Law Commons^™

De Donis, Kenneth C. Salzberg

Kenneth C Salzberg

For many hundreds of years, starting at least in the 12th Century, many owners of land granted the land to a new owner 'and the heirs of his body' - or some similar form of grant. The grantors continued to do this notwithstanding very substantial changes, over at least two centuries, in the law’s understanding of the effect of such grants. Part I provides an historical and jurisprudential analysis of those grants. Part II attempts to explain why so many land owners continued to make such grants, seemingly at about the same rate, throughout the 200 year period of those …

The Hidden Costs Of Geography: Race, Place And The Fortunes Of African American Lawyers In A Midwest American City, Robert N. Strassfeld

Robert N. Strassfeld

This article examines the changing perimeters of professional opportunity and the professional choices made by Cleveland’s African American lawyers in the early twentieth century. At the turn of the century, the Cleveland bar could fairly be described as racially integrated. The openness of the bar and the response of African American lawyers shaped the day-to-day professional lives of those lawyers. This openness manifested itself in a number of interracial law practices, in a client base for black lawyers that was predominantly white, in the court appointment practices of white judges, and in the general openness of the institutions of the …

Odious Debt: Modernizing Ancient Problems, Seth M. Reynolds

Seth M Reynolds

So far the odious debt debate has primarily focused on proving the existence of a rule of customary international law. Rather than following this tradition, this paper will focus on another method for demonstrating that a certain legal principle should be applied in an international context; general principles of law and equity. The heart of the odious debt debate revolves around the assertion by some that a successor government is absolutely liable for every debt incurred by a previous regime. However, almost every domestic legal regime limits the ability of a creditor to recover from a successor in interest. This …

Ahl Al Kitab: Mechanisms Of Social Cohesion Among Monotheisms Of The Iberian Convivencia, Shael Herman

shael herman

No abstract provided.

The Influence Of Abraham Lincoln On The Supreme Court’S Interpretation Of The Constitutional Principles Of Liberty And Equality, Wilson Huhn

Wilson R. Huhn

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the Supreme Court has embraced Abraham Lincoln’s transcendent understanding of the principles of liberty and equality – transcendent in the sense that these principles are considered to be timeless, universal, and morally binding. The article briefly summarizes the Transcendental Movement, sets forth Lincoln’s understanding of liberty and equality, and describes how, in the modern era, the Supreme Court has “constantly approximated” the principles that Lincoln believed that this country is dedicated to.

A Post-Racial Voting Rights Act, Jason Rathod (R-Z)

Jason Rathod (R-Z)

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA) was enacted “to foster our transformation to a society that is no longer fixated on race.” Georgia v. Ashcroft, 539 U.S. 461, 490 (2003). This article critiques the prevailing election law scholarship and jurisprudence as out of step with VRA’s post-racial aspirations and offers proposals for Congress to correct course. The United States has long been torn between civic nationalism and racial nationalism. By the mid-20th Century, the uneasy interplay of these visions had produced a remarkable expansion of citizenship to all migrants from Europe alongside appalling discrimination against, or outright exclusion of, …

The Irrepressible Myth Of Klein, Howard M. Wasserman

Howard M Wasserman

The Reconstruction-era case of United States v. Klein remains the object of a “cult” among commentators and advocates, who see it as a powerful separation of powers precedent. In fact, Klein is a myth—actually two related myths. One is that it is opaque and meaninglessly indeterminate because, given its confusing and disjointed language, its precise doctrinal contours are indecipherable; the other is that Klein is vigorous precedent, likely to be used by a court to invalidate likely federal legislation. Close analysis of Klein, its progeny, and past scholarship uncovers three identifiable core limitations on congressional control over the workings of …

Strategies Of Containment: Status Regimes And The American Constitution, Bruce E. Boyden

Bruce E. Boyden

The American constitution was born flawed: it failed to provide a mechanism for resolving entrenched differences in the social status regimes between states. This Article argues that part of the purpose of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was to correct that flaw. The Privileges or Immunities Clause was the culmination of a long antebellum debate over whether southern states had to respect the rights of northern black citizens as they travelled. The Clause achieves this goal by requiring states in certain circumstances to respect the status determinations of other states when the citizens of those other …

Presidential Ambitions Of U.S. Supreme Court Justices:, William G. Ross

William G. Ross

A remarkably large number of U.S. Supreme Court justices have had presidential aspirations while serving on the Court. Several have conducted covert presidential campaigns, and a few nineteenth century justices even campaigned openly from the bench. In at least three quarters of the elections between 1832 and 1956, one or more justices attempted to obtain a presidential or vice presidential nomination or were prominently mentioned as possible candidates. During the past half century, no Supreme Court justice appears to have entertained serious presidential ambitions, probably because no justice who has been appointed during the past fifty years has held any …

Reclaiming The (Racial) Real (Ism): Silencing The Idealist School Of Critical Race Theory Through A Culturalogical Turn In Jurisprudence, Tommy J. Curry

Tommy J Curry

Critical Race Theory is currently caught between two conflicting ideologies; the realist and idealist traditions. The realist tradition, which was the tradition of the founders of CRT, has largely come under attack from individuals that have sought to incorporate Continental philosophy in the analysis of racism, the idealists. This idealist shift has forced Critical Race Theorists to abandon structural analyses of racism and focuses on how the philosophy of European thinkers allow for true self- realization without a racial or specific cultural identity. This autonomous self, through unclouded reason, can better arbitrate and determine values and the ideal construction of …

Tailoring The Narrow Tailoring Requirement In The Supreme Court’S Affirmative Action Cases, Luiz A. Arroyo

Luiz A Arroyo

When faced with the use of race by affirmative action programs, the Supreme Court has decided to subject any such program to its strict scrutiny test. In applying that test, the Court first determines whether there is a compelling interest for the use of race by the affirmative action program, and then the Court determines whether the program is narrowly tailored to meet that compelling interest. This Article focuses on the second part of the Court’s test: the narrow tailoring requirement.

This Article analyzes the narrow tailoring requirement by first detailing the history of the Supreme Court’s use of the …

“I Am A Bit Sickened”: Examining Archetypes Of Congressional War Crimes Oversight After My Lai And Abu Ghraib, Samuel L. Brenner

Samuel L Brenner

Following both the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam conflict and the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal during the Iraq War, many senators and representatives reacted in certain predictable ways by condemning atrocities and expressing horror or disgust at the evidence they had seen. At the same time, some of those same legislators denied that American forces had been involved with atrocities, attempted to foist blame on the victims or on a “small number” of bad soldiers, or suggested that examining American atrocities would be dangerous for American servicemen and for the United States generally. What is most startling about …

Freedom In A Slave Country: A True Story Of Race, Law, Sex, And Politics, Jason A. Gillmer

Jason A Gillmer

This Article unpacks the rich and textured story of the Ashworths, an obscure yet prosperous free family of color in the antebellum South who owned land, raised cattle, and bought and sold slaves. It is undoubtedly an unusual story; indeed in the history of the times there are surely more prominent names and more famous events. Yet their story reveals a tantalizing world in which—despite legal rules and conventional thinking—life was not so black and white. Drawing on local records rather than canonical cases, and listening to the voices from the community rather than the legislatures, this Article emphasizes the …

The Origins Of The Privileges Or Immunities Clause, Part Ii: Mr. Bingham's Epiphany, Kurt T. Lash

Kurt T. Lash

Historical accounts of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment generally assume that John Bingham based the text on Article IV of the original Constitution and that Bingham, like other Reconstruction Republicans, viewed Justice Washington’s opinion in Corfield v. Coryell as the definitive interpretation of Article IV. According to this view, Justice Miller in the Slaughterhouse Cases failed to follow both framers’ intent and obvious textual meaning when he sharply distinguished Section One’s privileges or immunities from Article IV’s privileges and immunities.

This article, the second in a three-part investigation of the origins of the …

The Framers' Intent: John Adams, His Era, And The Fourth Amendment, Thomas K. Clancy

Thomas K Clancy

The new article that I seek to publish is entitled: The Framers’ Intent: John Adams, his Era, and the Fourth Amendment. For many years, I have relied on others to cull the historical records and have cited them to support what I thought was accurate historical reporting. In the past decade or so, Professors Amar, Davies, and others have made broad sweeping claims about the historical record that contradict conventional wisdom. Those views have gained substantial traction. I've become increasingly wary of historical claims and some time ago decided to do original historical research. I've probably read 15,000 documents from …

Sexting: Application Of Criminal Law To Punish Poor Choices, Kevin Ramakrishna

Kevin Ramakrishna

No abstract provided.

I Swear: The History And Implications Of The Fourth Amendment’S “Oath Or Affirmation” Requirement, David S. Muraskin

David S Muraskin

This article seeks to reinvigorate the Fourth Amendment’s “Oath or affirmation” requirement. Fourth Amendment scholarship and jurisprudence typically dismiss the requirement as a mere procedural formality. However, reviewing pre-Revolution law and commentaries, early legal developments in the States, and the American justice manuals—treatises published by legal scholars to inform and influence judges and practitioners within the new nation—this article argues that the oath requirement is key to understanding and effectuating the Amendment’s purpose. The article demonstrates that the Amendment was partly motivated by a fear of how the Crown used its search and seizure power, as a primary investigatory tool …

Employment At-Will: Sacred Writ Or Big Lie?, John Judge

John Judge

Texas was the fourth state to adopt the at-will rule of employment termination, an inferential rebuttal defense to an employee’s action for breach of a contract of employment of indefinite duration. The 1888 decision in East Line & R. R. R. Co. v. Scott, 10 S.W. 99 (Tex., 1888), looks to Horace Woods’ 1877 treatise MASTER & SERVANT, and has been slavishly followed in Texas despite dubious intellectual provenance and a complete lack of relevance to actual reality in the contemporary employment market.

Toward A History Of American Criminal Law Theory, Steven R. Morrison

Steven R Morrison

Abstract to “Toward a History of American Criminal Law Theory” By Steven R. Morrison This article describes the author’s formulation of the Field of Truth. The Field of Truth is a theoretical concept that does two things. First, it is designed to facilitate the study of the historical progress of American criminal law theory. It is a structure that is neutral, because it does not evaluate the merits of any particular theory and does not limit its reach to modes of thought generally accepted by scholars as “theory.” Therefore, the structure encompasses all ideas that have affected the criminal law. …

A Closer Look: A Symposium Among Legal Historians And Law Librarians To Uncover The Spanish Roots Of Louisiana Civil Law, Vicenç Feliú, Dennis Kim-Prieto, Teresa Miguel

Vicenç Feliú

The debate regarding whether the origin of Louisiana civil law is based in the Spanish or in the French legal tradition has been ongoing since that state’s incorporation into the United States as a result of the Louisiana Purchase. Distinguished legal scholars have argued in favor of one tradition being dominant over the other, and each has been staunch in support of that view. This article proposes and demonstrates that the Spanish, not French, civil law had an enormous influence on the creation and evolution of Louisiana civil law, and that this legacy resonates today. The article begins with a …

The Anticipation Misconception, Colin P. Marks

Colin P. Marks

Many commentators and courts have cited to the Supreme Court decision of Hickman v. Taylor as the genesis of the work product doctrine and the requirement that, to be afforded protection, the material in question must be generated “in anticipation of litigation.” The oft quoted policy justification for the protection afforded is that attorneys should be allowed a “zone of privacy” within which to prepare their case for the client. This justification supports limiting protection only to work generated “in anticipation of litigation,” because, presumably, outside of this context there is no need for the “zone of privacy.” However, a …

“The Constitutional Right To Hunt: New Recognition Of An Old Liberty In Virginia, Stephen Halbrook

Stephen P Halbrook

"The Constitutional Right to Hunt: New Recognition of an Old Liberty in Virginia" The Constitution of Virginia provides: “The people have a right to hunt, fish, and harvest game, subject to such regulations and restrictions as the General Assembly may prescribe by general law.” Currently, eleven States recognize hunting as a constitutional guarantee, and proposed amendments are pending in other States. The oldest, dating back to the American Revolution, sought to guard against royal privilege as practiced in England, while the newest, adopted in recent decades, seek to preempt hunting bans sought by animal-rights activists. Blackstone described how the Crown …

Saving Seaborn: Ownership Not Marriage As The Basis Of Family Taxation, Dennis Ventry

Dennis Ventry

Later this year, one of the most famous Supreme Court tax cases will celebrate its eightieth birthday. In Poe v. Seaborn, the Court reified two principles of the federal income tax: ownership determines tax liability and state law determines ownership. This article establishes that tax liability for families continues to follow ownership not marriage, despite the federal government’s position that the “ownership equals taxability” principle applies exclusively to heterosexual spouses. Verifying the broad application of this principle carries significant implications for all families. Under the aegis of Seaborn, it authorizes members of state-recognized relationships—marriages, domestic partnerships, civil unions—to file federal …

Pacifica Reconsidered: Implications For The Current Controvery Over Broadcast Indecency, Angela J. Campbell

Angela J. Campbell

This article tells the story behind the Pacifica decision, which found the FCC acted consistently with the First Amendment in finding that the broadcast of George Carlin’s monologue “Seven Dirty Words” violated federal law prohibiting indecent broadcasts, and considers the implications of Pacifica for two cases recently remanded by the Supreme Court. The issues on remand in the Fox and CBS cases are whether Pacifica justifies the FCC’s reprimand of stations for airing “fleeting expletives” and “fleeting nudity” and whether Pacifica remains good law in light of legal and technological changes. To tell the story of Pacifica, I researched the …

But What If The Court Reporter Is Lying? The Right To Confront Hidden Declarants Found In Transcripts Of Former Testimony, Peter Nicolas

Peter Nicolas

In Crawford v. Washington, the U.S. Supreme Court re-theorized the relationship between hearsay evidence and the Confrontation Clause. Post-Crawford, hearsay statements that are “testimonial” in nature are generally inadmissible when offered against the accused in a criminal case. Yet in Crawford, the Supreme Court held that former testimony is admissible against the accused (despite the fact that it is “testimonial”) if the person who gave the former testimony is unavailable to testify and the accused had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the person.

This manuscript addresses the hidden hearsay and Confrontation Clause problems that arise when an effort is made …

Coase, Institutionalism, And The Origins Of Law And Economics, Herbert Hovenkamp

Herbert Hovenkamp

ABSTRACT

Ronald Coase merged two traditions in economics, marginalism and institutionalism. Neoclassical economics in the 1930s was characterized by an abstract conception of marginalism and frictionless resource movement. Marginal analysis did not seek to uncover the source of individual human preference, but accepted preference as given. It treated the business firm in the same way, focusing on how firms make market choices, but saying little about their internal workings.

“Institutionalism” historically refers to a group of economists who wrote mainly in the 1920s and 1930s. Their place in economic theory is outside the mainstream, but they have found new energy …

"A Great Dread Of Vulgarity": A Novel Perspective On Christopher Columbus Langdell And The Origins Of The Case Method In American Legal Education, Andrew Yaphe

Andrew Yaphe

When he introduced the case method of teaching to Harvard Law School in the 1870s, Christopher Columbus Langdell permanently changed the shape of American legal education. Despite the enormity of Langdell’s influence on legal pedagogy, we understand surprisingly little about what he intended to accomplish with his innovations. This Article offers an original interpretation of Langdell’s contributions to the way we think about the law and legal education. Reading Langdell in tandem with Gilbert Osmond, the central male character in Henry James’s 1881 novel The Portrait of a Lady, shows Langdell to be an example of a particular type of …

Coconspirators, "Coventurers," And The Exception Swallowing The Hearsay Rule, Ben L.W. Trachtenberg

Ben L.W. Trachtenberg

In recent years, prosecutors—sometimes with the blessing of courts—have argued that when proving the existence of a “conspiracy” to justify admission of evidence under the Coconspirator Exception to the Hearsay Rule, they need show only that the declarant and the defendant were “coventurers” with a common purpose, not coconspirators with an illegal purpose. Indeed, government briefs and court decisions specifically disclaim the need to show any wrongful goal whatsoever. This Article contends that such a reading of the Exception is mistaken and undesirable. Conducted for this Article, a survey of thousands of court decisions, including the earliest English and American …

Jesus Follows The Socratic Method, Kristopher Eugene Nichols

Kristopher Eugene Nichols

This article, Jesus Follow the Socratic Method, is a detailed analysis and comparison of the trials of Socrates and Jesus of Nazareth. An investigation of these men and trials, two of the most famous in Western history, uncovers truths about human nature, the justice systems of these two ancient societies, and the power and danger of the spoken word to a vocal critical thinker in his own society. This article is twenty-two pages long, contains footnotes and follows the Bluebook format.

Guidelines As Guidelines: Lessons From The History Of Sentencing Reform, Rakesh Kilaru

Rakesh Kilaru

Over the last thirty years, sentencing guidelines have become an increasingly prominent feature of the American criminal justice system. Between the Supreme Court’s Apprendi-Blakely-Booker line of cases, dedicated law reviews like the Federal Sentencing Reporter, multitudinous other law review pieces, and Doug Berman’s famous sentencing blog, a great deal of ink has been spilled discussing the contours and future of guidelines reform. Most of this scholarship, however, falls in one of two camps. In one camp are scholars who chronicle the history of sentencing guidelines in particular states. In the other are scholars who discuss guidelines as a national phenomenon, …