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Full-Text Articles in Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies

Discussion From Andrea Smith's Book, Conquest: Sexual Violence And American Indian Genocide, Alexis M. Auman Apr 2026

Discussion From Andrea Smith's Book, Conquest: Sexual Violence And American Indian Genocide, Alexis M. Auman

Student Publications

Discussion from Andrea Smith's book, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide


Indigenous Women’S Reproductive Traditions: Reclaiming Sovereignty Through 500 Years Of Colonization, Stephanie A. Sellers Sep 2025

Indigenous Women’S Reproductive Traditions: Reclaiming Sovereignty Through 500 Years Of Colonization, Stephanie A. Sellers

Gettysburg College Faculty Books

In Indigenous Women’s Reproductive Traditions, Stephanie Sellers delves into the rich history of Indigenous women’s reproductive practices before European colonization. The book highlights traditional methods such as birth control, abortion, and child spacing, which were integral to maintaining agency over their bodies. Sellers explores how these practices were disrupted by European patriarchal structures and examines the impact of forced sterilization in the 20th century. Today, Indigenous women are reclaiming their rights through movements for reproductive justice, advocating for a return to their ancestral practices and redefining concepts of womanhood and motherhood on their own tribal terms.


Our National Reckoning: A Historiographical Approach To Emancipation And Lincoln, Jaie R. Pizzetti Apr 2025

Our National Reckoning: A Historiographical Approach To Emancipation And Lincoln, Jaie R. Pizzetti

GLI MA in American History Student Works

This historiographical paper examines scholarship on Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation in our national reckoning with the legacies of slavery and race in American History since 1865. This leads scholars to inevitably confront the question of Lincoln’s true motivation for pursuing emancipation as a war goal: to save the Union or to provide a “new birth of freedom?” Following the tumultuous period of Reconstruction, which gave rise to segregation in the South, many white historians focused little attention on slavery and emancipation in studies of the Civil War. Attention returned in the twentieth century, especially with the centennial of …


The Overlooked Civil Rights Movement In South Carolina, Brooks R. Hammett Apr 2025

The Overlooked Civil Rights Movement In South Carolina, Brooks R. Hammett

GLI MA in American History Student Works

This paper examines the overlooked but critical role of South Carolina in the Civil Rights Movement, highlighting the contributions of student-led activism, landmark legal cases, and influential grassroots leaders. Focusing on Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) like Claflin University, Allen University, Benedict College, South Carolina State University, and the Avery Institute, the study explores how students catalyzed local movements through sit-ins, marches, and organized protests. It also investigates the legal and social ramifications of desegregation efforts following Brown v. Board of Education, including the resistance from public institutions and the emergence of segregation academies. Key civil rights events—such as …


Incarcerated Adolescence: Historical Archaeology And Finding Teenagers In The Japanese American Concentration Camp, Jack Kendall Apr 2025

Incarcerated Adolescence: Historical Archaeology And Finding Teenagers In The Japanese American Concentration Camp, Jack Kendall

Student Publications

Through looking at the teenagers of the Granada Relocation Center, commonly called Amache, this research posits a unique framework to understanding and searching for teenagers in the past. This uses a combination of historical sources and oral histories in order to outline what materials to search for. This research also uses an emotional approach, titled an "archaeology of the heart" to understand and work alongside descendants to properly understand the nuance of the forced relocation of 110,000 Japanese Americans through World War II. By combining these different elements, this research shows the ways that teenagers were constructing and reconstructing a …


Black Experiences In The Shadow Of The Civil War, Beverly A. Duran Oct 2024

Black Experiences In The Shadow Of The Civil War, Beverly A. Duran

GLI MA in American History Student Works

This study examines the contrasting experiences and perspectives of enslaved African Americans in the South and free Black communities in the North in the years leading up to the American Civil War. Drawing on primary sources such as slave narratives, abolitionist writings, and speeches by Black leaders, the paper highlights how geographical, social, and legal contexts shaped their views on the impending conflict. While enslaved individuals feared the war’s potential for intensified oppression but harbored faint hopes for freedom, free Black Northerners viewed the war as both an opportunity for abolition and a risk to their precarious freedoms. The analysis …


Breaking Silence: The Historiography Of The Bear River Massacre, Logan C. Romney Jul 2024

Breaking Silence: The Historiography Of The Bear River Massacre, Logan C. Romney

GLI MA in American History Student Works

This paper explores the historiography of the Bear River Massacre, analyzing its progression from historical silence and mischaracterization to recognition and nuanced interpretation. By addressing biases, evolving narratives, and modern efforts to commemorate the tragedy, this paper underscores the importance of preserving this complex and overlooked chapter of American history.


Maternal Sacrifice And Resilience: The Legacy Of Harriet Jacobs And Enslaved Black Motherhood, Beverly A. Duran Jul 2024

Maternal Sacrifice And Resilience: The Legacy Of Harriet Jacobs And Enslaved Black Motherhood, Beverly A. Duran

GLI MA in American History Student Works

This paper explores the unique role of enslaved Black women in preserving family and cultural identity during the American slavery era, focusing on the life and writings of Harriet Jacobs. Through her autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Jacobs exemplifies the extraordinary sacrifices and resilience of enslaved mothers, who navigated the dual burdens of racial and gender oppression. The study delves into Jacobs’s years-long confinement in an attic to avoid separation from her children and her use of storytelling, education, and cultural practices to resist dehumanization. It highlights how enslaved women, despite systemic constraints, developed strategies to …


Peace, Power, And Precarity: Examining Brazil’S Potential As An Emerging Global And Regional Leader, Mackenzie A. Berwick May 2024

Peace, Power, And Precarity: Examining Brazil’S Potential As An Emerging Global And Regional Leader, Mackenzie A. Berwick

Gettysburg Social Sciences Review

Brazil is poised to emerge as a critical player in the Southern Hemisphere. The nation’s economic success has been accompanied by efforts to play a prominent role in international peace and security. This financial dynamism has offered the country a degree of legitimacy on issues of global trade and energy. However, a protracted social conflict in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas threatens that status. Brazil cannot access international esteem and influence without addressing its domestic situation. This paper applies Edward Azar’s protracted social conflict theory to reveal an internal state of disorder in Brazilian favelas that impairs the nation’s ability to …


The Struggle For Empire In The Old Northwest Territory: The Fur Trade And Alliances On The Middle Ground, Richard W. Rowe Jr. Apr 2024

The Struggle For Empire In The Old Northwest Territory: The Fur Trade And Alliances On The Middle Ground, Richard W. Rowe Jr.

GLI MA in American History Student Works

The Old Northwest Territory is a uniquely underserved area of American history. It stood at the intersection of several empires, each of whom often viewed it as something desirable only when hoping to keep it from falling into the hands of their rivals. Indigenous and creole people lived and died in those spaces, using the fur trade as a means for survival while they navigated between Imperial overlords. This work endeavors to build on existing academic scholarship, fill some gaps therein regarding where this topic fits into the bigger picture, and hopefully inspire others’ interest in doing further research. This …


Bringing Back Stories: Indigenous Peoples And Gettysburg College, Juliana L. Swanson Apr 2024

Bringing Back Stories: Indigenous Peoples And Gettysburg College, Juliana L. Swanson

Student Publications

History and storytelling are beautifully intertwined—every country, culture, community, and person has a tale of creation, conflict, and prosperity. The tragedy of stories, however, is that many things may never be recorded, may be lost in archives and memories, and may never be revisited again. Beginning August 2023, I’ve conducted archival research which centers around the connection and intersectionality between Indigenous peoples and Gettysburg College. My initial research project expanded and has cultivated into a story-telling presentation of the history of Native Americans in the United States, termination of federal recognition of tribal nations, the creation of the National Indian …


Divisive Or Descriptive?: How Americans Understand Critical Race Theory, Alauna Safarpour, Kristin Lunz Trujillo, Jon Green, Caroline High Pippert, Jennifer Lin, James N. Druckman Jan 2024

Divisive Or Descriptive?: How Americans Understand Critical Race Theory, Alauna Safarpour, Kristin Lunz Trujillo, Jon Green, Caroline High Pippert, Jennifer Lin, James N. Druckman

Political Science Faculty Publications

Critical Race Theory (CRT) has become a flashpoint of elite political discord, yet how Americans actually perceive CRT is unclear. We theorize that Republican elites utilized a strong framing strategy to re-define CRT as an “empty signifier” representing broader racial and cultural grievances. Using a survey and a pre-registered experiment among U.S. adults (N = 19,060), we find that this strategy worked. Republicans exhibit more familiarity with CRT and hold more negatively valenced (and wide ranging) sentiments toward CRT, relative to Democrats. Moreover, compared to teaching the legacy of racism in schools, Republicans are significantly more opposed to teaching CRT …


Care And The Funny Business Of Unsettling Land Acknowledgements, Salma Monani, David S. Walsh, Janelle Wertzberger Dec 2023

Care And The Funny Business Of Unsettling Land Acknowledgements, Salma Monani, David S. Walsh, Janelle Wertzberger

All Musselman Library Staff Works

This article points to the “funny business” that invariably accompanies the practice of land acknowledgments. By highlighting the idea of “funny business,” we illuminate its double entrendre – its humor as well as the smoke and mirrors of what The Care Collective ([2020]. The care manifesto: The politics of interdependence. Verso.) describes as “carewashing,” communication strategies designed to proffer a sense of concern, while all the while continuing exploitative practices that deny and obstruct these very concerns. We meld humor with seriousness to interrogate land acknowledgments, expose the perplexing dilemmas of Indigenous and colonial contexts, and push past to …


More Care And Less Pay: The Phenomenon Of Low Wages Among Care Occupations, Allison B. Dayton Apr 2023

More Care And Less Pay: The Phenomenon Of Low Wages Among Care Occupations, Allison B. Dayton

Student Publications

This research examines the phenomenon of care occupations paying less than other occupations with similar levels of human capital investment. The paper evaluates the high concentration of women, especially Black women, the resulting wage penalties, social closure theory, temporal flexibility, and positive externalities as possible explanations for this problem. Potential solutions like raising the minimum wage and subsidizing education for care workers are also addressed.


The Effects Of Climate Change In Guam, Olga M. Zyzanska, Brooke R. Ashfield, Kate E. Eulberg Apr 2023

The Effects Of Climate Change In Guam, Olga M. Zyzanska, Brooke R. Ashfield, Kate E. Eulberg

Student Publications

The purpose of this project is to dive into the harm that climate change has on Guam and its population. The objectives of our project are centered on highlighting the creative resistance of the CHamoru Indigenous community on Guam to established structures of colonialism and militarization during increasing climate crises. This project explores questions such as: How is Guam being impacted by climate change? Is the impact severe and/or immediate? How is the Indigenous community in Guam affected? How does US policy help or harm the island and its Indigenous population? What is being done to protect the island and …


Mapping For Accountability: Decolonizing Land Acknowledgment Initiatives, Salma Monani, Sarah E. Gilsoul Jan 2023

Mapping For Accountability: Decolonizing Land Acknowledgment Initiatives, Salma Monani, Sarah E. Gilsoul

Environmental Studies Faculty Publications

What does it mean to map Indigenous presence onto lands that have been appropriated by settler colonial nation states? This chapter examines the challenges and potentials of re-inscribing Indigenous land relations through a digital mapping project, Indigenous Pennsylvania: Past, Present and Future. Situating itself within the growing scholarship of Indigenous cartographies, the chapter presents Indigenous Pennsylvania as an example of d-ecomedia, a shorthand we offer for ecomedia projects that foreground decolonial methodologies. Such methodologies prompt us to attend to a storied sense of Indigenous place-based relations through attention to Indigenous spatial and temporal modes of mediation.


“A Quem O Quizer Colher”: As Drogas Do Sertão E O Diretório Dos Índios, Grão-Pará, 1757-1798, Barbara A. Sommer Jan 2023

“A Quem O Quizer Colher”: As Drogas Do Sertão E O Diretório Dos Índios, Grão-Pará, 1757-1798, Barbara A. Sommer

History Faculty Publications

O clima quente, a abundância de terra e água e a vegetação exuberante da vasta bacia do rio Amazonas impressionaram os europeus com uma cornucópia de alimentos, especiarias, fibras, óleos e madeira. Por volta de 1611, ingleses, irlandeses e, depois, holandeses e franceses, negociavam, com os povos nativos do baixo Amazonas, madeiras e urucum, pigmento corporal vermelho-alaranjado que se vendia na Europa como produto tintório, e iniciavam plantações de tabaco e algodão. Enriquecidos pelo comércio asiático de especiarias e tinturas, os portugueses, agora ameaçados por outras nações europeias, se deslocaram para o norte do Brasil e começaram a ocupar a …


Confuse The Issues: Art, Text, And Identity, Shannon Egan Oct 2022

Confuse The Issues: Art, Text, And Identity, Shannon Egan

Schmucker Art Catalogs

Confuse the Issues: Art, Text, and Identity features text-based works by prominent contemporary artists of color who demonstrate the power of language. Not only are the words central to the compositions of each photograph, sculpture, and print, but they also provide expressions of identity, reflections on history, and calls to action. In reading both the linguistic and aesthetic narratives in the works on display, a viewer encounters stories that are at once critical and inclusive, verbal and visual, personal and political. The artists use assertive poetry, dynamic admonitions, and a clear naming of victims of police violence to question white …


How Do You Vote? Breaking Down Party Identification By Racial Resentment, Stellarose B. Emery Oct 2022

How Do You Vote? Breaking Down Party Identification By Racial Resentment, Stellarose B. Emery

Student Publications

Racial resentment has long existed in the United States, with the idea that Black people receive unfair advantages by exploiting their race thus negatively affecting White people. In a time in which politics is drastically polarized, a focus is put onto an individual's political identity. The purpose of this research is to determine under what conditions does race influence vote choice by examining how racial bias influences political affiliation. Using data from the 2012 and 2016 National Election Study, the results revealed that ideological thoughts do have an impact on a person’s political party identity as individuals with a higher …


Indigenous Pennsylvania: Past, Present, And Future, Sarah E. Gilsoul Apr 2022

Indigenous Pennsylvania: Past, Present, And Future, Sarah E. Gilsoul

Student Publications

Gettysburg College recently adopted an official Land Acknowledgment Statement. However, there is little publicly accessible media that helps students, or the greater Gettysburg community, understand Indigenous presence in our region. This project, Indigenous Pennsylvania: Past, Present, and Future seeks to address the primary question, “How can we represent Indigenous presence within our region to be informative and inclusive of Indigenous worldviews and perspectives?” The study tackles two sub-questions: a) what are the best digital tools to generate a virtual and informative interactive map that can represent Indigenous senses of space, time, and land relations? and b) what aspects of Indigenous …


Sexual Violence As A Tool Of Indigenous Genocide, Katherine E. Elser Apr 2022

Sexual Violence As A Tool Of Indigenous Genocide, Katherine E. Elser

Student Publications

Throughout American history, sexual violence against Native Americans has been an all-too common phenomenon. This ranges from outright rape to less obvious examples, including the desecration of native bodies and the separation of native children from their parents, such as at the boarding schools. Analyzing "Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide" by Andrea Smith, along with a variety of other sources, this article argues that sexual violence against native peoples reinforces the colonial idea that they are subhuman and "rapable." Additionally, I also argue that this violence is used to subjugate not just native women, but all women, particularly …


Valiant Consequences, Johnjulius Lodato Apr 2022

Valiant Consequences, Johnjulius Lodato

Student Publications

War and conflict are significant events that hold a reasonable possibility to alter countries and their cultural populations. These transforming effects can come in many forms, ranging from mental trauma to the abandonment or modification of culture and its ideals. In this illustration, perhaps no group has endured the same everlasting detrimental effects as the Native Americans and their underlying consequences stemming from World War 2. These detriments can be seen in the form of erratic drunken or violent behavior and forgotten traditions. On the contrary, these effects may have at one time been diminished and replaced by the gratitude …


The North ‘Helicoptering’ Into The South: A Meta-Analysis Of Parachute Science In Ecological Field Studies, Alexandros Economou-Garcia Apr 2022

The North ‘Helicoptering’ Into The South: A Meta-Analysis Of Parachute Science In Ecological Field Studies, Alexandros Economou-Garcia

Student Publications

Science is increasingly collaborative, but scientists from the Global North (GN) often fail to collaborate with local scientists or to build local scientific capacity when conducting research in the Global South (GS). This practice is known as “parachute science” or “helicopter science”. In addition to ethical concerns, this practice is problematic in the field of ecology because it may reduce the likelihood that the research will inform local resource management and science policy. I hypothesized that, because research has become increasingly collaborative, there would be a decline in parachute science over time. In addition, I hypothesized that papers that included …


Nature, Magic, And Healing: How Leslie Silko Builds Her Native World, Ashton Q. Record Jan 2022

Nature, Magic, And Healing: How Leslie Silko Builds Her Native World, Ashton Q. Record

Student Publications

An essay examining how Leslie M. Silko utilizes the relationship between Nature and Native American Mystic Arts to create a full and vibrant world in her novel Ceremony.


Diversity In Native American Literature, Sarah E. Guistwite Oct 2021

Diversity In Native American Literature, Sarah E. Guistwite

Student Publications

Native American literature, and Native American culture as a whole, has often been portrayed through the lens of a single story. It is assumed that Native American authors are all the same, and that their works are all the same as well. During the Native American Renaissance period, Native American authors wrote works that fought back against this idea. Their writings are diverse, and show a depth of culture that is often presumed to be nonexistent. Two authors, N. Scott Momaday and Elizabeth Cook- Lynn, demonstrate this diversity through their goals in writing, reasons for writing, and forms of writing. …


Changes Over Time In Media Framing Of Voting Rights For Hispanic Americans, Leslie A. Wolfe Oct 2021

Changes Over Time In Media Framing Of Voting Rights For Hispanic Americans, Leslie A. Wolfe

Student Publications

This paper is an analysis of the changes in media framing of Hispanic Americans' voting rights in the Chicago Tribune from 1965 through 1975, following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and from 2016 through 2021. The specific frames that will be mentioned are those surrounding Spanish language assistance in voting, political and racial redistricting or gerrymandering, voter fraud, and voter ID laws.


Painting Outside Of The Lines: How Race Assignment Can Be Rethought Through Art, Giovanni Mella-Velazquez Aug 2021

Painting Outside Of The Lines: How Race Assignment Can Be Rethought Through Art, Giovanni Mella-Velazquez

Gettysburg Social Sciences Review

For centuries art has been used to make us think about our own human experiences. Unfortunately, works usually reflect the era which they were painted in; this has led to various artists showing, maintaining, and therefore reinforcing racist thoughts in our cultures. Art can be used to create a new narrative for our race assignments and their meanings. The idea of loving one's roots has been prevalent in many cultures, but in art form a disconnect between history and the everyday experience can arise which could miss the mark in helping us redefine our own race. Therefore, artwork which empowers …


Review: War Stories By Gabrielle Atwood Halko, R.C. Miessler Jul 2021

Review: War Stories By Gabrielle Atwood Halko, R.C. Miessler

All Musselman Library Staff Works

War Stories, a digital project created by Gabrielle Atwood Halko of West Chester University, seeks to frame the narrative of World War II (WWII) through the stories of children, particularly children in internment or under occupation. Halko starts with the assumption that visitors to the website are unaware of these stories, and the site largely frames itself as an educational tool that aggregates primary and secondary sources related to children during WWII. [excerpt]


International Travel And Its Impacts On Black/African American Identity Construction, Jordan K. Knox Apr 2021

International Travel And Its Impacts On Black/African American Identity Construction, Jordan K. Knox

Student Publications

How does going abroad impact Black/African Americans’ conceptualization of self? To assess the answer to this question I analyzed and reflected on mine and the international experiences of my participants, conducted thirteen interviews, and had participants answer survey questions. I argue that identity has two parts: your external and internal parts. The external identity I attributed to international experiences. My findings showed there are three impacts international travel has on Black/ African American identity constructions: the reinforcement, creation of something new, and added new dimension. There is little scholarship that studies the impact of international travel as it pertains to …


Colonial/Modern Gender System & Femicides, Melanie Pangol Apr 2021

Colonial/Modern Gender System & Femicides, Melanie Pangol

Student Publications

The research paper addresses how a decolonial feminism framework has been applied to the anti-femicides movement that are happening in Ciudad Juarez. Furthermore, the paper argues that due to the cheap and exploitative labor force status that has been imposed upon black and brown female bodies, such women have been disproportionately impacted by gender violence.