Migration Studies Commons^™

No. 12: Nepad, The City And The Migrant: Implications For Urban Governance, Caroline Kihato

Southern African Migration Programme

Migration is a growing phenomenon internationally. Between 1960 and 2000 international migrants in Africa increased from 9 million to 16 million. Although Africa has experienced a drop in the number of international migrants over the last two decades, it has more than double the number of migrants than Latin America and the Caribbean, and between a half and a third of the number in Asia. Flows of people from country to country across the continent are increasingly significant. Migration between cities across the continent is becoming a common phenomenon, as households attempt to secure their livelihoods.

In addition to cross-border …

No. 30: Regionalizing Xenophobia? Citizen Attitudes To Immgration And Refugee Policy In Southern Africa, Jonathan Crush, Wade Pendleton

Southern African Migration Programme

The negative attitudes of South Africans towards non-citizens, migrants and refugees have been documented in several recent studies. Xenophobia has been officially recognized as a major problem by the state and steps have been taken by government and the South African Human Rights Commission to “roll back xenophobia.” Since anti-immigrant intolerance is a global phenomenon, should South Africans be singled out in this regard? This paper seeks to contextualize the South African situation by comparing the attitudes of South Africans with citizens from several other countries in the SADC; namely, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

In practical policy terms, …

Culture, Hybridity And The Dialogical Self: Cases From The South Asian-American Diaspora, Sunil Bhatia, Anjali Ram

Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications

This article outlines a dialogical approach to understanding how South Asian-American women living in diasporic locations negotiate their multiple and often conflicting cultural identities. We specifically use the concept of voice to articulate the different forms of dialogicality--polyphonization, expropriation, and ventriloquation--that are involved in the acculturation experiences of two 2nd-generation South Asian-American women. In particular, we argue that it is important to think of acculturation of the South Asian-American women as essentially a contested, dynamic, and dialogical process. We demonstrate that such a dialogical process involves a constant moving back and forth between various cultural voices that are connected to …

Migrasi Buruh Antarabangsa Di Semenanjung Malaysia: Corak, Polisi Dan Implikasi Ekonomi, Mohd Firdaus Hussin

Student Works (2000-2009)

Transformasi ekonomi dari sektor pertanian kepada sektor perlombongan pada pertengahan abad ke-19 menjadi faktor pendorong kemasukan imigran terutamanya dari Cina dan India. Kegiatan ekonomi yang dijalankan tertumpu di kawasan penempatan imigran ini telah menyebabkan wujudnya bandar-bandar besar seperti Taiping, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Baham dan Seremban yang menjadi pusat komersial dan pusat pentadbiran. Perkembangan ekonomi negara yang berlaku di bandar-bandar utama ini membawa kepada proses urbanisasi. Selepas mencapai kemerdekaan, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat dipacu oleh sektor perindustrian, perkilangan dan pembuatan serta pengenalan Dasar Ekonomi Barn (1971 - 1990), telah menyebabkan Malaysia mengalami kekurangan tenaga buruh. Kekurangan tenaga buruh berlaku di sektor …

The Palestinians In Egypt: An Investigation Of Livelihoods And Coping Strategies, Oroub El Abed

Faculty Journal Articles

No abstract provided.

Initial Overview Of The Linguistic Diversity Of Refugee Communities In Cairo, Daniele Calvani

Faculty Journal Articles

Cairo has become home to a high number of refugees, who – no matter how long they stay in the Egyptian capital – are very likely to remain as part of distinct immigrant communities. Their members’ country of origin, cultural and language background form the basis of cohesion. Their presence contributes to making Cairo linguistically dynamic. Since the significance of this has so far been greatly underestimated, there is need for research on language diversity in Cairo. This report partially fulfils this need, in that it begins to highlight the diversity of languages spoken by refugees in Cairo and alerts …

Field Report: Preliminary Investigation Of Educational Opportunities For Refugee Children In Egypt, Wesal Afifi

Faculty Journal Articles

The intent of this report is to provide information about and raise awareness of current educational opportunities for refugee children in Cairo. This study focuses on the administrative procedure of obtaining access to and enrolment into both public and private schools in Cairo, examining what obstacles there are to this process and exploring possible means of overcoming these obstacles. The current dearth of information on the subject of educational opportunities for refugees hinders efforts at enhancing these opportunities because without an understanding of the process of and barriers to enrolment, interventions made will either be inappropriate or insufficient. This study …

Livelihood And Identity Constructions Of Somali Refugees In Cairo, Mulki Al-Sharmani

Faculty Journal Articles

Throughout its history, Cairo has hosted many foreigners and refugees. In the first half of the twentieth century the refugee population in Cairo consisted of Armenians, Palestinians, and Sudanese. Many of the Armenians have moved since then to other countries. More Palestinians and Sudanese have moved to Cairo in the second half of the century. In the last two decades, the refugee population has widened to include sizeable numbers of refugees from Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia as well as more Sudanese.1 In addition to being one of the drafting members, Egypt is a party to 1951 UN Convention relating to …

The Impacts Of Migration On Establishment Of Social Capital And Environmental Degradation In Kibwezi, Kenya, Eveily Freeman

Honors Capstones

Capstone submitted as a graduation requirement for the BSU Honors Program.

Population Mobility High-Risk Environments And The Diffusion Of Hiv/Stds: A Community Based Study In Southwest China, Hongyun Fu

Sociology & Criminal Justice Theses & Dissertations

Globally, population migration has been associated with the spread ofHIV/STDs in many countries. A similar trend has been observed in China from the very beginning of the HIV epidemic, but empirical research is very limited. Furthermore, the previous studies mainly focused on the micro impact of migration on individual migrant's risky behaviors. The impact of population mobility on the general population, especially on non-migrant residents, has been ignored. Using data collected from a specially designed community level survey, which was conducted in a province in the Southwest of China, this study examines the macro-level association between temporary migration and the …

No. 11: Regionalizing International Migration: Lessons For Sadc, Jonathan Crush, Vincent Williams

Southern African Migration Programme

Research on unauthorised migration to South Africa has addressed a range of issues surrounding the effects of current immigration policy on migrants, and the impact migrants have on South Africa’s society and economy (DHA 1997: section 1.4.6). One finding that is particularly relevant to a discussion of regional labour migration regimes is that current South African immigration policy does not account for labour migrants who retain a social and domestic base in their countries of origin. Another is that most unauthorised migrants are temporary or contract workers who seek employment in industries—such as construction—that depend increasingly on this kind of …

No. 29: The New Brain Drain From Zimbabwe, Daniel S. Tevara, Jonathan Crush

Southern African Migration Programme

All the signs point to the existence of a growing exodus of skilled Zimbabweans from the country. Although the precise dimensions and impacts of this “brain drain” have yet to be determined, the Zimbabwean government has recently sought to stem the tide with various policy measures. The education and health sectors appear to be the hardest hit although professionals in other sectors have also been leaving in numbers.

The Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) has undertaken a multi-country study of the brain drain within and from the Southern African Development Community (SADC). SAMP’s primary contribution is to examine the skills …

No. 28:Changing Attitudes To Immigration And Refugee Policy In Botswana, Eugene Campbell, Johan Oucho

Southern African Migration Programme

For the last two decades, Botswana has had the reputation as a “country of immigration,” based on the large-scale import of skilled expatriates from Africa, Asia and the West. Successive census reports and immigration data, as well as previous SAMP surveys undertaken in the late 1990s, confirm the appropriateness of the designation. The SAMP surveys concentrated on three themes: (a) the attitudes and migration behaviour of skilled foreigners in the country; (b) the attitudes of Batswana towards cross-border migration to South Africa; and (c) the emigration potential of skilled Batswana. The surveys highlighted the tolerant and generally welcoming attitude prevailing …

Adolescents And Youth In Pakistan 2001-2002: A Nationally Representative Survey, Zeba Sathar, Minhaj Ul Haque, Azeema Faizunnissa, Munawar Sultana, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Judith A. Diers, Monica J. Grant

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Published by the Population Council's Islamabad office, this is the first comprehensive survey of Pakistani youth. The report provides an unprecedented view of young people's experiences with and attitudes about education, employment, families, and marriage. The report findings confirm the large differences in the current situation of adolescents and youth, males versus females, from different strata of residence and economic status. Addressing these requires government intervention, changes in attitude, and input from the media, women and youth groups, and members of civil society.

Health Education For Urban Refugees In Cairo : A Pilot Project With Young Men From Sierra Leone And Liberia, Elizabeth Coker, Alison Bichard, Andrea Nannipieri, James Wani

Faculty Journal Articles

This pilot project, conducted under the auspices of the Forced Migration and Refugees Studies Program (FMRS) at the American University in Cairo, arose as part of a continued commitment to outreach projects of direct benefit to the refugee community. Maintaining healthy behaviors and accessing adequate health care are particular challenges for refugees living in large urban areas such as Cairo. Young refugees are at risk for unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and other health-related problems such as nutritional deficits and stress-related disorders. Education in their country of origin may have been disrupted, and in Cairo they may be separated from …

Report On The Situation Of Refugees In Turkey: Findings Of A Five-Week Exploratory Study December 2002 – January 2003, Elizabeth Frantz

Faculty Journal Articles

This report examines the current refugee situation in Turkey. Turkey is party to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, however it has maintained the geographical reservation, thereby granting refugee status only to those who became refugees as a result of events in Europe. In the past two decades, Turkey has become a reluctant host to an increasing number of asylum seekers, both Europeans and non-Europeans. This report investigates the progress in Turkey’s asylum procedures as well as the many areas that need strengthening, including, most importantly, in preventing refoulement. Both national and international …

Protest And Reform In Asylum Policy: Citizen Initiatives Versus Asylum Seekers In German Municipalities, 1989-1994, Roger Karapin

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

Assessment Of Refugee Status Determination Procedure At Unhcr’S Cairo Office 2001-2002, Michael Kagan

Faculty Journal Articles

In Egypt, refugee status determination (RSD) by the United Nations refugee agency is frequently the single most important decision anyone will make affecting the life of an asylum-seeker. In 2001, the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office in Cairo received the most individual RSD applications of all of the agency's offices worldwide. The Cairo office has taken some significant steps to improve the RSD process. At the same time, some important international standards of fair and effective RSD procedures have not been implemented. In recent years, the number of refugee applicants in Egypt has grown and UNHCR-Cairo's resources have …

Report On The Situation Of Refugees In Yemen: Findings Of A One-Month Exploratory Study, Nesya H. B. Hughes

Faculty Journal Articles

The refugee situation in Yemen is of interest to academics and field professionals working on migration in the Arab world for a host of reasons. Yemen has the Arabian Peninsula’s largest non-Palestinian refugee population . Yet, despite the apparent magnitude of the refugee population in Yemen, little field research has been conducted on this country and its refugee situation. In addition, the Republic of Yemen is the first and only country in the Arabian Peninsula to have signed the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol. Regardless, Yemen is hindered from fulfilling its international obligations because it is simultaneously one of …

No. 10: Criminal Tendencies: Immigrants And Illegality In South Africa, Jonathan Crush, Vincent Williams

Southern African Migration Programme

South Africans believe that immigrants are largely responsible for the post-1994 crime wave in the country. In a national survey of South African citizens conducted recently by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP), for example, respondents were asked what, if anything, they had to fear about people from neighbouring countries (McDonald 2000: 209). Almost half the population (48%) felt that migrants were a “criminal threat” (compared to 37% who thought they were a threat to jobs and the economy, and 29% who thought they were a health threat). The simplistic, and largely unsubstantiated, association of foreignness with criminality, job-stealing and …

Osmotic Borders: Thinking Locally, Thinking Globally About The Causes And Effects Of Labor Migration, Roberto L. Corrada

Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship

The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus defines osmosis both as "any process by which something is acquired by absorption," and as a biological cellular function by which solvents are absorbed through semipermeable partitions. The two articles by Professor Sylvia Lazos and Donna Maeda, which both deal with the causes and effects of labor migration, though on different levels and involving different populations, challenge traditional notions of the physical and metaphysical borders between nation-states.

In "Latina/o-ization" of the Midwest: Cambio de Colores, Professor Sylvia Lazos takes a close look at the increasing migration and presence of Latinas/os in the Midwest, particularly Kansas, …

No. 24: Spaces Of Vulnerability: Migration And Hiv/Aids In South Africa, Brian Williams, Eleanor Gouws, Mark Lurie, Jonathan Crush

Southern African Migration Programme

Seventy per cent of the 36 million people infected worldwide with HIV live in Sub-Saharan Africa and within this region the countries of Southern Africa are the worst affected. The eight countries with the highest rates of infection are in Southern Africa, followed by six countries in East Africa, and then five other countries, only one outside Africa. The reasons why the highest rates of infection in the world occur in Southern Africa are unclear. Although the countries of the region have much in common, their histories over the last twenty years have been very different.

A number of different …

No. 23: Gender And The Brain Drain From South Africa, Belinda Dodson

Southern African Migration Programme

South Africa is experiencing a substantial “brain drain”, underestimated in official emigration statistics. Yet there is uncertainty over issues such as why some leave and others stay, whether people who leave do so for good, and whether the brain drain will accelerate in the future. The surveys upon which this paper is based aimed to add some substance to the debate on the loss of core skills to the South African economy. They present a profile of the skilled population of South Africa and provide some insight into the factors determining emigration potential. Two distinct surveys were conducted: one of …

No. 25: Zimbabweans Who Move: Perspectives On International Migration In Zimbabwe, Daniel Tevara, Lovemore Zinyama

Southern African Migration Programme

The movement of people across political boundaries has generated considerable debate in Southern Africa. There is a compelling need for Southern African countries to harmonise regional migration policies and to ensure the freer movement of people across the region. However, it must be noted that disparities in levels of development are still evident in the economies of the region. There are fears in countries such as South Africa and Botswana that the freer movement of people will flood them with migrants from the less developed countries. There are also concerns in all the countries of SADC that freer movement will …

No. 09: Transnationalism And African Immigration To South Africa, Jonathan Crush, Vincent Williams

Southern African Migration Programme

The demise of formal apartheid has created new and as yet only partially understood opportunities for migration to South Africa. Legal migration from other Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, for example, has increased almost ten-fold since 1990 to over four million visitors per year. South Africa’s (re)insertion into the global economy has brought new streams of legal and undocumented migrants from outside the SADC region and new ethnic constellations within. The easing of legal and unauthorized entry to South Africa has made the country a new destination for African asylum-seekers, long-distance traders, entrepreneurs, students and professionals (Bouillon 1996; Saasa …

No. 07: Evaluating Refugee Protection In South Africa, Jonathan Crush, Vincent Williams

Southern African Migration Programme

South Africa’s policy on refugees has its origins in the country’s much-criticized Aliens Control Act (96 of 1991) (ACA), which in numerous respects has failed to provide adequate guarantees to applicants (de la Hunt 1998,2002: 123; Human Rights Watch 1998:170; Handmaker 1999a, 1999b). Until the recent implementation of its first ever Refugees Act (Act 130 of 1998) in April 2000, South Africa’s policy on refugees depended on the ACA, with the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) responsible for enforcement.

This paper evaluates the process of refugee policy reform that began in 1996. This process led to the Refugees Act in …

No. 08: Thinking About The Brain Drain In Southern Africa, Jonathan Crush, Vincent Williams

Southern African Migration Programme

The movement of skilled people from one country to another is one of the most hotly contested public policy questions today. Debates amongst politicians, academics and bureaucrats about the scale and character of skilled migration, and the policies required to address these movements, are taking place in countries throughout the world (Zweig and Changgui 1995; Odunsi 1996; Phillips 1996; Carrington and Detragiache 1998; Iredale 1998; Iqbal 1999). As the opportunities for skilled personnel to move increases with globalization and the shift to a service economy (Sassen 1988, 1998), as the costs of international travel decrease, and as the ability to …

Australia: An Integrated Curriculum Unit, Grades 2-4, Institute For The Development Of Gifted Education, Ricks Center For Gifted Children, University Of Denver

Ricks Curriculum Units Series

An integrated curriculum is an instructional approach that connects the disciplines to an underlying theme or topic. Immersing students in an integrated-thematic unit provides the backdrop for experiences to occur across the disciplines. Shaping coursework around integrated themes is especially appropriate for gifted students, however using an integrated-thematic curriculum is appropriate for all learners as it develops students' abilities to make connections, to solve problems by looking at multiple perspectives, and to integrate information from different fields of experience. An integrated-thematic curriculum permits students to be active participants in their own learning as they design their own explorations and take …

South Asia: Clarify Goals And Expand The Reach Of Anti-Trafficking Programs, Frontiers In Reproductive Health

Reproductive Health

Each year, a significant number of adults and children become victims of human trafficking—forced transportation within or across country borders for exploitation in the form of forced sex, labor, or other services unwillingly given. In September 2001, the Population Council collaborated with the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health and the United Nations Development Fund for Women to conduct a consultative meeting on antitrafficking programs in South Asia. About 50 participants from national and international human rights and antitrafficking organizations attended the three-day meeting, held in Kathmandu, Nepal. The meeting had three objectives: clarifying the definition of trafficking; describing the …

Pembangunan Sektor Ekonomi Informal Bandar : Kajian Tentang Penjaja Dan Penjajaan Di Kuala Lumpur, Ismail Stapa

Student Works (2000-2009)

Hawking is a self employed profession which requires minimum qualification. Hawkers can come and go without any restriction. Furthermore hawking is an activity that generates income to earn some living in the city. Some hawkers do their full time business, others does as a part time activities to earn extra income. In the city of Kuala Lumpur hawking is an activity that relates with the informal sector. Moreover hawking also generates job opportunity especially for those who are uncapable to survive in the city. In the early 1970's the number of hawkers was not as many compared to the number …