of Blackness, whether how we treat each other, think about the future or just the different skin tones within the …
Res Historica, Volume 3, Lynneth Miller Renberg Phd, Alpha Rho Epsilon Phi Alpha Theta
Res Historica, Volume 3, Lynneth Miller Renberg Phd, Alpha Rho Epsilon Phi Alpha Theta
Res Historica
The 2024 journal of historical research by Anderson University students, Res Historica.
The editorial team for this edition of Res Historica was Dr. Lynneth Miller Renberg, Johnathan Sorce, and Samuel Sanders.
From Moral Panic To Legal Injustice: Due Process Failures In Prostitution Cases (1889-1924), Ethan Dunn
From Moral Panic To Legal Injustice: Due Process Failures In Prostitution Cases (1889-1924), Ethan Dunn
Digital Legal Research Lab
No abstract provided.
El Nacimiento Del Rock En Español: ¿Cómo Fue Que Este Género De Música Latina Tuvo Éxito?, Alejandro V. Martinez
El Nacimiento Del Rock En Español: ¿Cómo Fue Que Este Género De Música Latina Tuvo Éxito?, Alejandro V. Martinez
World Languages and Cultures
This paper titled El nacimiento del rock en español: ¿Cómo fue que este género de música latina tuvo éxito? will cover information regarding the Spanish rock movement. This essay compares what is written in this paper to that of prior scholars to show that although they do bring valid points, there is a lot more than many of us realize. There are various articles and reports written about the movement, but many do not explain the creation of the movement, let alone its survival in the music industry as a new genre that some had never heard of or had …
Diaspora As A Cultural Hearth: A Case Study Of The Amazigh In Morocco, Maximo Ellis
Diaspora As A Cultural Hearth: A Case Study Of The Amazigh In Morocco, Maximo Ellis
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Diaspora consists of a group of people who reside in a location different from their imagined homeland. Despite the growing prevalence and prominence of diasporas around the world as contact between cultures becomes more frequent, there is relatively little consensus regarding the nature of diaspora communities and their identity construction. This paper uses the case study of the Amazigh diaspora to reveal some of the nuances and aspects that affect both the creation and spread of identity within diasporas. The Amazigh diaspora differs from other diasporas because it is a historically marginalized and oppressed group within their countries of origin, …
Community Opinions On Environmental Action On Isla Porvenir And Whichub Walla In The Guna Yala Comarca, Sofia Houts
Community Opinions On Environmental Action On Isla Porvenir And Whichub Walla In The Guna Yala Comarca, Sofia Houts
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The Guna Yala Comarca is the autonomous, self-governed territory of the Guna people, one of seven Indigenous groups in Panama. The Comarca is located on Panama’s eastern Caribbean coast and includes 365 coral islands. Forty nine Guna communities and roughly 32,000 individuals live in the territory. The Guna General Congress is the highest authority, and each community has a local congress. As a low-lying coastal region, Guna Yala is especially vulnerable to climate change and is already impacted by sea level rise, biodiversity loss, and changing precipitation patterns. Sub-national, national, and international forms of governance and environmental action are crucial …
Community Knowledge Of Shark Ecology, Abundance, And Species Composition In Wichubwala, Nalunega, And Porvenir Communities In The Guna Yala Comarca, Panamá, Kayley Jane Porter
Community Knowledge Of Shark Ecology, Abundance, And Species Composition In Wichubwala, Nalunega, And Porvenir Communities In The Guna Yala Comarca, Panamá, Kayley Jane Porter
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Sharks play a critical role in marine ecosystems as apex predators that exert top-down control of lower trophic levels. In recent decades, global shark populations have declined to unprecedented levels, triggering a cascade effect that threatens ecosystem functioning and, therefore, coastal community livelihoods that rely on marine resources for food and income. It is known that shark populations are vulnerable and on the decline due to anthropogenic stressors such as fishing and coastal development, but shark species composition and abundance are difficult to monitor due to the evasive nature of sharks, the often remote and inaccessible location of certain shark …
Representation And Equity Gaps In Higher Education: Conceptualizing Minority Representation In Graduate Programs At An Msi, Phylecia Love
Representation And Equity Gaps In Higher Education: Conceptualizing Minority Representation In Graduate Programs At An Msi, Phylecia Love
Dissertations
Racially minority students and faculty are disproportionately underrepresented nationally, particularly at Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs), which are meant to serve minority populations (Hurtado et al., 2008). As the number of minority students grows, the gap for representation grows wider, which has added to the high departure of minority students. Additionally, the lack of faculty representation has minority faculty experiencing racial fatigue and tokenism. This qualitative research used the counter-storytelling tenet of Critical Race Theory as a theoretical framework to explore how students and faculty conceptualize representation in their graduate program at an MSI.
By employing co-constructed interviewing in the data …
Guna Community Perspectives On Attributes, Changes, And Revitalization Of Nainu Agroecological Practices In Isla Tigre, Guna Yala Comarca, Panama, Neshima Vitale-Penniman
Guna Community Perspectives On Attributes, Changes, And Revitalization Of Nainu Agroecological Practices In Isla Tigre, Guna Yala Comarca, Panama, Neshima Vitale-Penniman
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Indigenous agroecological systems are gaining international recognition for their capacity to conserve biodiversity while promoting food security and sovereignty. Nainu is the ancestral agriculture of the Guna people of eastern Panama, and it is characterized by a successional growing system that imitates the regeneration of the tropical forest in which it is practiced. This research aimed to (a) characterize how nainu is practiced by farmers in Isla Tigre, a community in Guna Yala, (b) characterize how nainu practices have changed over time, and (c) describe how farmers and community members in Isla Tigre are envisioning and actualizing the revitalization of …
Climbing The Academic Ladder While Black: Exploring The Experiences Of Institutional Belongingness For Black Counselor Education And Supervision Doctoral Students At Predominantly White Institutions, Jasmine Alicia Hawa Griffith
Climbing The Academic Ladder While Black: Exploring The Experiences Of Institutional Belongingness For Black Counselor Education And Supervision Doctoral Students At Predominantly White Institutions, Jasmine Alicia Hawa Griffith
Counseling & Human Services Theses & Dissertations
Although ample research investigates students’ belongingness experiences in counselor education (CE) programs, existing literature only marginally explores the realities of Black master students, and there is a notable lack of empirical attention to Black doctoral students’ belongingness experiences in counselor education and supervision (CES) programs. Investigating Black CES doctoral students' belongingness experiences at Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs) is critical to understanding how the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs (CACREP) accredited CES programs can address the troubling statistic that Black doctoral students are least likely to become full-time CE faculty. Consequently, this study utilizes critical phenomenology from …