Re: Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit Berkeley Pit And Discharge Pilot Project – June 2025 Monthly Discharge Monitoring Report,
2025
Montana Resources
Re: Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit Berkeley Pit And Discharge Pilot Project – June 2025 Monthly Discharge Monitoring Report, Mark Thompson, Dave Griffis
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
High Spatial Resolution Crop Type And Land Use Land Cover Classification Without Labels: A Framework Using Multi-Temporal Planetscope Images And Variational Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model,
2025
Chapman University
High Spatial Resolution Crop Type And Land Use Land Cover Classification Without Labels: A Framework Using Multi-Temporal Planetscope Images And Variational Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model, Minh Tri Le
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
Previous studies often combined high spatial resolution data (e.g., PlanetScope) with wider spectral range data (e.g., Sentinel-2) and relied on supervised classification methods to produce land use and land cover (LULC) maps. This study proposed a new unsupervised framework to generate crop type and LULC maps at high spatial resolution (< 5 m) using available PlanetScope data solely without requiring ground truths. We used PlanetScope surface reflectance images and their derived spectral indices during growing seasons to create multi-temporal input features, which were fed into an unsupervised Variational Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model (VBGMM). The VBGMM, unlike the traditional unsupervised classification methods, (1) first estimated optimal parameters that are most suitable based on the input features and then (2) assigned pixels to the cluster with maximum posteriori probability of a mixture of several Gaussian distributions. The crop type and LULC maps were then generated by labeling the derived clusters using the best possible assignment method, referring to the existing crop type or LULC products. We evaluated the produced PlanetScope-based crop type and LULC maps using true labels, corresponding reference maps, and other unsupervised classification methods. The results demonstrated the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed framework in mapping crop types and LULC at 3–5 m pixels across various ecosystems, climate zones, and human-managed landscapes. The spatial patterns of PlanetScope-based maps were (1) highly comparable with all the reference datasets at 10–30 m spatial resolution and (2) better than the traditional GMM and K-means clustering methods. The VBGMM produced classification maps with high confidence, yielding class probabilities above 0.9 for over 90 % of all study areas. The area percentage for all crop type and LULC classes agreed well with their reference maps, with R2 of 0.95 and RMSE of 1.04 %. The confusion matrices using true labels indicated that PlanetScope-based maps achieved a higher overall accuracy of 84 % than the supervised referenced maps of 81 %. Besides, the entropy comparison showed that our framework-based maps were better at capturing fine-scale features such as developed areas within cities that commonly mix with open space and vegetation, deforestation and cropland conversion in South America, smallholder croplands in Africa and Asia, and generating homogeneous crop fields in North America. This study further highlighted the potential for future research to implement our proposed framework to generate timely and extensive annotated datasets, which can be used for operationally training machine learning models to map crop types and LULC, track deforestation, detect wildfires, and delineate flooded areas at larger scales using medium/coarse Earth observations.
Detection Of Oil Pollution On The Tigris River In Iraq Using Fluorescence And Reflecting Techniques,
2025
Laser and optoelectronic Eng. Department, College of Engineering, Al Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Detection Of Oil Pollution On The Tigris River In Iraq Using Fluorescence And Reflecting Techniques, Ahmad K. Ahmad, Thamer M. Mohammed
Karbala International Journal of Modern Science
In this study, a broadband light source (visible and ultraviolet) was used to name minerals via fluorescence spectra and estimate slick oil thickness, ranging from sub-millimetres, using the reflecting spectrum technique. Using a fluorescent technique, we obtained fluorescence spectra of the samples, converting and processing the signals to produce high-resolution data, which enabled the identification of the types of dissolved elements and oil slicks in the Tigris River, highlighting pollution sources and potential control measures. This system aims to show the faint signal in fluorescence samples collected from the cooling system outlet water throughout the refining process from AL-Dora (Baghdad) …
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-12 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 8, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-12 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 8, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 84 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 11, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Approval Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 84 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 11, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Unreclaimed Sites Ur-22 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 2, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Unreclaimed Sites Ur-22 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 2, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-06 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 1, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-06 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated April 1, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For Bpsou Uncontrolled Surface Flow Areas Drainage C 30% Design Rawp (Dated June 23, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For Bpsou Uncontrolled Surface Flow Areas Drainage C 30% Design Rawp (Dated June 23, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final 2025 Residential Metals Abatement Program (Rmap) Valley Sand & Gravel (Builders Firstsource) Borrow Submittal #1 (Dated June 27, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final 2025 Residential Metals Abatement Program (Rmap) Valley Sand & Gravel (Builders Firstsource) Borrow Submittal #1 (Dated June 27, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comments On The Repository, Haul Route, And Pipeline Geotechnical Pre-Design Investigation Summary Report (Dated May 13, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comments On The Repository, Haul Route, And Pipeline Geotechnical Pre-Design Investigation Summary Report (Dated May 13, 2025), Emma Rott
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Draft Final Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-20 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated March 19, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Draft Final Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Unreclaimed Sites Sampling: Ur-20 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated March 19, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: June 2025 Berkeley Pit Migratory Waterfowl Protection Monthly Report,
2025
Montana Resources
Re: June 2025 Berkeley Pit Migratory Waterfowl Protection Monthly Report, Mark Thompson, Loren Burmeister
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft 2024 Groundwater Monitoring Data Summary Report (Dated May 30, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft 2024 Groundwater Monitoring Data Summary Report (Dated May 30, 2025), Emma Rott
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Superfund Operation And Maintenance (O&M) Request For Maintenance – Kelley Stormwater Channels (Dated April 22, 2025),
2025
Management Service Company, ARCO
Re: Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Superfund Operation And Maintenance (O&M) Request For Maintenance – Kelley Stormwater Channels (Dated April 22, 2025), Josh Bryson
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Draft Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling Bres No. 30 – Atlantic 1 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated February 24, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Draft Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling Bres No. 30 – Atlantic 1 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated February 24, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Hyperspectral Band Selection Via Heterogeneous Graph Convolutional Self-Representation Network,
2025
Chapman University
Hyperspectral Band Selection Via Heterogeneous Graph Convolutional Self-Representation Network, Junde Chen, Wenzhao Li, Surendra Maharjan, Hesham El-Askary
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
Hyperspectral image (HSI) band selection (BS) plays a crucial role in HSI dimensionality reduction, aiming to identify a representative subset of bands with minimal redundancy. However, conventional BS approaches primarily operate in the Euclidean domain, often overlooking the structural characteristics of pixels and spectral bands, such as spatial continuity and spectral dependencies. In addition, they handle each HSI as an integrated unit to harness implicit spatial information, disregarding spatial distribution variations across different homogeneous regions. To fully leverage structural information, this study introduces a novel BS method, termed the dual heterogeneous graph convolutional network with enhanced self-representation (ESR-HGCN), for HSI …
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Draft Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 38 – Sister Dump Site Evaluation Summary Report (December 31, 2024),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Draft Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 38 – Sister Dump Site Evaluation Summary Report (December 31, 2024), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Draft Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 32 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated December 11, 2024),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) 2022 Draft Final Insufficiently Reclaimed Sites Sampling: Bres No. 32 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Dated December 11, 2024), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final Unreclaimed (Ur) Sites Ur-13 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Sesr) (November 1, 2024),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For The Butte Priority Soils Operable Unit (Bpsou) Draft Final Unreclaimed (Ur) Sites Ur-13 Site Evaluation Summary Report (Sesr) (November 1, 2024), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Re: Comment Letter For 2024 Annual Operations And Maintenance Report Butte Reclamation Evaluation System (Bres) Annual Summary Report For Work Completed In Quadrant 4 (Dated May 1, 2025),
2025
Environmental Protection Agency
Re: Comment Letter For 2024 Annual Operations And Maintenance Report Butte Reclamation Evaluation System (Bres) Annual Summary Report For Work Completed In Quadrant 4 (Dated May 1, 2025), Molly Roby
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
