Materials Science and Engineering Commons^™

Review For Applications Of "Lead Carbon" Batteries In Energy Storage System, Yong-Quan Ma, Ke Ke, Da-Ming Gu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Three types of “lead carbon” batteries are introduced by comparing their advantages and disadvantages. Then their applications in energy storage system (ESS), especially in the field of renewable energy power generation, are discussed. The prospects and potential applications of “lead carbon” batteries in EES for electric power supply system are analyzed by combining the state-of-the-art techniques in this field.

Characterization Of The Separator With Thermal-Shutdown Layer For Use In Lithium Batteries, Li Bai, Yong-Jian Huai, Xin-Ping Ai, Hai Jia

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this paper, the lithium ion battery coated with the thermal-shutdown functional layer has been introduced. The shutdown temperature of the separator could be decreased by using the melting point of thermal-shutdown functional layer. When the internal battery environment reached a critical temperature, the functional layer melted and coated the anode/separator with a non-conductive barrier, halting Li-ion transport and shutting down the cell permanently. The results showed that the functional layer did not affect the resistance, rate performance and cycle life. It was found the functional layer can significantly improve the safety of the battery when misused.

Application Of Pd/Graphene Modified Electrode In The Detection Of 4-Chlorophenol, Peng Shi, Bo-Xuan Wang, Quan-Lin Song, Hui Wang, Xin Liu, Zhao-Yong Bian

Journal of Electrochemistry

The Pd/graphene composites were synthesized by a modified Hummers method and NaBH4 reduction process, and then were characterized using XRD, SEM, XPS, and TEM. The Pd/graphene modified glassy carbon electrode (Pd/graphene/GCE) was prepared based on this method. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the optimum operation conditions for the 4-chlorophenol detection. It was shown that the surface of the graphene was smooth and Pd nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed on graphene. The average particle size was calculated to be 6.5 ± 0.05 nm. These nanoparticles exhibited high catalytic activity and sensitivity toward chlorophenols. PBS with a concentration of 0.1 mol·L^{-1 …}

Short Review On Electrochemical Energy Storage, Hong Li, Ying-Chun Lyu

Journal of Electrochemistry

Energy storage is a critical supporting technology in many fields such as energy, information, transportation, and healthcare, aerospace, advanced manufacture, advanced equipment, national security. Electrochemical energy storage technique has been widely applied and is developing continuously. In this article, the energy storage mechanism, technical indicators and technology ready level in electrochemical energy storage are summarized. Mainly based on lithium ion batteries, untraditional electrochemical issues in electrochemical energy storage devices are described from the perspective of fundamental science. These issues deal mainly with thermodynamics, kinetics, size effect, asymmetric system, asymmetric reaction path, surface phenomenon, hybrid ion transportation, and solid state battery. …

Electrode Kinetics Of Vanadium Flow Batteries: Contrasting Responses Of VIi-VIii And VIv-VV To Electrochemical Pretreatment Of Carbon, A. Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, Xin Gao, James Landon, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell, D. N. Buckley

Center for Applied Energy Research Faculty and Staff Publications

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the electrode kinetics of V^II-V^III and V^IV-V^V in H₂SO₄ on glassy carbon, carbon paper, carbon xerogel, and carbon fibers. It was shown that, for all carbon materials investigated, the kinetics of V^II-V^III is enhanced by anodic, and inhibited by cathodic, treatment of the electrode; in contrast, the kinetics of V^IV-V^V is inhibited by anodic, and enhanced by cathodic, treatment. The potential region for each of these effects varied only slightly with carbon material. Rate constants …

Successfully Employing Single-Use Bioreactors For Different Expression Systems, Valentin Jossen, Regine Eibl, Dieter Eibl

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

The single-use bioreactor market was estimated to have grown at a CAGR of 20% in 2014. Wave-mixed bioreactors and stirred bioreactors represent the largest segment of today`s single-use bioreactor market, and are preferred by process developers and manufacturers of preclinical and clinical samples when high-value products up to medium scale and products requiring high safety demands are in focus. However, wave-mixed and stirred single-use bioreactors are also becoming increasingly important for commercial biopharmaceutical productions. This is ascribed to the availability of high-productivity cell lines, which require smaller bioreactors. In addition, the availability of bioengineering data and cultivation bags with improved …

Single-Use Bioreactor Technologies For Early Stage Development Of Microalgae Cultivation Processes, Gary Lye, Ebenezer Ojo, Hadiza Auta, Frank Baganz

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

This work describes the engineering characterization and evaluation of two novel, single-use photobioreactor technologies for microalgal cultivation. There is currently considerable interest in microalgae as alternative expression systems for the production of value-added chemicals as well as therapeutic proteins and vaccines. In contrast to mammalian expression systems, however, bioreactor platforms to address early stage development challenges are not well established particularly for phototrophic and mixotrophic cultivation strategies.

To support early stage cell line selection and process characterization a single-use, 24-well micro photo-bioreactor (mPBr) was established together with an illuminated and environmentally controlled shaker platform [1]. The same orbital shaker platform …

Challenges And Status: Single-Use Bioreactors For Microbial Processes, Peter Neubauer, Anna Maria Marba Ardebol, Friederike Hillig, Olivia Zakrzewski, Jorn Emmerich, N.M.G. Ooosterhuis, S. Junne

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

Nowadays single-use bioreactors are fully accepted in the biopharmaceutical industry. Reactors up to 2000L working volume are commonly used. However, these bioreactors are limited in terms of mass-transfer and mixing capabilities and therefore only suited for application in mammalian cell culture. Single-use processing offers many benefits like cost reduction, flexibility, reduction of contamination risks, etc. These benefits apply for both microbial processes as for mammalian processes.

Additionally, for the use of marine microorganisms the application of single-use bioreactors (SUB) offers a possibility to circumvent problem of corrosion which occurs in steel bioreactors due to the high chloride ion concentration in …

Applying Practices From The Medical Device Industry To Ensure Patient Safety Of Single-Use Products In The Biotechnology Industry, Jan Oberdoerster

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

Biocompatibility (i.e., the quality of not having toxic or injurious effects on biological systems) requirements for single-use products in the biotechnology industry can vary depending on point of use. For example, single-use syringes are considered a combination medical device and thus require assessment according to the ISO 10993 standards with test ranging from acute systemic toxicity to genotoxicity to sensitization. Processing equipment (e.g., reaction vessels, tubing, filters, chromatography columns) in contrast, generally requires a USP Class VI designation (a battery of in vivo tests consisting of acute systemic toxicity, intracutaneous reactivity, and muscle implantation) with rigorous requirements for leachates. The …

Homogenizing Biologic Drug Substance Bulk Using Single Use Mixing Systems, Benson Gikanga, Yufei Chen, Oliver Stauch, Yuh-Fun Maa

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

Mixing of biologic Drug Substance (DS) is a critical process step during manufacturing of biologic Drug Product (DP). Generally, mixers used are equipped with either bottom-mounted or top-mounted agitators. Bottom-mounted mixers (BMMs), particularly those that are magnetically driven, are preferred because of their associated low risk of contamination, ease of use, and ability to accommodate low minimum mixing volumes. Despite these benefits the mechanical coupling of the rotating impeller and the male bearing on the tank may lead to shearing of monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations generating elevated amount of particles in the DS or DP solution. This may lead to …

Single Use Polymeric Materials: The Science Of Safety, Mitchell Cheeseman

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

No abstract provided.

Cell Culture Scale Translation From A 24-Well Single-Use Miniature Bioreactor And Subsequent Impact On Product And Broth Quality, John Betts, Franc Baganz, Gary Lye, Steve Warr, Gary Finka, Mark Uden

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

To accelerate cell culture process development, most companies have validated scale-down models of their pilot and manufacturing scale bioreactors. Advancing such mimics to even smaller scales requires the large scale engineering environment to be accurately recreated. Here we describe a single-use microwell methodology that accurately reproduces not only cell growth kinetics but also key attributes related to product quality and broth processability.

The μ24 miniature bioreactor system enables system level control of agitation (by orbital shaking), with individual well control of pH, DO and temperature. Two distinct plate types are investigated, allowing for either headspace or direct gas sparging. An …

Robust, Fast And Accurate Ph Sensing Platform Solution Targeting Single Use Application, Srinivas Rao, Hardjinder Ladhar, Jai Krishnamurthy

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

QbD in biotech and life-sciences necessitates good process metrics in drug discovery, development and manufacturing. Accurate knowledge of pH measurements remains fundamentally important. There is much to be desired with use of conventional glass potentiometric probes for monitoring pH. Challenges being measurement accuracy, system drift, and need for frequent calibration. Additionally glass being fragile compounds the situation further in manufacturing.

Glass probes for pH measurement are really unattractive for single use system applications (SUS). Optical based solutions while easy to integrate lack range, need calibration and are a problem in storage (application timing).

We demonstrate a robust Platform Solution tested …

Grey Space Bioprocessing: Myth Or Reality?, Diana Lok, Ekta Mahajan

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

As disposable skids are more frequently used in biotech companies and their comfort increases, their applications have slowly surpassed research and development into clinical and commercial products that impact human patients.

As the biotech market continues to grow, there is interest in grey space processing due to lower initial capital and operating costs. The aspiration is to be able to perform processing in grey space to reduce facility requirements while maintaining product purity. This poster will address

1) What defines grey space

2) How single use technology can facilitate closed processing

3) Can we leverage single use closed processing to …

Risk Reduction In Single-Use Assemblies By Implementing Helium Integrity Test And A New Point-Of-Use Leak Test Using Palltronic® Flowstar Lgr Instrument For Critical Formulation And Filling Applications, Anil Kumar, Vishwas Pethe, Ralf Kuriyel, Helene Pora

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

This presentation will focus on challenges with implementation of single use, including robustness concerns, ensuring closures, integrity of multi-polymer systems both during manufacturing as well as at point of use. Despite numerous challenges, rapid adoption of single-use technologies still continues due its application in both more critical applications and expansion to commercial scale. More particularly, single use bioprocessing assemblies (Biocontainers and multi component single use systems) are being utilized in increasingly critical and demanding applications such as for holding and transporting sterile bulk drug substance and formulation and final filling. Therefore, potential of product loss and operator safety risk, have …

Assessing Cell Lines For Cell Growth Assays As Alternative For Existing Cytotoxicity Assays, Eike Jurkiewicz, Alexander Tappe

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

Currently, biocompatibility assays based on USP Class VI or ISO 10993 standards are known to be unsuitable for evaluating the impact of SU technologies on biopharmaceutical processes. Although growth inhibiting substances like bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (bDtBPP) have been present in raw materials of plastics, this specific substance has not been identified until recently (Hammond et al,. 2013) due to the insensitivity of commonly used cell lines. Up to today, the majority of plastic materials used in single-use containers for cell cultivation or media applications do not have the level of raw material control which is needed to ensure …

Acomdim Applied To Evaluate Gamma Irradiation Impact On Multilayer Pe Based Films, Fanny Gaston, Sylvain Marque, Nathalie Dupuy, Samuel Dorey

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

The use of single-use systems is becoming increasingly common in the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. These systems are manufactured from polymers such as polyethylene (PE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). For their future applications, these devices are sterilized by γ-irradiation with a dose between 25 and 45kGy. C. Artandi and W.V. Winkle[i] determined that 25kGy is the dose to be at 40% above the minimum needed to kill the most resistant microorganisms. The purpose of this study is to understand what happens on the surface of polymers after γ-sterilization. Optical spectroscopy are of great interest for chemical analysis and …

Engineering Characterisation Of A Rocked-Bag Bioreactor To Evaluate Key Effectors Of Successful Mammalian Cell Culture, Douglas Marsh, Matthew Osborne, Martina Micheletti, Gary Lye

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

Engineering characterisation is essential for efficient and knowledge-led process development in biomanufacturing and to underpin the adoption of single-use technologies [1]. Despite diverse applications of rocked bag bioreactors, there is currently little understanding of the fundamental determinants of fluid mixing and mass transfer, which are important for mammalian cell culture.

In this work, a flexible single-use rocked bag bioreactor system has been fully evaluated in terms of volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k_La), CO₂ stripping rate and liquid phase mixing time (t_m) at 10, 20 and 50L scale. Five inputs were identified as potentially affecting …

Evaluation Of Sweeping As An Alternative To Sparging In A Rectangular Single-Use Bioreactor, Jean Francois Hamel

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

The development of single use bioreactors (SUBs) has led to the exploration of novel reactor geometries such as the rectangular, single-use bioreactor (Nucleo™ Pad Reactor, PALL Corporation). Sparging is currently used as the main method of providing oxygen to cells in both the traditional and rectangular bioreactor. However, cell damage from bubble bursting and foam entrapment makes sparging a poor way of providing oxygen for growing cells that are sensitive to these shear inducing effects, such as stem cells. An alternative aeration method, sweeping, provides O₂ by diffusion through liquid air interface, minimizing shear stress damage to cells arising …

Sensors For Continuous Monitoring Of Disposable Bioreactors, Kenneth Reardon

Single-Use Technologies: Bridging Polymer Science to Biotechnology Applications

Continuous monitoring of biotechnological processes is important for control and optimization of quality and productivity. Typically, samples must be removed from the cultivation and analyzed in a laboratory to determine the concentrations of substrates and products. These time-delayed data cannot be used for real-time process control. The Process Analytical Technology initiative of the FDA supports the use of on-line measurement techniques for process development, production, and quality. Single-use systems are increasingly used in biotechnological applications, and face at least as many challenges as their stainless steel counterparts for process monitoring because the range of available sensors is limited to temperature, …