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Sources And Occurrence Patterns Of Hydrocarbons In The Surrounding Rocks Of Coal Seams: A Case Study Of The Jurassic Yan'an Formation In The Xinzhuang Mine Field, Longdong Area, ZHANG Peng, CHEN Dongdong, ZHAO Junfeng, ZHENG Kaige, WANG Chunxin, ZHOU Xingtian 2026 State Key Laboratory of Continental Evolution and Early Life, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China

Sources And Occurrence Patterns Of Hydrocarbons In The Surrounding Rocks Of Coal Seams: A Case Study Of The Jurassic Yan'an Formation In The Xinzhuang Mine Field, Longdong Area, Zhang Peng, Chen Dongdong, Zhao Junfeng, Zheng Kaige, Wang Chunxin, Zhou Xingtian

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods This study aims to ascertain abnormal hydrocarbon outflows from the surrounding rocks of coal seams in the Jurassic Yan'an Formation within the Xinzhuang mine field in the Longdong area, southwestern Ordos Basin. Based on the fundamental principles of petroleum geology, sedimentology, and coal geology, this study systematically analyzed the sources, occurrence patterns, and primary controlling factors of hydrocarbons in the surrounding rocks of coal seams using methods including core observation, sample analysis, and statistical mapping. Results and Conclusions In the Xinzhuang mine field, hydrocarbon outflows are primarily identified in the floor of the No. 8 coal seam …


Investigating Seepage In Rough Porous Media Fractures Using Fractional Brownian Motion Simulation, LIU Weitao, KONG Debin, MAO Qingfu, ZHAO Jiyuan, GU Yulong, ZHANG Xiao 2026 College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

Investigating Seepage In Rough Porous Media Fractures Using Fractional Brownian Motion Simulation, Liu Weitao, Kong Debin, Mao Qingfu, Zhao Jiyuan, Gu Yulong, Zhang Xiao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Natural rock fractures are often partially filled with permeable materials such as silt and minerals under long-term geological and hydraulic actions, forming complex structures containing unfilled voids. The seepage characteristics of such fractures significantly influence petroleum extraction, mine water prevention, and the stability of underground engineering projects. Methods To reveal the underlying seepage mechanisms, this study generated rough profiles of unfilled voids with different fractal dimensions based on Fractional Brownian Motion. A theoretical expression for the overall permeability of partially filled fractures was derived, and a coupled free flow–porous medium flow numerical model was established. This framework was used …


Key Technologies And Engineering Practices For Green Drainage Of The Jurassic Burnt Rock-Hosted Water In The Shenfu Mining Area, JI Zhongkui, MOU Lin, WANG Hai, ZHU Kaipeng, ZHAO Kaixing, CHEN Pan, XUE Xiaoyuan, HAN Qiang, HE Bo, WANG Fuming 2026 CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, China;State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, Xi’an 710077, China;Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Technology for Coal Mine Water Hazard, Xi’an 710077, China

Key Technologies And Engineering Practices For Green Drainage Of The Jurassic Burnt Rock-Hosted Water In The Shenfu Mining Area, Ji Zhongkui, Mou Lin, Wang Hai, Zhu Kaipeng, Zhao Kaixing, Chen Pan, Xue Xiaoyuan, Han Qiang, He Bo, Wang Fuming

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective In the northern part of Shaanxi Province, coal mining has led to a pronounced contradiction between coal mining and water conservation, along with a serious threat to China’s ecological redline. These challenges necessitate transforming the mine water drainage pattern in coal mines. Green mine water drainage represents a key approach to achieving coordinated coal-water production in areas containing burnt rocks. Methods Focusing on the conservation-oriented utilization of the Jurassic burnt rock-hosted water in a coal mine within the Shenfu mining area, this study explored a solution to coordinated coal-water production in areas affected by burnt rock-hosted water from the …


Mine Water Storage In Deep Strata: Temperature Responses And The Quantitative Identification Of Primary Permeable Intervals, XUE Jiankun, WANG Shuangming, ZHANG Pingsong, WANG Xiaodong, HAN Le, WANG Zhizhou, WANG Yutong, WANG Zhibo 2026 School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, China;State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Ecology Protection in Open-pit Coal Mines, Xi’an 710077, China

Mine Water Storage In Deep Strata: Temperature Responses And The Quantitative Identification Of Primary Permeable Intervals, Xue Jiankun, Wang Shuangming, Zhang Pingsong, Wang Xiaodong, Han Le, Wang Zhizhou, Wang Yutong, Wang Zhibo

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Storage in deep strata represents an effective approach to treating high-salinity mine water in mining areas of western China. For this technology, the use of directional wells can significantly enhance water injection efficiency, while selecting primary permeable intervals with high injectivity as drilling targets is key to its successful implementation. However, the accurate identification of these intervals in deep strata remains challenging. Methods By analyzing the wellbore temperature variations in the injection well during water injection, a qualitative model was developed to evaluate primary permeable intervals based on wellbore temperature curves. Following the principles of momentum and energy conservation, …


Field Tests On The Capillary Barrier Effect Of Covers For Comprehensive Utilization Of Solid Waste In Waste Dumps, DUAN Xu, CHEN Chuangchuang, QIU Xun, WANG Bo, SHI Luyu, YAN Hanyang, ZOU Yu, QU Jin, HU Zhaojiang 2026 School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China

Field Tests On The Capillary Barrier Effect Of Covers For Comprehensive Utilization Of Solid Waste In Waste Dumps, Duan Xu, Chen Chuangchuang, Qiu Xun, Wang Bo, Shi Luyu, Yan Hanyang, Zou Yu, Qu Jin, Hu Zhaojiang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background In the arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern China, the open-pit waste dumps of mining areas suffer from severe water erosion and the limited water-holding capacities of shallow cover soils. This restricts the ecological restoration of abandoned mine lands. Capillary barrier covers can enhance the water-holding capacities of water storage layers due to the differential hydraulic properties at the interface between fine- and coarse-grained layers. However, both the feasibility of constructing layered covers by mixing solid waste slags from waste dumps with clay and the water regulation performance of the covers are yet to be verified in the field. …


An Experimental Study On The Compressive Shear Failure Characteristics Of Mining-Induced Fractured Rock Blocks In The Absence Of Lateral Confinement And Under Unilateral Confinement, WANG Wenxue, ZHANG Shicheng, LI Linyang, ZHANG Ruochen, LIANG Yankun, CHANG Jian, PAN Xuwei, ZHAO Guizhang 2026 Henan Province Key Laboratory of Rock and Soil Mechanics and Structural Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China

An Experimental Study On The Compressive Shear Failure Characteristics Of Mining-Induced Fractured Rock Blocks In The Absence Of Lateral Confinement And Under Unilateral Confinement, Wang Wenxue, Zhang Shicheng, Li Linyang, Zhang Ruochen, Liang Yankun, Chang Jian, Pan Xuwei, Zhao Guizhang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Rock bridges exert a controlling influence on the deformation, fracture field evolution, and structural stability of mining-induced fractured rock masses. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their deformation and failure characteristics, as well as the underlying controlling mechanisms, under different confinement conditions. Such investigations will provide theoretical support for the safe mining of underground coal seams and the prevention and control of mining-induced disasters. Methods Mechanical models of fractured rock blocks containing rock bridges were established. Specimens with different fracture dip angles, rock bridge widths, and material strengths were prepared using rock-like materials. Furthermore, an independently developed compressive shear …


An Integrated Automated Parameter Optimization Method Based On Fdem And Isight For Rock Mass Engineering: A Case Study Of Pillar Stability Design, ZHU Defu, GAO Bolong, XU Jiabo, WANG Deyu, GAO Peng, LI Yalin, HU Wenshuo 2026 Key Laboratory of In-situ Property-improving Mining of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China

An Integrated Automated Parameter Optimization Method Based On Fdem And Isight For Rock Mass Engineering: A Case Study Of Pillar Stability Design, Zhu Defu, Gao Bolong, Xu Jiabo, Wang Deyu, Gao Peng, Li Yalin, Hu Wenshuo

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Conventional rock mass engineering design largely relies on empirical equations or numerical simulation schemes selected from a limited number of comparable cases, making it difficult to effectively balance multiple constraints such as safety, economic viability, and resource recovery. The finite-discrete element method (FDEM) based on the intrinsic cohesive zone model (ICZM) can effectively simulate the evolution of quasi-brittle materials from continuous to discontinuous behavior, rendering it particularly suitable for engineering issues involving highly discontinuous rock masses. Therefore, FDEM has become an important numerical analysis method in rock mass engineering. However, there remains an urgent need for a high-precision, integrated, …


An Image Recognition And Multi-Parameter Quantitative Characterization System For Fractures In Roadway Rocks, XIONG Yu, JIANG Lichun, KONG Dezhong, LI Jinzhu 2026 School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

An Image Recognition And Multi-Parameter Quantitative Characterization System For Fractures In Roadway Rocks, Xiong Yu, Jiang Lichun, Kong Dezhong, Li Jinzhu

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Conventional measurement methods for rock fractures suffer from low efficiency and high subjectivity. On the other hand, simple image recognition techniques struggle to achieve high-precision multi-parameter integrated analysis of rock fractures in complex roadway environments. To address these challenges, this study aims to develop an image recognition and multi-parameter quantitative characterization system for rock fractures. Methods At the core of the system is the formulation of a combined image preprocessing strategy. Specifically, fracture segmentation is conducted based on adaptive threshold binarization, isolated noise points are removed using morphological opening, and median filtering is introduced to perform the refined polishing …


Selection And Verification Of Optimal Key Parameters Of Ultra-Wideband Radars For Life Detection In Coal-Rock Shielding Environments In Coal Mines, HUANG Yuan, ZHENG Xuezhao, WEN Hu, JIN Feiyang, XU Chengyu, LIU Yin, DING Wen 2026 College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;Xi’an Research Center of National Mine Rescue, Xi’an 710054, China

Selection And Verification Of Optimal Key Parameters Of Ultra-Wideband Radars For Life Detection In Coal-Rock Shielding Environments In Coal Mines, Huang Yuan, Zheng Xuezhao, Wen Hu, Jin Feiyang, Xu Chengyu, Liu Yin, Ding Wen

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods Ultra-wideband (UWB) radars can transmit electromagnetic waves that penetrate coal and rock media, thereby addressing the challenge of detecting and localizing personnel trapped in shielding environments during mine collapse. However, key parameters for UWB radar detection are difficult to determine due to complex mine environments, diverse media, and unclear dispersion characteristics. To deal with this issue, this study determined the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of various coal and rock media, as well as human tissues, through experiments and fitting. In combination with actual rescue scenarios, this study established the electromagnetic equivalent model of shielding environments in coal mines. …


A Method Of Reflected In-Seam Wave Imaging Based On The Structural Similarity Index Of Adjacent Gathers, WANG Ji, WEI Zhongli, YE Hongxing, WU Guoqing, LIU Shuo, NIU Huan, SU Xiaoyun 2026 China Coal Research Institute, Beijing 100013, China;CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, China

A Method Of Reflected In-Seam Wave Imaging Based On The Structural Similarity Index Of Adjacent Gathers, Wang Ji, Wei Zhongli, Ye Hongxing, Wu Guoqing, Liu Shuo, Niu Huan, Su Xiaoyun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Reflected in-seam wave detection represents a major method for exploring geological anomalies in underground coal mines. This method is well suited to detecting concealed structures (e.g., faults and collapse columns) within coal seams in the tunneling direction of roadways or along their side walls. In recent years, to meet the safety requirements of green mine construction, explosive sources have been substituted with mechanical hammer impacts in increasing reflected in-seam wave detection. However, compared to conventional explosive sources, hammer impacts exhibit significantly lower instantaneous energy intensity and consistency. These limitations lead to reduced quality of reflected in-seam wave imaging, thus …


A Seismic Prediction Technology For Coalbed Methane Sweet Spots And Its Engineering Application In The Ordos Basin, ZHANG Mengbo, LI Fei, ZHANG Dong, PENG Jiankang, CUI Xiaojie, NI Na, LONG Shengfang, TAO Yu, ZHU Jun 2026 Exploration and Development Research Institute, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710018, China;National Engineering Laboratory of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Exploration and Development, Xi’an 710018, China

A Seismic Prediction Technology For Coalbed Methane Sweet Spots And Its Engineering Application In The Ordos Basin, Zhang Mengbo, Li Fei, Zhang Dong, Peng Jiankang, Cui Xiaojie, Ni Na, Long Shengfang, Tao Yu, Zhu Jun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Deep coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs tend to exhibit significant tuning effects of thin interbeds, leading to challenging localization of actual coal seam boundaries, limited identification accuracy of micro-amplitude structures in the coal seam roof, and poor stability of the seismic responses of the reservoirs' gas-bearing properties. To address these challenges, this study investigated the No. 8 coal seam of the Benxi Formation in the Mizhi area, Ordos Basin. Accordingly, a method with the prediction of gas-bearing properties as the primary controlling factor was developed for the seismic prediction and comprehensive evaluation of CBM sweet spots. Methods First, the actual …


Factors Influencing The Build-Up Rate Of Small-Diameter Rotary Steerable Systems In Underground Coal Mines, YANG Dongdong, LI Quanxin, ZHANG Youzhen, CHEN Long, CHU Zhiwei, JIANG Bici, WANG Bo, YAN Wenchao 2026 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;China Coal Research Institute, Beijing 100013, China;CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710077, China

Factors Influencing The Build-Up Rate Of Small-Diameter Rotary Steerable Systems In Underground Coal Mines, Yang Dongdong, Li Quanxin, Zhang Youzhen, Chen Long, Chu Zhiwei, Jiang Bici, Wang Bo, Yan Wenchao

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Intelligent drilling represents an important part of intelligent coal mine construction. However, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) directional drilling, the core of underground intelligent drilling operations, currently suffers from several limitations, including the high dogleg severity of wellbore trajectories, low drilling efficiency, and poor hard-rock penetration. Rotary steerable system (RSS) technology has emerged as a key approach to addressing these limitations owing to its high-precision control on drilling trajectories. Methods This study systematically analyzed the factors influencing the build-up rate of small-diameter, push-the-bit RSSs using a modified 3-point circle method and the longitudinal beam bending method. Through theoretical modeling, the coupled impacts …


Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis Of Fracture-Induced Lost Circulation And Intelligent Selection Of Lost Circulation Control Fluids, SUN Huan, ZHU Mingming, WANG Jinshu, YAO Lu, ZHOU Fangfang, TAN Xuebin, SUN Yan, QU Yanping, CHEN Ning 2026 Changqing Drilling General Company, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Xi’an 710018, China

Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis Of Fracture-Induced Lost Circulation And Intelligent Selection Of Lost Circulation Control Fluids, Sun Huan, Zhu Mingming, Wang Jinshu, Yao Lu, Zhou Fangfang, Tan Xuebin, Sun Yan, Qu Yanping, Chen Ning

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Method Drilling operations in the Changqing area face several challenges in lost circulation, including complex types, significantly different characteristics, and difficulty in designing plugging formulations. To address these issues, this study proposes a DSX-Hybrid coupled intelligent decision-making framework, which serves as an integrated scheme to identify lost circulation channels, perform intelligent selection of plugging formulations, and offer recommendations on construction process. In this framework, given the scarcity of labeled log data, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is employed to mine latent geological characteristics of unlabeled data. Then, the self-attention convolutional neural network (SACNN) is …


Challenges, Opportunities, And Countermeasures For China’S Green Transition In Context Of Global Reallocation Of Energy Supply Chains, Yan SUN, Pu WANG, Yi WANG 2026 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Challenges, Opportunities, And Countermeasures For China’S Green Transition In Context Of Global Reallocation Of Energy Supply Chains, Yan Sun, Pu Wang, Yi Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The stability and resilience of energy supply chains are directly linked to an orderly economy and society, national energy security, and global governance of climate change. Tensions and strategic competition in global geopolitics have accelerated regionalization, consolidation, and localization of global energy supply chains, posing significant challenges to China as a major energy consumer. Based on the latest situation of global energy changes, the study focuses on the new challenges in China’s green transition, and highlight four key areas for China in global energy supply chains, including critical mineral resources, clean hydrogen, electric vehicles, and power batteries. Policy recommendations are …


Analysis Of Global Carbon Neutrality Situation And Policy Insights For China, Lina LIU, Jiansheng QU, Jingjing ZENG, Xiaoyu SONG, Qin LIAO, Yibo NIU, Yanfei LIU, Bingxue QIN 2026 State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Knowledge Computing and Intelligent Decision, Lanzhou 730000, China

Analysis Of Global Carbon Neutrality Situation And Policy Insights For China, Lina Liu, Jiansheng Qu, Jingjing Zeng, Xiaoyu Song, Qin Liao, Yibo Niu, Yanfei Liu, Bingxue Qin

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Achieving the goal of “dual carbon” (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality) will bring comprehensive and profound systematic changes in China’s social economy. By analyzing the global trend of carbon neutrality, it can be seen that the topics of carbon neutrality mainly focus on four aspects: emission reduction categories, key areas, technological innovation, and carbon market construction. At present, China is steadily building a multi-level (national, regional, and enterprise) carbon-neutral policy framework system. In key areas such as energy, industry, transportation, construction, agriculture, and forestry, China not only actively takes practical and effective actions but also vigorously carries out scientific and …


Practice And Exploration Of Energy Conservation And Carbon Reduction In National Scientific Research Institutions—Analysis Based On Survey Of Affiliated Institutions Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Shouxian SUN, Shangchong XU, Lingling ZHANG 2026 School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Practice And Exploration Of Energy Conservation And Carbon Reduction In National Scientific Research Institutions—Analysis Based On Survey Of Affiliated Institutions Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Shouxian Sun, Shangchong Xu, Lingling Zhang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a broad and profound transformation of the economic and social system. As both important and unique public institutions in the country, national research institutions play a key role in the society-wide efforts to save energy and reduce carbon emissions. Based on an analysis of the current situation and challenges of energy conservation and carbon reduction in national research institutions, this study selects several institutions affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences as research subjects and conducts a questionnaire survey from four aspects: individual energy-saving awareness and behavior habits, energy consumption of the institution …


Explaining Safety Challenges And Their Relationships Using A Qualitative-Fuzzy Dematel Approach: A Surface Mine Case Study, Neda Molamehdizadeh, Gholam Hossein Halvani, Hossein Ebrahimi, Ali Asghar Farshad, Seyedeh Melika Kharghani Moghadam, Saber Moradi Hanifi 2026 Iran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Iran

Explaining Safety Challenges And Their Relationships Using A Qualitative-Fuzzy Dematel Approach: A Surface Mine Case Study, Neda Molamehdizadeh, Gholam Hossein Halvani, Hossein Ebrahimi, Ali Asghar Farshad, Seyedeh Melika Kharghani Moghadam, Saber Moradi Hanifi

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Safety in surface mining operations is a major organizational management challenge due to the inherently hazardous nature of mining activities. This study aimed to explain safety challenges and identify their interrelationships through a combined qualitative-fuzzy DEMATEL approach in a surface mine in Yazd Province, Iran. The research was carried out in two sequential phases: first, key safety challenges were identified through qualitative interviews with employees, supervisors, and safety experts; then, the relationships among these challenges were analyzed and prioritized using the fuzzy DEMATEL technique. The main challenges identified included insufficient specialized training, inadequate safety equipment, weak organizational safety culture, and …


The Carbon Footprint Of The Hard Coal Sector In Poland In The Context Of The Evolution Of The European Union’S Climate Neutrality Policy, Katarzyna Widera 2026 Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Economics and Management, Poland

The Carbon Footprint Of The Hard Coal Sector In Poland In The Context Of The Evolution Of The European Union’S Climate Neutrality Policy, Katarzyna Widera

Journal of Sustainable Mining

The topic of the article is the carbon footprint of coal as a primary source of energy. In light of climate change and the energy transition in the European Union, it is increasingly important to analyse the carbon footprint of individual economic sectors. The aim of this review article is to present an analysis of the carbon footprint of the hard coal sector in Poland against the background of the EU’s climate neutrality policy. The paper reviews EU strategic documents, such as the European Green Deal, the ”Fit for 55” package, and the REPowerEU and Clean Industrial Deal initiatives, in …


Sustainability Challenges And Opportunities In A University Police Fleet: A Case Study Of Idling, Emissions, And Electrification Potential, Van Slusser 2026 The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley

Sustainability Challenges And Opportunities In A University Police Fleet: A Case Study Of Idling, Emissions, And Electrification Potential, Van Slusser

School of Political Science, Public Affairs, Legal and Security Studies Faculty Publications

This case study examines fleet sustainability challenges within the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Police Department, a multicampus public safety agency operating aging gasoline vehicles central to daily patrol and administrative functions. Rising maintenance costs, increased vehicle downtime, and extensive idling created both operational strain and avoidable environmental impacts. Aging internal-combustion vehicles contributed to elevated emissions and fuel consumption, particularly under high-heat conditions and equipment demands typical of campus policing. Telematics monitoring indicated that approximately 48% of total engine-on time consisted of idling, highlighting a substantial source of avoidable fuel use and emissions. The study employed a qualitative case …


Reimagining Wind Based Sea Travel With Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, Julian Goins 2026 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Reimagining Wind Based Sea Travel With Vertical Axis Wind Turbines, Julian Goins

Discovery Day - Daytona Beach

In the realm of Nautical vehicles, aside from the occasional outliers like rarely used coal steamboats, experimental solar powered ships, or the military grade nuclear vessels, the vast majority of ships run off diesel-powered engines. The unsustainability of such methods will need to be addressed for the security of our planet’s future due to the limited and destructive nature of fossil fuels, much like it already is in many other fields. To that end, this project gains inspiration from the past and looks toward harnessing the power of the wind. In recent times, most sail boats are equipped with some …


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