Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons^™

Less-Than-Expected Weight Loss In Normal-Weight Women Undergoing Caloric Restriction And Exercise Is Accompanied By Preservation Of Fat-Free Mass And Metabolic Adaptations, Karsten Koehler, M. J. De Souza, N. I. Williams

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background/Objectives: Normal-weight women frequently restrict their caloric intake and exercise, but little is known about the effects on body weight, body composition and metabolic adaptations in this population.

Subjects/Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in sedentary normal-weight women. Women were assigned to a severe energy deficit (SEV: –1062 ± 80 kcal per day; n = 9), a moderate energy deficit (MOD: –633 ± 71 kcal per day; n = 7) or energy balance (BAL; n = 9) while exercising five times per week for 3 months. Outcome variables included changes in body weight, …

Time Course Of Changes In Neuromuscular Responses At 30% Versus 70% 1 Repetition Maximum During Dynamic Constant External Resistance Leg Extensions To Failure, Cory M. Smith, Terry J. Housh, Ethan C. Hill, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

The purpose of the current study was to examine the time course of changes in neuromuscular responses from the vastus medialis (VM) during low versus high intensity dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) leg extension muscle actions to failure. Thirteen men performed DCER leg extensions to failure at 30% and 70% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) as well as 1-RM measurements pretest and posttest. Electromyogaphy and mechanomyographic signals were measured from the VM. There were no differences in neuromuscular responses pretest versus posttest 1-RM. There were timedependent differences between the 30% and 70% 1-RM protocols. The initial phase of the 30% 1- RM …

Parental Views Of Promoting Fruit And Vegetable Intake Among Overweight Preschoolers And School-Aged Children, Martha J. Nepper, Weiwen Chai

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Given the importance of parental influence on children’s eating habits, we explored perceptions of parents of overweight (body mass index–for-age percentile ≥85%) preschoolers (3-5 years) and overweight school-aged children (6-12 years) regarding challenges in promoting fruit and vegetable intake and how they and other family members influence their overweight children’s dietary habits. Focus groups were conducted with 13 parents of overweight preschoolers and 14 parents of overweight school-aged children. Codes and themes were developed by inductive data analysis. Four common themes were identified: short shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables prohibiting parents from purchasing, children’s taste changes in fruits …

Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption, Elliot D Jesch, Timothy P. Carr

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol absorption with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural …

Milk Exosomes: Beyond Dietary Micrornas, Janos Zempleni

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Extracellular vesicles deliver a variety of cargos to recipient cells, including the delivery of cargos in dietary vesicles from bovine milk to non-bovine species. The rate of discovery in this important line of research is slowed by a controversy whether the delivery and bioactivity of a single class of vesicle cargos, microRNAs, are real or not. This opinion paper argues that the evidence in support of the bioavailability of microRNAs encapsulated in dietary exosomes outweighs the evidence produced by scholars doubting that phenomenon is real. Importantly, this paper posits that the time is ripe to look beyond microRNA cargos and …

Reliability And Minimum Detectable Change For Common Clinical Physical Function Tests In Sarcopenic Men And Women, Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins, Joel T. Cramer

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Objectives: To determine the test–retest reliability and minimum detectable change scores for seven common clinical measurements of muscle strength and physical function in a multiethnic sample of sarcopenic, malnourished men and women.

Design: Each participant visited the laboratory seven times over 25 to 26 weeks. Reliability was assessed for each measurement from Familiarization 1 to Familiarization 2 (R1), Familiarization 2 to baseline testing (R2), Familiarization 3 to 12-week testing (R3), and Familiarization 4 to 24-week testing (R4).

Setting: Data were collected during a clinical trial at 23 sites in the United States, Belgium, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and the …

Healthy Eating: How Do We Define It And Measure It? What’S The Evidence?, Christy C. Tangney, Beth A. Staffileno, Heather Rasmussen

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

A healthy diet can be defined in many ways, including defining one’s food intake by a dietary pattern. As described in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee report, there are several defined dietary patterns associated with lower rates of chronic diseases. These include the Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension, and those based on the Mediterranean diet. This review will focus on guiding health care professionals, including nurse practitioners, how a healthy diet pattern is defined, how it is measured, and a summary of recent evidence supporting the healthfulness of these dietary patterns.

Evaluation Of A Dietary Screener: The Mediterranean Eating Pattern For Americans Tool, L. A. Cerwinske, Heather Rasmussen, S. Lipson, A. S. Volgman, Christy C. Tangney

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Evidence exists for an association between accordance with a Mediterranean diet pattern and slower rates of cognitive decline. However, an ‘Americanized’ version of the Mediterranean diet screener is needed to assess accordance in the USA. Thus, the Mediterranean Eating Pattern for Americans (MEPA) tool was developed to assess accordance with a Mediterranean-like food pattern when time is limited. The present study aimed to determine whether the MEPA screener captured the key elements of the Mediterranean diet compared to the more comprehensive food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Methods: The study comprised a cross-sectional study in which 70 women completed both the …

Effects Of Fatigue And Recovery On Electromechanical Delay During Isokinetic Muscle Actions, Cory M. Smith, Terry J. Housh, Ethan C. Hill, Josh L. Keller, Glen O. Johnson, Richard J. Schmidt

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Objective: To examine muscle-specific differences and the effects of fatigue and recovery on electromechanical delay (EMD) during maximal isokinetic muscle actions.

Approach: Thirteen men performed maximal isokinetic knee extension muscle actions at 60° s⁻¹, pretest, posttest, and after 5 min of recovery from 25 maximal isokinetic knee extensions. The onsets of the electromyographic, mechanomyographic, and force signals were used to identify EMD measures from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF).

Main results: There were posttest increases in all EMD measures for all muscles that returned to pretest levels after 5 …

Greater Neural Adaptations Following High- Vs. Low-Load Resistance Training, Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins, Amelia A. Miramonti, Ethan C. Hill, Cory M. Smith, Kristen C. Cochrane-Snyman, Terry J. Housh, Joel T. Cramer

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

We examined the neuromuscular adaptations following 3 and 6 weeks of 80 vs. 30%one repetition maximum (1RM) resistance training to failure in the leg extensors. Twenty-six men (age = 23.1 ± 4.7 years) were randomly assigned to a high- (80% 1RM; n = 13) or low-load (30% 1RM; n = 13) resistance training group and completed leg extension resistance training to failure 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Testing was completed at baseline, 3, and 6 weeks of training. During each testing session, ultrasound muscle thickness and echo intensity, 1RM strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, and contractile …

Association Between Energy Balance And Metabolic Hormone Suppression During Ultra-Endurance Exercise, Bjoern Geesmann, Jenna C. Gibbs, Joachim Mester, Karsten Koehler

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Ultra-endurance athletes often accumulate an energy deficit when engaging in ultra-endurance exercise, and upon completion of the exercise, they exhibit endocrine changes that are reminiscent of starvation. However, it remains unclear whether these endocrine changes are a result of the exercise per se or secondary to the energy deficit, and more importantly, whether these changes can be attenuated by increased dietary intake. Our goal was to assess the relationship between changes in key metabolic hormones following ultra-endurance exercise and measures of energy balance. Metabolic hormones as well as energy intake and expenditure were assessed in 14 well-trained male cyclists who …

Web-Based Interventions Alone Or Supplemented With Peer-Led Support Or Professional Email Counseling For Weight Loss And Weight Maintenance In Women From Rural Communities: Results Of A Clinical Trial, Patricia A. Hageman, Carol H. Pullen, Melody Hertzog, Bunny J. Pozehl, Christine Eisenhauer, Linda S. Boeckner

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Objective. This trial compared the effectiveness of a web-based only (WO) intervention with web-based supplemented by peer-led discussion (WD) or professional email counseling (WE) across 3 phases to achieve weight loss and weight maintenance in women from underserved rural communities.

Methods. 301 women (BMI of 28–45 kg/m²) randomly assigned to groups participated in guided weight loss (baseline to 6 months), guided weight loss and maintenance (6 to 18 months), and self-managed weight maintenance (18 to 30 months).

Results. Retention was 88.7%, 76.5%, and 71.8% at 6, 18, and 30 months, respectively. Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated no group …

Prebiotics And Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Heather Rasmussen, Bruce R. Hamaker

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Inflammatory bowel disease risk factors include poor diet, and corresponding low intake of dietary fiber, specifically prebiotics, which is fermented by the gut microbiota. Dietary fibers, many of which are potential prebiotics, have hundreds to thousands of unique chemical structures that may promote bacteria or bacterial groups to provide beneficial health effects. In vitro and in vivo animal models provide some support for the use of prebiotics for inflammatory bowel disease through inflammation reduction. Studies using prebiotics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are limited and focus on only a select few prebiotic substances.

Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease, Ulcerative colitis, …

Hepatocyte Abca1 Deletion Impairs Liver Insulin Signaling And Lipogenesis, Chia-Chi C. Key, Mingxia Liu, C. Lisa Kurtz, Soonkyu Chung, Elena Boudyguina, Timothy A. Dinh, Alexander Bashore, Peter E. Phelan, Barry I. Freedman, Timothy F. Osborne, Xuewei Zhu, Lijun Ma, Praveen Sethupathy, Sudha B. Biddinger, John S. Parks

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Plasma membrane (PM) free cholesterol (FC) is emerging as an important modulator of signal transduction. Here, we show that hepatocyte-specific knockout (HSKO) of the cellular FC exporter, ATPbinding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), leads to decreased PM FC content and defective trafficking of lysosomal FC to the PM. Compared with controls, chow-fed HSKO mice had reduced hepatic (1) insulin- stimulated Akt phosphorylation, (2) activation of the lipogenic transcription factor Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP)-1c, and (3) lipogenic gene expression. Consequently, Westerntype diet-fed HSKO mice were protected from steatosis. Surprisingly, HSKO mice had intact glucose metabolism; they showed normal gluconeogenic gene …

การวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของโปรตีโอมและอินเทอแรกโตมเพื่อค้นหาสารบ่งชี้สำหรับโรคออทิซึมสเปกตรัม, ฉัตรระวี พิชิตพันธ์พงศ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

ในปัจจุบัน ออทิซึมสเปกตรัม (Autism spectrum disorder, ASD) ยังคงเป็นโรคที่ยังคงไม่ทราบกลไกระดับโมเลกุล แน่ชัด ยีนและโปรตีนที่เคยมีการรายงานการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปในผู้ป่วยออทิซึมสเปกตรัมมีความสามารถในการทำซ้ำ (Reproducibility) ต่ำหรืออาจไม่มีเลย ซึ่งน่าจะมาจากความหลากหลายของอาการแสดงของผู้ป่วย จากการศึกษาล่าสุด แสดงให้เห็นว่าการจัดกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยตามความรุนแรงของลักษณะทางคลินิกสามารถช่วยในการระบุยีนและกลไกที่ผิดปกติไปในกลุ่มย่อยของผู้ป่วย อย่างไรก็ตาม การแบ่งกลุ่มผู้ป่วยเป็นกลุ่มย่อยตามความรุนแรงของลักษณะทางคลินิกใน ออทิซึมสเปกตรัมยังไม่มีการใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายในการค้นหาโปรตีน Biomarker ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับออทิซึมสเปกตรัม ในการศึกษาครั้งนี้ ผู้วิจัยทำการวิเคราะห์โดยการแบ่งกลุ่มผู้ป่วยจำนวน 85 รายออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยทางคลินิกตามคะแนน ADI-R และทำการวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของยีนในออทิซึมสเปกตรัมในแต่ละกลุ่มย่อยเปรียบเทียบกับกลุ่มควบคุมคนปกติที่อายุใกล้เคียงกันและเพศเดียวกันกับผู้ป่วย (Sex/age-matched control) ซึ่งสามารถระบุยีนที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติ (Differentially expressed genes, DEGs) ในออทิซึมสเปกตรัม นอกจากนี้ ผู้วิจัยได้ทำการวิเคราะห์รูปแบบการแสดงออกของโปรตีโอมจากเซลล์ไลน์เม็ดเลือดขาว (Lymphoblastoid cell lines,LCLs) ด้วยเทคนิค Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) ร่วมกับ Nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-MS/MS) รายชื่อของโปรตีนที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปอย่างมีนัยสำคัญที่ได้จากการวิเคราะห์ถูกนำมาเปรียบเทียบกับ DEGs และผลการวิเคราะห์ Meta-analysis ของโปรตีนและโปรตีโอมในการศึกษาก่อนหน้า หน้าที่ทางพยาธิสภาพที่มีความเกี่ยวข้องกับโปรตีนถูกวิเคราะห์โดยโปรแกรม Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) และได้ทำการคัดเลือกโปรตีนที่น่าสนใจมาทำการตรวจสอบโดยใช้ Western blot analysis จากการศึกษาครั้งนี้พบว่าผลการวิเคราะห์การแบ่งกลุ่มผู้ป่วยออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยทางคลินิกตามคะแนน ADI-R สามารถแบ่งผู้ป่วยออกเป็น 4 กลุ่มย่อย ซึ่งพบว่าหนึ่งในกลุ่มนั้น เป็นกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมที่มีความบกพร่องทางภาษารุนแรง จากผลวิเคราะห์รูปแบบ ทรานสคริปโตมของเซลล์ไลน์เม็ดเลือดขาว พบว่ามีจุดโปรตีนจำนวน 82 จุดที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปอย่างมีนัยสำคัญในกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมที่มีความบกพร่องทางภาษารุนแรง และได้ทำการคัดเลือก 18 จุดโปรตีนจากทั้งหมดมาวิเคราะห์ชนิดของโปรตีนโดยเทคนิค Nano-LC-MS/MS ซึ่งพบว่ามีความเกี่ยวข้องกับการทำงานของระบบประสาทและกระบวนการอักเสบ จากการศึกษานี้พบว่าจากโปรตีนทั้งหมด การแสดงออกของ Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) และ Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) ลดลงในออทิซึมสเปกตรัม ซึ่งโปรตีนเหล่านี้ยังพบการแสดงออกผิดปกติในการวิเคราะห์ Meta-analysis ของทรานสคริปโตมและโปรตีโอมร่วมด้วย การแบ่งกลุ่มออทิซึมสเปกตรัมออกเป็นกลุ่มย่อยทางคลินิกตามด้วยการวิเคราะห์ทรานสคริปโตมและโปรตีโอมแบบบูรณาการร่วมกัน ทำให้การศึกษานี้สามารถระบุโปรตีนที่มีการแสดงออกผิดปกติไปอย่างมีนัยสำคัญในกลุ่มย่อยของออทิซึมสเปกตรัมที่มีความบกพร่องทางภาษาอย่างรุนแรง ซึ่งโปรตีนเหล่านี้อาจทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวแทนในการช่วยระบุกลไกทางโมเลกุลของออทิซึมสเปกตรัมในอนาคต ตลอดจน อาจพัฒนาไปเป็น …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Better Executive Function In Young Women, Samuel P. Scott, Mary Jane De Souza, Karsten Koehler, Dylan L. Petkus, Laura E. Murray-Kolb

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Purpose: A positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cognitive function has been demonstrated mainly in children and older adults. Women attending college live in a cognitively demanding setting where optimal cognition matters but often experience declines in CRF. Our aim was to test whether CRF is associated with executive function in young adult women.

Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study included 120 healthy women age 18–35 yr in a university setting. Each woman completed a maximal treadmill-based exercise test to determine peak oxygen uptake (V˙O_2peak), computerized tests of executive function, and questionnaires to assess motivation …

Eicosapentaenoic Acid Potentiates Brown Thermogenesis Through Ffar4-Dependent Up-Regulation Of Mir-30b And Mir-378*, Jiyoung Kim, Meshail Okla, Anjeza Erickson, Timothy P. Carr, Sathish Kumar Natarajan, Soonkyu Chung

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Emerging evidence suggests that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) promote brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we hypothesize that n-3 PUFA promotes brown adipogenesis by modulating miRNAs. To test this hypothesis, murine brown preadipocytes were induced to differentiate the fatty acids of palmitic, oleate, or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The increases of brown-specific signature genes and oxygen consumption rate by EPA were concurrent with up-regulation of miR-30b and 378 but not by oleate or palmitic acid. Next, we hypothesize that free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4), a functional receptor for n-3 PUFA, modulates …

3-Hydroxy Fatty Acid Induce Trophoblast And Hepatocyte Lipoapoptosis, Taylor Bruett, Taylor Heng, Sathish Kumar Natarajan

UCARE: Research Products

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy (AFLP) is a very rare and fatal condition for both the mother and the unborn offspring accompanied by severe maternal liver dysfunction. AFLP usually develops during the third trimester of pregnancy with symptoms of liver disease. AFLP is associated with a mutation in the enzyme, long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) which is involved in the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Defective beta-oxidation of fatty acids results in the individual unable to metabolize fatty acids which then causes fatty infiltration in their organs, such as the liver. This interferes with normal function of the liver …

Mechanism Of Triglyceride Lowering Action Of Akkermansia Muciniphila And Fenugreek In A Genetic Induced Hyperlipidemia, Jing Shen

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Hyperlipidemia is a condition of abnormally elevated levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood circulation. It is usually accompanied with obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and has become a great threat to human health. New therapeutic strategies are needed for the prevention and treatment of both genetic intervention-induced hyperlipidemia and environmentally induced hyperlipidemia. In this study, we determined the therapeutic effects of a diseaseprotecting gut bacteria, Akkermansia muciniphila, and an annual legume, fenugreek, on hypertriglyceridemia induced by genetic depletion of cAMP responsive binding protein H (CREBH KO) in mice. We found …

Delta Tocotrienol Attenuates Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation Via Inhibition Of Nf-Κb Priming And Reactive Oxygen Species Generation, Teresa Buckner

College of Education and Human Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Chronic, low-grade inflammation during obesity is associated with the development of metabolic dysfunction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is assembled in response to cellular stressors and leads to cytotoxic cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 production, which implicates the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Tocotrienols are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory forms of vitamin E. Delta-tocotrienol (dT3) displays NF-κB inhibitory and anti-oxidant abilities, and is easily isolated from the Annatto plant. My primary aim was to determine whether dT3 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and to compare the extent to which dT3 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome with other tocotrienol forms, i.e. alpha-tocotrienol (aT3) and …